Suchergebnisse

Pravica državljanov, da sodelujejo pri opravljanju javnih zadev, je eno od tistih demokratičnih načel, ki bi moralo biti skupno vsem državam sodobnega sveta in je zapisana v uvodu Evropske listine o lokalni samoupravi (MELLS). To načelo lahko najneposredneje uresničujemo na lokalni ravni.Prenos pristojnosti, odgovornosti in finančnih virov iz države na organe lokalnih oblasti (lokalne skupnosti) je demokratičen proces (fiskalne) decentralizacije. MELLS je mednarodna pogodba, veljavna tudi v Sloveniji. Občine so v Sloveniji temeljne enote lokalne samouprave, torej predstavljajo tisto raven oblasti, ki je najbližje državljanom. Odgovorne so za zagotavljanje široke palete javnih dobrin in storitev. Z nalogo preverjamo skladnost veljavnega sistema financiranja lokalnih skupnosti (občin) v Sloveniji z osnovnimi usmeritvami iz teorije (fiskalne) decentralizacije ter z načeli MELLS. Pri tem proučujemo področje pokrivanja stroškov nalog občin, njihovo strukturo ter stopnjo medsebojne povezanosti med računsko dodeljenimi sredstvi v okviru mehanizma primerne porabe in zbranimi podatki o stroških po občinah. Na teh podlagah želimo ugotoviti, ali sistem financiranja lokalne samouprave, ki je v veljavi v Republiki Sloveniji, izpolnjuje načelo sorazmernosti virov sredstev z nalogami, ki jih lokalne skupnosti izvajajo. Glede na rezultate lahko ugotovimo, da so načela MELLS zadovoljivo vgrajena v pravni red države. Odstopanja pa ugotavljamo na finančnem področju, kjer načelo sorazmernosti ni ustrezno upoštevano. V obdobju 2010 do 2014 občine niso bile ustrezno financirane glede na njihove naloge. Povprečni stroški na prebivalca so v tem obdobju povprečno za 1,8 odstotka višji od virov na osnovi zakonsko določene primerne porabe. Občine so odvisne predvsem od dohodnine, kot deljenega davka, stopnja avtonomija glede lastnih davkov in njihovih stopenj je nizka. Odhodki občin so se v proučevanem obdobju v povprečju zmanjšali za 6 odstotkov, vendar pa skrbi, da je glavni vzrok tega zmanjšanja v znižanju investicijskih odhodkov za 17,2 odstotkov in investicijskih transferov za 21,8 odstotkov, tekoči odhodki so se znižali za 1odstotek, povišali pa so se transferni odhodki za 4,6 odstotka. Skupaj so se tekoči stroški, ki se upoštevajo pri izračunu povprečnine v razmerju 2014/2010 zvišali za 1 odstotek, sama povprečnina pa se je znižala za 2,5 odstotka. To dokazuje, da se je bistveno poslabšala naložbena sposobnost občin, kot najpomembnejši element izvajanja razvojnih nalog občine. Obseg dodeljene primerne porabe po občini pa se je v povprečju zmanjšal za 1,14 odstotka, in zaostajal za dejansko občinsko porabo. Skupna zadolženost občin je sprejemljiva in znaša 899,2 mio EUR, kar pomeni 2,41odstotka BDP, v skupnem dolgu države pa 2,8 odstotkov. Delež občinskih investicij v skupnem BDP je narastel na 2,4 odstotkov BDP. Občine so investicije financirale predvsem z lastnimi viri (55 odstotkov), s sredstvi EU (24 odstotkov) in z zadolževanjem (5 odstotkov), s sredstvi države pa 16 odstotkov investicij. Glede na določila iz nove finančne perspektive EU za obdobje 2014 - 2020 se bistveno zmanjšujejo možnosti in sredstva za sofinanciranje občinskih investicij, kar bo imelo posledice za zmanjšanje občinskih investicij. Če teh virov ne bo možno nadomestiti, lahko pričakujemo iz tega naslova negativni vpliv na BDP države in razvojnih razlik med občinami. V primerjavi z obdobjem 2007 do 2009 ugotovimo povečanje trenda negativnega razkoraka sredstev primerne porabe in stroškov za izvajanje nalog občin. To kaže na to, da je potrebno izboljšati obstoječi model financiranja. ; The right of citizens to participate in the conduct of public affairs is one of those democratic principles which should be common to all countries of the modern world. And this right is also enshrined in the introduction of the European Charter of Local Self-Government (MELLS). This principle can be most directly exercised at local level, through democratically elected local authorities. The transfer of powers, responsibilities and financial resources from the state to local authorities (local communities) is the democratic process of (fiscal) decentralization. The exercise of MELLS affect the financial relationships between the central and local authorities, since it is necessary to provide such funding of local communities that these will be effective and sufficiently independent in satisfying the public needs of the local population and increasing prosperity of society as a whole. Municipalities in Slovenia are basic units of local self-government. The thesis checks compliance of the current system of funding local communities (municipalities) in Slovenia with the basic guidelines of the theory of (fiscal) decentralization and the MELLS principles. The area of covering the costs of municipal tasks is being discussed, their structure and the degree of interconnection between the allocations in the framework of the mechanism of statutory spending and the data collected on the costs of the municipalities. Based on the results we can conclude that the MELLS principles are satisfactorily integrated