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Intro -- List of abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 History and definition of the threats of force -- Introduction -- 1.1 The history of the prohibition of threats of force -- 1.2 Definition of the threat of force -- 1.2.1 Forms of threats of force -- 1.2.2 Subjective elements - intent to use force and credibility of threats -- 1.2.3 The objective of the threat of force -- 1.2.4 Other elements of the threat of force -- 1.2.5 Summary -- 2 The status of the prohibition of the threats of force -- Introduction -- 2.1 The prohibition of the threats of force v. the prohibition of the use of force -- 2.1.1 '[A]gainst the territorial integrity and political independence or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations' -- 2.1.2 Exceptions to the prohibition of the threats of force -- 2.2 Other norms breached by the threat of force -- 2.3 Different kinds of threats -- 2.4 Is the prohibition of threats of force a peremptory norm or a customary norm? -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 Threats of force in practice -- Introduction -- 3.1 Threats of force as actions -- 3.1.1 Threats of force involving the movement of armed forces -- 3.1.1.1 Military manoeuvres -- 3.1.1.2 Concentration of forces -- 3.1.1.3 Mobilization of forces -- 3.1.2 Possession of nuclear weapons -- 3.1.3 Violation of airspace and territorial waters -- 3.2 Oral threats of force -- 3.3 Written threats of force -- 3.4 Ultimatums -- 3.5 Domestic legislation of states -- 3.6 War propaganda -- 3.7 'Accumulation of events' as a threat of force -- 3.8 Conclusions -- 4 Responses to threats of force -- Introduction -- 4.1 Responses to threats of force under the framework of international organizations -- 4.1.1 The United Nations -- 4.1.1.1 The UN Security Council -- 4.1.1.2 The UN General Assembly -- 4.1.1.3 Other UN organs -- 4.1.2 Organs outside the United Nations.

Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1 Ban the Bot? -- 2 Historical Visions of Autonomy -- 3 Responsibility for Autonomous Weapon Systems -- Chapter 2 Development of Autonomy in Weapon Systems -- 1 The History of Automation in Weapon Systems -- 2 Weapon Systems Currently in Use -- 2.1 Mines -- 2.2 Missile Defence Systems -- 2.3 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles -- 2.4 Unmanned Ground Vehicles -- 2.5 Cyber Weapons -- 2.6 Loitering Munitions -- 3 Likely Future Developments -- 4 Reasons for the March towards Autonomy -- 5 Programming -- 5.1 Machine Learning -- 5.2 Artificial Intelligence -- 5.3 'Strong' AI -- 5.4 Ethical Governor -- 5.5 Bounded Morality -- Chapter 3 Meaning of Autonomy -- 1 General Notions of Autonomy -- 1.1 Autonomy in Philosophy -- 1.2 Autonomy in Technical Discussions -- 2 Autonomy Spectra -- 3 Dimensions of Autonomy in Autonomous Systems -- 3.1 Human-Machine Relation -- 3.2 Sophistication of the Machine -- 3.3 The Type of Decision Being Automated -- 4 Conclusion -- Chapter 4 The Why of International Criminal Justice -- 1 The History of Individual Criminal Accountability in International Criminal Justice -- 2 The Proposed Reasons for International Criminal Justice -- 2.1 Retribution -- 2.2 Deterrence -- 2.3 Truth-Telling -- 2.4 Providing Justice for Victims -- 2.5 Facilitation of Peace -- 2.6 The Expressive Effect of International Criminal Justice -- 3 Conclusion -- Chapter 5 AWS Considered as Prohibited Weapons -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Weapons Law under International Humanitarian Law -- 2.1 Superfluous Injury or Unnecessary Suffering -- 2.1.1 Introduction -- 2.1.2 History -- 2.1.3 What Is the Correct English Wording? -- 2.1.4 What Suffering Is Superfluous or What Injury Is Unnecessary? -- 2.1.5 Conclusion -- 2.2 Inherently Indiscriminate -- 2.2.1 Introduction.