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This sweeping history of the development of professional, institutionalized intelligence examines the implications of the fall of the state monopoly on espionage today and beyond. During the Cold War, only the alliances clustered around the two superpowers maintained viable intelligence endeavors, whereas a century ago, many states could aspire to be competitive at these dark arts. Today, larger states have lost their monopoly on intelligence skills and capabilities as technological and sociopolitical changes have made it possible for private organizations and even individuals to unearth secrets and influence global events. Historian Michael Warner addresses the birth of professional intelligence in Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century and the subsequent rise of US intelligence during the Cold War. He brings this history up to the present day as intelligence agencies used the struggle against terrorism and the digital revolution to improve capabilities in the 2000s. Throughout, the book examines how states and other entities use intelligence to create, exploit, and protect secret advantages against others, and emphasizes how technological advancement and ideological competition drive intelligence, improving its techniques and creating a need for intelligence and counterintelligence activities to serve and protect policymakers and commanders. The world changes intelligence and intelligence changes the world. This sweeping history of espionage and intelligence will be a welcomed by practitioners, students, and scholars of security studies, international affairs, and intelligence, as well as general audiences interested in the evolution of espionage and technology

Presented at the Role of irrigation and drainage in a sustainable future: USCID fourth international conference on irrigation and drainage on October 3-6, 2007 in Sacramento, California. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; In the north of the state of Victoria (Australia), irrigation of agricultural crops accounts for 70% of total annual water use. These irrigation communities are concerned about the sustainability and efficiency of irrigation infrastructure, and the ability of existing infrastructure to meet the needs of future irrigation businesses. At the same time, the broader community is seeking a greater range of services from available water supplies for urban consumption and increased water allocations to improve river and stream health. To address this crisis in Victoria, a partnership approach has been adopted to support strategic planning initiatives. The partnerships include representatives from: the irrigation community, catchment management authorities, the Victorian State Government and rural water authorities. Innovative approaches have been developed and adopted to enable irrigation communities to improve water management practices and to formulate sustainable management options for future irrigation landscapes. The approaches have challenged established cultural, environmental, social and economic values and presented both threats and opportunities for irrigation communities and river environments. This paper will discuss three planning initiatives for future irrigation landscapes: (1) a regional pilot landscape change project, (2) State Government Legislative reform, (3) the development of reconfiguration plans. Goulburn Murray Water Authority (GMW), in northern Victoria, has offered support and leadership for these initiatives.

Ninth Mediterranean Research Meeting: Workshop 06 ; Elections are sites of festivity, celebrity, and sometimes dramatic suspense, unique occasions for the simultaneous nationwide engagement of candidates, campaign volunteers, poll-workers, voters, and even abstainers and school-children in the quintessential patriotic experience. Yet in an era of globalization, national elections are not necessarily purely domestic affairs; a large cadre of expatriate consultants, trainer-trainers, and monitors often participate directly. This paper considers two alternative understandings of the role of North American, European, and international democracy brokers in Arab elections since the early nineteen nineties. The usual story is that Western democracies set aside democratic altruism to protect vital interests, allies, and spheres of influence in the Middle East: instrumental realism trumps lofty idealism. The counter-argument is that a transnational regime, industry, or consortium of experts forging technical standards and sharing knowledge through epistemic communities gradually empowers Arab publics to select their leaders. This paper presents the case that these mutually exclusive viewpoints reflect concurrent yet fundamentally incompatible patterns. Evident for over a decade, these trajectories collided in the ironic juxtaposition of "by the book" Palestinian elections that defied Western preferences with the unorthodox, slapdash balloting in Iraq. In other words, great powers disregard and ultimately undermine the "codes of conduct" written by transnational networks of experts and understood by an important segment of the educated Arab public. The analysis contains an ethical paradox inasmuch as Euro-American interference in Arab elections would be easier to criticize if it were not resisted by despots defending decidedly anti-democratic practices.

Das Internationale Privatrecht hat die Aufgabe, die Vielzahl nationaler Privatrechte zu koordinieren. Es ist heute überwiegend nationales Recht. Seit den sechziger Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden in 19 europäischen Staaten nationale IPR-Gesetze erlassen. Sie trugen, zusammen mit einer ebenfalls national ausgerichteten Rechtsprechung, zu einer fortschreitenden Zersplitterung des europäischen IPR bei.Thomas Kadner-Graziano untersucht am Beispiel der außervertraglichen Schadenshaftung, inwieweit sich trotz nationaler Zersplitterung auch für diese Materie gemeinsame europäische Rechtsprinzipien feststellen lassen. Er behandelt unter anderem die grundsätzliche Anknüpfung der internationalen Delikte, insbesondere die Bedeutung des Parteiwillens; die Anknüpfung der sogenannten Distanzdelikte, vor allem in den Bereichen Umwelthaftung, Produkthaftung, Haftung für Persönlichkeitsverletzungen, im Wettbewerbsrecht und bei der Haftung für reine Vermögensschäden; die Voraussetzungen für Ausnahmen von der Regelanknüpfung; den Anwendungsbereich des Deliktstatuts und Fragen der Qualifikation; den Einfluß konkurrierender internationaler Zuständigkeiten.Thomas Kadner-Graziano berücksichtigt die Rechtsordnungen von mehr als 30 europäischen Staaten. Auf der Grundlage der gesamteuropäischen Bestandsaufnahme entwickelt er Perspektiven für ein gemeineuropäisches IPR. Ziel ist es, die wissenschaftliche Vorbereitung für einen Unterricht der Materie aus einer von vornherein europäischen Perspektive zu leisten. Längerfristig soll durch eine europäisch ausgerichtete Lehre zu einer behutsamen, wissenschaftlich fundierten Harmonisierung des IPR in Europa beigetragen werden.