into the legal system of the country. However, deviation is observed in the financial sector, where the principle of proportionality is not observed. In the period from 2010 to 2014 the municipalities had not been adequately funded according to their tasks. The average cost per capita in this period is by 1.8% more than the resources on the basis of statutory spending. Municipalities depend mainly on income tax and the rate of autonomy regarding their own taxes and their rates is low. In the observed period, expenditure of municipalities on average decreased by 6%, worrying is the fact that the main cause of the decrease is in the reduction of capital expenditures by -17.2% and capital transfers by - 21.8%, the current expenditure decreased by -1% while the transfer expenses increased by + 4.6%. Together, the running costs that are taken into account when calculating the lump sum in proportion 2014/2010 increased by + 1%, and the lump sum itself decreased by 2.5%. This demonstrates that the investment capacity of municipalities significantly worsened and this is the most important element of the implementation of the development tasks of the municipality. The volume of statutory spending of the municipality dropped by 1.14%, and lagged behind the actual municipal budget. The total indebtedness of municipalities is acceptable and amounts to 899.2 million euros which represents 2.41% of GDP, and 2.8% in the total debt of the country. The share of municipal investments in total GDP has increased to 2.4% of GDP. The municipalities financed the investments from its own resources (55%), EU funds (24%) and debt (5%), with funds from the state 16% investment. According to the provisions of the new EU financial perspective for 2014-2020, the opportunities and funding for co-financing municipal investments is significantly reducing, which will have implications on the reduction of municipal investments. If these resources will not be possible to replace, we can expect a negative impact on the country's GDP and developmental differences between municipalities. In comparison with the period 2007 to 2009, an increase in the trend of negative gap has been noticed between the statutory spending and the cost for carrying out the tasks of municipalities. This shows the need to improve the existing model of financing.

The internationalisation of investments and the globalisation of the markets have created a high level of competition among manufacturing and services companies which has transcended the competition among nations. In this environment, quality information and exact timing are the sole answers for generating comparative and competitive advantages with respect to other manufacturers and providers. Inspired by these challenges, Latin American countries have searched for ways to increase and diversify their exports in order to heighten their trade balance surpluses. This, in turn, helps them to overcome their debt problems and gain access to a better quality of life. With these criteria in mind, these countries have begun to join the economic aperture and globalisation processes. United by their common ethnic heritage, they are driven by the growing need to co-ordinate national and regional decisions in order to achieve a harmonic community development. The efficiency principle imposed by the present international trade scenario requires extreme attention to detail in the administration of production costs and in placing products on the market. Because a product's success is highly sensitive to cost and distribution methods, maritime transport and its associated systems require very specific management techniques. Those management techniques must take into account that as transport is a service it gives added value to the cargo. Thus, the management model, costs involved, planning processes, and area policies are topics of vital importance for achieving these nations' development objectives. The design of specific policies, both operational as well as for development (investments), should comply with certain minimum conditions. The resulting policies should satisfy integrally and harmoniously the requirements the State establishes in its general National Development Strategy. This strategy considers factors of monetary and trade uncertainty. States must be particularly careful to interpret changes, tendencies, circumstances and difficulties which emerge in the international markets they serve, correctly. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyse the existing maritime transport logistic system in Chile, beginning with the history of ports and economic development. Subsequently, this study will analyse all relevant information related to logistics and the lessons learnt during the process of modernization. For analytical purposes, the study establishes an evaluation area which has been represented by a "graph" built up from nodes and links.These symbolise the complex network of port systems, hinterlands, roads, railways and coastal shipping. Likewise, the links and nodes have direction, intensity and values that the study intends to describe and evaluate. Moreover, hinterlands are not as exclusive as they were before. Consequently, most of the port systems face a very competitive market in offering services for international hinterlands/foreland. Therefore, this thesis will conclude that at least some Latin American countries establish land bridges between them. There have been some studies about the land bridges, "inter-oceanic corridors" or "integration corridors" options in South America.The Pacific Ocean Basin and the APEC countries represent a huge market for those Atlantic countries which have products to export and import from that vast area of the globe. The existence of the main industrial site of South America running from the Atlantic side of South America to the Pacific Coast, which forms an "Industrial Banana", is the foundation of a massive demand to and from both coasts. The study evaluated the logistics system through different criteria, such as logistics, physical capacities, and economic, social, environmental and political considerations. Having established these criteria, the researcher can better evaluate the relevant parameters and variables to consider in the design of the parametric model. ; La internacionalizacion de las inversiones y la globalizacion de los mercados, han creado un alto nivel de competitividad entre los proveedores de manufactura o de servicios, lo que trasciende a la competitividad entre las naciones. En este escenario, la informacion de calidad y respuesta en tiempo real son la respuesta para generar ventajas comparativas y competitivas respecto de otros productores y proveedores. Inspirados en estos cambios, los paises Latinoamericanos han buscado formas como aumentar y diversificar sus exportaciones, con el proposito de incrementar sus balanzas comerciales. Esto les ayuda a sobrellevar sus problemas de deuda, accediendo a mejor calidad de vida. Con estos criterios en mente, los paises de la Region han accedido a los procesos de apertura economica y globalizacion de los mercados. Unidos por la herencia etnica comun, ven una creciente necesidad por la coordinacion de sus decisiones nacionales y regionales, de manera de alcanzar el desarrollo comun de manera harmonica. Los principios de eficiencia impuestos por el presente esquema de comercio internacional, requiren de una atencion especial en la gestion de los costos de produccion y en la colocacion de los productos en los mercados. Considerando que el exito del producto es sensible a su costo, los sistemas de distribucion y logistica requiren de tecnicas especificas de gestion. Por ello, los modelos de gestion, costos, procesos de planificacion y politicas sectoriales son de vital importancia para alcanzar los objetivos nacionales de desarrollo. El diseno de politicas sectoriales, tanto operacionales como de desarrollo (inversiones), deberian cumplir con los minimas condiciones para lograr su objetivo pais. Las politicas resultantes debieran satisfacer de manera integral y harmonica, los requirimientos que el Estado ha establecido en su Estrategia Nacional de Desarrollo. Dicha estrategia debe incluir las incertidumbres monetarias y de commercio. Los Estados deben ser particularmente cuidadosos para interpretar correctamente los cambios, tendencias, circunstancias y dificultades que emergen de los mercados internacionales que ellos sirven. Por lo indicado anteriormente, el proposito de esta tesis es analizar el sistema de logistica maritima en Chile, comenzando con la historia de sus puertos y desarrollo economico, posteriormente el analisis de la informacion relevante a logistica y las lecciones aprendidas durante el proceso de modernizacion economica. Con propositos analiticos, el estudio determino una zona fisica de evaluacion que esta representada por la "teoria de grafos". Esta simboliza la compleja red de puertos, hinterlands, caminos, ferrovias y transporte maritimo costero. Los nodos y sus enlaces tienen direccion, intensidad y valores que el estudio pretende evaluar y dimensionar. Mas aun, en la actualidad el hinterland de los puertos ha dejado de ser exclusivo, consecuentemente, los sistemas portuarios enfrentan una agresiva competencia para ofertar servicios a sus hinterland/foreland, por lo cual algunos paises latinoamericanos construyeron "puentes terrestres" entre ellos, el estudio indica algunas opciones de "puentes terrestres", "corredores inter-oceanicos" o "corredores de integracion" identificados en America del Sur. La cuenca del Pacifico y los paises APEC representan un mercado enorme para los paises de la costa Atlantica. La existencia de la principal area industrial de Sudamerica se configura entre el Atlantico y Pacifico, forma lo que el autor denomina como la "Banana Industrial", lo que origina una enorme demanda en los dos sentidos. El estudio evalua los sistemas desde diferentes criterios, tales como: sus capacidades fisicas y logisticas, sus consideraciones economicas, politicas, sociales, y medio ambientales. Una vez establesidos los criterios, el investigador puede identificar y evaluar de mejor forma los parametros y variables a considerar en el diseno del "modelo parametrico". ; Postprint (published version)

