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The role of countries that are neither big nor small in international politics is still a comparatively neglected subject. The role of the middle powers can be examined according to two basic systems of international politics: the dualistic and the multiple. In a cold war situation, the middle powers, together with most of the other members of the state system, face two great dangers: becoming victims of the central rivalry and being objects of usurpation and even being eaten up by one of them. The concern of the middle powers, in the face of such a challenge, must be centered on the problem that means avoiding being reduced to the category of weak and powerless nations. ; El papel que desempeñan los países que no son grandes ni pequeños en la política internacional es todavía un tema comparativamente descuidado. El papel de las potencias medias puede ser examinado de acuerdo con dos sistemas básicos de la política internacional: el dualístico y el múltiple. En una situación de guerra fría, las potencias medias, conjuntamente con la mayoría de los otros miembros del sistema de Estados, enfrentan dos grandes peligros: convertirse en víctimas de la rivalidad central y ser objetos de usurpación e incluso ser devoradas por uno de ellos. La preocupación de las potencias medias, frente a dicho desafío, tiene que estar centrada en el problema que significa evitar ser reducidas a la categoría de naciones débiles e impotentes.

Se analizan en el artículo las consecuencias que la aparición del documento electrónico trae consigo para la legislación en general y española en particular. Para ello, tras analizar la situación en la que nos hallamos actualmente, pasa a desglosar las consecuencias que tiene para los componentes de la nueva cadena de la información (Sujeto, medio y mensaje). Además pasa revista brevemente a los diversos delitos que existen y como son castigados por el actual códico penal. (Autor) ; The legal consecuences of electronic documents are analyzed. The current situation is considered. Therefore, the consequences for each component of the documentary chain -subject, media and message- are studied. finally, the different infingements related to electronic documents are reviewed, including punishment foreseen in current Spanish Legislation

Indudablemente, la Utopía de Moro es una obra de fi cción, sin embargo, en este ensayo nos proponemos destacar que en dicha obra se muestra un ejercicio de observación de los fenómenos sociales, de sus causas y consecuencias y propone una tesis positiva de la manera como se deben organizar los asuntos humanos. ; Moro's "Uthopia" is for sure a fi ction work. Although, in this essay we intend to underline the observation exercise about social phenomena, on their causes and consequences which can be found in this work. A thesis is proposed on the way the human issues must be organized. ; 161-178 ; asuzza@ula.ve; filosofia@ula.ve ; belan@ula.ve ; anual

Quienes estudiamos procesossociales y políticos de la Patagonia enfrentamos dificultades específicas vinculadas con la particular trayectoria de estas tierras. La Historia Argentina no parece acompañar los períodos que aquísuceden de otro modo. Sus límites políticos se desdibujan o sobreimprimen a otrasfronteras que atraviesan elterritorio. Así, cualquier objeto que emprendamos estudiar se escabulle entre los dedos ¿En dónde? ¿En qué período? ¿Bajo qué coordenadas? El famoso recorte del tema, siempre arbitrario, desnuda su contingencia en la Patagonia. Se construirá entoncesla Patagonia (y una tierra utópica, llamada CeRiv) como caso, abordando las dificultades que conlleva la construcción de un objeto de estudio y proponiendo los "saberes situados" como perspectiva epistemológica. ; The study of social and political processes in Patagonia faces specific difficulties associated with the particular history of these lands. The Argentine History does not seem to accompany periods that here happen otherwise. Its political boundaries are blurred or overprinted on other borders. Thus, any object we undertake to study slips away between our fingers. Where? In what period? On which coordinates? The famous problem of defining a theme, always arbitrary, reveals its contingency in Patagonia. Thus, here Patagonia is built as a case (and as a utopian land, called CeRiv), addressing the difficulties of building an object of study and proposing "situated knowledges" as an epistemological perspective. ; Fil: Hiller, Renata. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia, Argentina; Argentina

Prior work has established the prevalence of social media as an information dissemination tool for large, national nonprofit organizations. This project adds to that literature by examining the impact of an organization's leadership (executive director background and board influence) and strategic emphasis (customer orientation and financial allocations to social media) on the use of social media for information transmission by regional nonprofit organizations. Insights are gained from leadership at 121 nonprofits and through analysis of 377 days of Facebook data for seven nonprofit organizations. The results suggest that organizations with executive directors who have more experience in the corporate sector and board members who exert greater influence are more likely to utilize social media for information transmission. Greater financial investments in social media actually result in less strategic use of social media, suggesting more investment does not always equate to more effective strategy.

This book explores how complexity science and social simulation can be used to improve and inform policy-making in both research and innovation. Beginning with an introduction to conceptual definitions of complexity science and social simulation, the book demonstrates the validity of the underlying integrated research framework used throughout. It is then divided into two parts, with the first investigating the effects and impacts of policy making on the structure, composition and outputs of research and innovation networks using the agent-based SKIN platform (Simulating Knowledge Dynamics in Innovation Networks, http://cress.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SKIN/). The second half of the book discusses a research initiative funded by the Irish government focusing on innovation policy simulation for economic recovery. This consists of empirical research on Irish research and innovation networks, and SKIN-based simulations of technology transfer issues and the commercialization of research in areas with high potential for innovation and economic growth. The book concludes with reflections on the maturity and utility of an approach combining complexity science and social simulation for research and innovation policy.Joining Complexity Science and Social Simulation for Innovation Policy will be of particular interest to scientists concerned with innovation and complex systems, including economists, sociologists, and complexity researchers, as well as students and practitioners, such as innovation policymakers and innovation business managers