The search for some means to terminate the Vietnam conflict by negotiation has given rise to certain anomalies in the application of the law and procedure of the United Nations and of the existing regional arrangements affecting Southeast Asia. It has also revealed the existence of a lacuna in the provisions of these international instruments governing the discharge of peacekeeping functions. This, however, is not the case in respect of the International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam which constitutes the only tangible instrument of the Geneva settlement specifically created to fulfil, on a continuous basis, the tasks of control, observation, inspection, and investigation connected with the application of the Cease-fire Agreement for Vietnam.

Abstract
Social constructivism is not among the most popular theoretical approaches used in forecasting in International Relations. The article argues that constructivism suffers from the same limitations as any other paradigm in IR, therefore, there is no reason to exclude this theory from forecasting effort. In this paper, social constructivism is perceived to offer a new conceptual framework for sound and robust projections of the future. The core of our concept is constituted by the term of collective habitus. Habitus is a relatively stable, yet mutable social structure that can enable deliberations about future. It is based on a long-term history study programme of the School of Annales, as we identify long lasting habits-like patterns of behaviours among IR actors.

John Rawls is the most influential English-language political philosopher of the second half of the twentieth century – indeed, perhaps since John Stuart Mill. His influence rests partly on the very format of his masterwork,A Theory of Justice. ButTheoryis a flawed and incomplete masterpiece, and the "Rawls industry" that has developed around his work has been stimulated by these imperfections. Indeed, Rawls himself has corrected and elaborated upon his original formulations in a series of essays compiled inPolitical Liberalismand his recentCollected Papers. One of the most controversial features ofTheoryconcerns its handling of international issues; Rawls turned to this question explicitly in an Amnesty International Lecture of 1993, "The Law of Peoples" (published in hisCollected Papers), which he has now extended into a monograph with the same title. The latter is the main focus of this essay, which also includes a sketch of Rawls's project as a whole as a necessary preliminary.

SommaireLe domaine des services de sécurité et des services militaires privés est aujourd'hui une véritable industrie organisée qui offre de multiples services à différentes entités. De nombreux États ont recours aux services d'entreprises militaires privées (EMP) pour accomplir certaines tâches traditionnellement dévolues aux armées nationales. Les activités de ces entreprises sont de plus en plus variées et importantes. Les risques que certaines d'entre elles soient génératrices de violations du droit international sont donc croissants. L'application pratique de certaines des règles du droit international aux EMP et à leurs employés ne semble cependant pas toujours aisée. Les règles de la responsabilité internationales des États apparaissent donc comme une dimension capitale de toutes réflexions sur le sujet et peuvent apporter d'intéressantes pistes de solutions. Cet article explore dans quelles circonstances et suivant quelles règles un État peut être tenu internationalement responsable pour le comportement d'EMP.

AbstractIncreasingly, international legal arguments exploit the peculiar nature of obligations erga omnes. This practice raises questions about the precise legal status of norms expressing such obligations relative to other norms of international law. According to an oft-made suggestion, whether a norm is part of the international jus cogens or not, when it expresses obligations erga omnes it is hierarchically superior to all other norms of non-peremptory international law. This essay inquires into the justification of this theory – throughout the essay referred to as "the Theory on the Superior Status of Erga Omnes Obligations". As shown in section 2, irrespective of whether inferential legal evidence exists or not, the Theory on the Superior Status of Obligations Erga Omnes can be explained by reference to the non-reciprocal character of such obligations. However, logic requires that the theory be restated to include also interdependent obligations and obligations erga omnes partes. As shown in section 3, although inferential legal evidence provides some support for the Theory on the Superior Status of Obligations Erga Omnes, the evidence is not entirely consistent. As shown in section 4, if the theory on the superior status of obligations erga omnes is adopted and applied on a wide scale, this will have detrimental effects on the overall understanding of international law. Rather than a more properly functioning international legal system, confusion and disorganization will ensue.