This thesis is a part of the studies carried out on organizational dynamics regarding occupational risks prevention, led in particular in the French National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS). The key issue is to put forward terms and conditions of prevention which take into account the work realities and industrial realities.From interventions carried out in five waste sorting centres for household packaging, in a context of industrialization of the waste recycling sector, this research aims to better understand the work of sorting operator, in order to determine vectors for actions in prevention. The waste sorting centres are productive entities, part of green business sector, where industrial challenges carry two major dimensions of sustainable development: territoriality and social sustainability.The method that we chose aims to put forward an objectification of the waste sorting operator's work activity, taking into account the specifics of this sector, in the prospect of a sustainable prevention. To do so, an analysis of the work activity, according to the ergonomics work analysis method (EWA) was conducted, complete by several confrontation tools used with workers, both individually and collectively.The results showed that waste sorting centres are production sites located in a specific territorial context. Workers have to manage the production while taking into account the limits of their technical system, faced with waste as a territorialized object. Waste comes from separate households' collection and is brought in the centre for the purpose of being sorted. It has territorialized characteristics, depending on specific territorial economical and social factors. Additionally, political factors regarding choices in terms of waste collecting and sorting, factors related to the consumption pattern and households' lifestyle on the territory, factors related to the morphological features of the territory, and related to territorial attractiveness are also considered. However, this dimension is not taken into account during both the waste sorting centres design phase and the implementation of prevention strategies. The national testing phase for an extension of waste sorting instructions that we contributed to led to, argue that a disconnection was taking place between the characteristics of the technical system and the characteristics of the territory. This disconnection may lead to work intensification, directly impacting work sustainability.These results allow us to put forward two directions for actions in prevention in order to contribute to the design of sustainable sorting work systems. The first aims to better identify the coordination between actors belonging to different decision-making levels: some internal stakeholders, within the sorting centres, and external actors, on a territorial scale. To achieve this goal, the field of ergonomics has been shifted to mobilize theoretical frameworks originating from other disciplinary approaches, as proximity economics. This shifting aims to better take into account the requirements of industrial realities, and to produce mechanisms mobilizing these actors to satisfy the need for an effective transformation of work situations. The second direction aspire to put forward recommendations for the design of technical and organizational plastic systems, i.e. systems which leave sufficient rooms of manoeuver, factor for operators' health, and that make work systems more efficient. The contributions of this thesis lead to develop an approach of prevention « in connection » which articulate the essential requirements of a regulatory prevention, and the industrial realities of the productive organization, for which three requirements have been identified: (i) develop the prevention problem from the knowledge co-production with workers, (ii) articulate work and industrial performance requirements, (iii) including prevention into territorialized industrial projects. ; Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre des travaux réalisés sur les dynamiques organisationnelles de la prévention des risques professionnels, conduits en particulier par l'Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS). L'enjeu central de la thèse est de proposer des modalités d'action qui tiennent compte des réalités du travail et des réalités industrielles. A partir d'interventions menées dans cinq centres de tri des déchets d'emballages ménagers, dans un contexte d'industrialisation de la filière du recyclage, cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre le travail des opérateurs de tri pour identifier des leviers d'action en prévention. Les centres de tri des déchets sont des entités productives inscrites dans le secteur de l'économie verte, dont les enjeux industriels sont porteurs des deux dimensions structurantes du développement durable : la territorialité et la durabilité sociale. La méthode mobilisée vise à proposer une objectivation du travail des opérateurs de tri, tenant compte de la spécificité de ce secteur et dans la perspective d'une prévention durable. Pour cela, une analyse de l'activité a été menée, couplée à l'utilisation de différents outils de confrontation mobilisés auprès des opérateurs de tri, individuellement ou collectivement. Les analyses ont montré que les centres de tri sont des lieux de production inscrits dans leur territoire. Les opérateurs sont amenés à réguler la production en raison des limites du système technique, qui ne tient pas compte du caractère territorialisé des déchets. En effet, les déchets issus des collectes sélectives des ménages qui sont acheminés sur le site en vue d'être triés comportent des caractéristiques territorialisées : en fonction de dimensions économiques et sociales spécifiques au territoire, de dimensions politiques concernant les choix au niveau de la collecte et du tri des déchets, de dimensions liées au mode de consommation et de vie des habitants sur le territoire, de dimensions liées aux caractéristiques morphologiques de l'espace, ou encore d'attractivité du territoire. Cependant, nous avons pu constater que cette dimension n'est pas prise en compte lors de la conception des centres de tri et lors de la mise en place de stratégies de prévention. L'expérimentation d'extension des consignes de tri à laquelle nous avons contribué a même conduit à argumenter que s'opéraient un découplage entre les caractéristiques du système technique et celles du territoire, qui peut engendrer une intensification du travail et ainsi affecter la durabilité du travail. Ces résultats nous permettent de proposer deux orientations pour l'action en prévention afin de contribuer à la conception de systèmes de travail de tri durables. La première vise à mieux identifier la coordination des acteurs de niveaux décisionnels différents : internes à l'entreprise et externes positionnés à l'échelle des territoires. Pour répondre à cet objectif, le champ de l'ergonomie a été déplacé pour mobiliser des cadres théoriques issus d'autres approches disciplinaires, dont celle de l'économie des proximités. Ce déplacement du champ vise à mieux prendre en compte les exigences posées par le réel et à produire des dispositifs mobilisant ces acteurs pour satisfaire l'exigence de transformation effective des situations de travail. La seconde vise à proposer des recommandations pour la conception de systèmes technico-organisationnels plastiques favorables à la santé et à l'efficacité. Les apports de cette thèse conduisent à proposer une approche de la prévention « en adhérence » qui articule les exigences essentielles d'une prévention réglementaire et les réalités industrielles des organisations productives et pour laquelle trois conditions ont ainsi été identifiées : .

В период господства Золотой Орды регионы и разнородное население Центральной Азии были впервые интегрированы в единую политическую целостность. Как и большинство империй, Золотая Орда охватывала разнородные культуры. Она стала пристанищем различных религиозных общин, которые не только сосуществовали, но и работали и торговали друг с другом, что привело к беспрецедентной интенсификации взаимных обменов, особенно в Поволжье в ее центральном районе. Золотая Орда оказала большое влияние на торговую экспансию середины XIII середины XIV веков, и ее экономическое и политическое правление в высшей степени способствовало глобализации Старого Света. ; During the Golden Horde's dominion, the regions and populations of central Eurasia were integrated for the first time and became politically unified. Like most empires, the Golden Horde was intrinsically cross-cultural. It accommodated diverse religious communities which not only co-habited but also worked and traded together, leading to an unprecedented intensification of the exchanges, especially in the Volga valley, its core area. The Golden Horde had a major impact on the expansion of trade in the 1250s-1350s and its economic and political regime highly contributed to the globalization of the Old World. Historians have revealed that after the Chinggisid conquests, a phenomenal trade boom transformed the human and cultural landscape in Eurasia. The so-called "Fur Road" interconnected with the "Silk Road" at the Lower Volga Basin. Here two major routes were passable: the eastern one through Central Asia towards north India and China, and the western one through the Crimean peninsula towards the Mediterranean world and the Middle East. The Golden Horde served as the stage for this dramatic change. Jöchid khans and begs played a leading role in the new inter-regional order. It was not due to hazard that during this flourishing time, cities and villages burgeoned in the Volga Valley, in the Crimea, as well as in the steppe land corridor from Siberia to Hungary. As nomadic elites converted to Islam, the khan's court became a major hub of the Islamic world. Wandering scholars and craftsmen from Anatolia, Central Asia, Egypt and Syria were welcomed in the ulus of Jöchi. The Golden Horde's regime had deep consequences on the political, economic and cultural map of modern Eurasia. Scholars have shown the unique way in which Islam unified and socially integrated peoples, by shaping community life and collective memory and by combining shamanist practices and local Sufism. The origin stories of the Tatars, and other Central Eurasian communities, extend back to the period when the khans Berke and Uzbek converted to Islam. Many Muslim peoples now living in the Russian Federation see it as a formative period in their history. Indeed, Islamization is one of the Golden Horde's most important legacies. The Golden Horde is part of the common heritage of mankind. It allowed a new sophisticated culture to grow in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, at the hinge of the nomadic and sedentary worlds. The western academic sphere has started only recently to recognize the significance of this phenomenon while, in Russian-speaking academia, scholars have long ago understood the uniqueness of its legacy. It has raised the interest not only of historians but also of archaeologists, art historians and numismatists from the Russian Federation, and especially from Tatarstan. Thanks to their works, to the important questions they raise, and to the results of their researches, the Golden Horde studies is now a field on its own rights. Western academia needs to get better acquainted with this rich scholarship. On the one hand, the historical period of the Golden Horde should integrate history course books in US, in UK, in France and in Europe in general. World history needs to be taught through a non-European lens to get a deeper perspective on our collective past without which we cannot decipher today's globalized world. On another hand, it is also crucial that the current scholarship on the Golden Horde takes into account new historiographical debates and concepts developed by global historians. A 'world' is a category of global history, recently identified by historians as a meaningful notion that goes beyond the narrower notion of empire. Indeed, empires and kingdoms did not exist in isolation, but were dependent of bigger worlds. The challenge of the new global history is to identify these worlds and to understand their mechanisms. The Golden Horde survived the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire; it grew and deeply influenced its surrounding world. This world included the successors states of the Mongol empire in China, Afghanistan, India, Persia and Anatolia as well as Byzantium, Russia, Europe and the Middle East. The density of the connections from the Mediterranean Sea to the Caspian Sea and as far as China illustrates how deeply the ulus of Jöchi was enmeshed with the wider world. Therefore, the history of the Golden Horde should not be disconnected from this world-shaping phenomenon. Nationalist historiographies are inclined to distort history, to create and disseminate self-serving clichés. The first task of historians is to avoid inaccurate terminology such as "the Tatar Yoke", in order to encourage inquiries into more important questions: how to deal with the notion of a collective history when it crosses the borders of modern nations? What then are the role and the legacy of the Golden Horde in world history? The Golden Horde in World History gives some answers to these important questions. It achieves a twofold aim: to bring to a larger academic audience a cutting-edge research that remains barely known outside the circle of specialists and to integrate this research into the broader perspective of world history. It combines diverse approaches and questions not only to offer an exhaustive picture of the state of the field, but also to herald the most profitable directions of research and the most fruitful advances made. This comprehensive new synthesis is the result of the collaboration of leading scholars coming from major academic institutions: Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Institute of Russian History of Russian Academy of Sciences and Oxford University. I wish to address my deepest thanks to those who turned a bold editorial project into this impressively compelling collective book: Rafael Khakimov, Ilnur Mirgaleev, Roman Hautala, Vadim Trepavlov. Thanks to the fantastic energy of our colleagues from the Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences and its M.A.Usmanov Centre for the Golden Horde studies, Kazan proved to be and remains a wonderful venue for historians, archaeologists and numismatists working on the Golden Horde and ready to confront their views. The understanding of the Golden Horde world, at the crossroad of Asia, Europe and the Middle East, requires such a dialogue between researchers who have different expertise. International collective publications are crucial to expanding and furthering complex fields of research, and writing history is a collective undertaking that can benefit immensely from institutional collaboration all the more so when it crosses borders. This international book will be the first to offer the readership the research outcome of the best experts in the field of the Golden Horde studies and to make the avant-garde concepts of the new global history accessible.

An vielen Orten stoßen staatliche Angebote der Bürgerbeteiligung auf eine spürbare Unzufriedenheit von Bürgern mit Projekten und Prozessen der Stadtentwicklung. Zugleich zeugt eine unübersehbare Vielzahl von stadtentwicklungspolitisch wirksamen Aktivitäten und Interventionen davon, dass Menschen nicht länger warten, bis sie beteiligt werden. Sie ermächtigen sich selber und werden zu aktiven "Stadtmachern". In diesem Spannungsfeld ist 2009 unter dem Namen Nexthamburg ein partizipatives Realexperiment gestartet, das den Ansatz der offenen Innovation (Open Innovation) auf das Feld der Stadtentwicklung überträgt und versucht, Bürgern die Möglichkeit zu geben, eigene Impulse für die Stadtentwicklung zu setzen. An immer mehr Orten wird diese Form des "urbanen Crowdsourcing" durch unterschiedliche Akteure erprobt – in dieser Arbeit wird es als "partizipatives Ideenlabor" in die Landschaft partizipativer Ansätze eingeordnet. Nach fünf Jahren des Realexperiments ist es Zeit für eine Bilanz: Welchen Wert erzeugt das Sammeln von Ideen für die Stadt? Sind tatsächlich Impulse für die Stadtentwicklung gesetzt worden? Woran lässt sich der Wert partizipativen Ideenlabors für eine offene Stadtentwicklungsdiskussion überhaupt festmachen? Allerdings lässt sich der Wert eines Beteiligungsprozesses nur schwer belegen, wenn er – wie im Fall eines partizipativen Ideenlabors – nicht unmittelbar auf eine politische oder planerische Entscheidung bezogen ist. An dieser Problematik setzt die Arbeit an. Ausgehend von Ansätzen aus der Partizipationsforschung und der Open Innovation wird anhand des Fallbeispiels Nexthamburg eine Methode entwickelt, die einen Beitrag leisten soll, den substanziellen (auf die Ergebnisse bezogenen) und den prozessualen Wert von offenen Ideensammlungen zu ermitteln. Dabei wird auch versucht, die prozessualen Schwachstellen des Realexperiments im Hinblick auf seine Bewertbarkeit offen zu legen. Die Untersuchung erfolgt auf drei Ebenen: Zunächst werden die über 900 Projektideen der Nexthamburg-Ideensammlung den Ideen eines verfassten Ideen-Sammlungsprozesses gegenüber gestellt und in Hinblick auf Machbarkeit, Reifegrad, Problemlösegehalt und Innovativität ausgewertet. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt auf der Veränderung der Ideenqualität über die ersten fünf Jahre des Nexthamburg-Prozesses hinweg – das Realexperiment Nexthamburg bietet durch seine Prozessdauer eine hierfür einmalige Datenquelle. Es zeigt sich, dass der Wert der Ideen in unterschiedlichen Phasen des Prozesses und unterschiedlichen Themenfeldern Veränderungen unterworfen ist und stark von Faktoren der Prozessdramaturgie und dem Kanal der Ideeneingabe abhängt. Die zweite Ebene der Untersuchung befasst sich mit dem Wert der Online-Community von Nexthamburg. Es zeigt sich, dass zwar eine große Anzahl von Menschen erreicht wurde, aber auch Nexthamburg nur einen geringen Anteil an wiederholt aktiven Beitragenden aufweisen kann und damit das typische Muster der Aktivitätsverteilung in sozialen Netzwerken reproduziert. Die dritte Ebene der Untersuchung adressiert den Wert und die wahrgenommene Rolle von Nexthamburg als Akteur der Stadtentwicklung. Es zeigt sich, dass der Wert des Akteurs nicht allein anhand seiner substanziellen Ergebnisse gemessen wird, sondern auch an seine Rolle als "Testlabor" für neue partizipative Methoden gekoppelt ist. Es wird aber auch deutlich, dass die Idee der Open Innovation, die auf Umwegwirkung setzt, im Feld der Stadtentwicklung nur bedingt funktioniert. Stärker als im Feld der technischen Innovationen brauchen raumpolitische Innovationen ein aktives "Kümmern" um Wirkung – die im technologischen Feld ausgeprägte Open Source-Kultur ist im Feld der Stadtentwicklung bisher kaum ausgeprägt. Zum Schluss der Arbeit wird die Frage aufgeworfen, welche Konsequenzen die zunehmende Community-Orientierung in der Stadtentwicklung hat. Es wird die Gefahr eines Zerfalls des politischen Raums der Stadt in eine Addition von "Ego-Dörfern" beschrieben. Der Ansatz des partizipativen Ideenlabors kann der Verstärkung dieses Trends nur entgegenwirken, wenn er sich darum bemüht, möglichst viele Interessen abzubilden und sich um maximales "offen halten" der Deliberation bemüht – ein Anspruch, der der Notwendigkeit entgegen steht, Wirkung zu erzielen, was immer auch Parteinahme bedeutet. Die Auflösung dieses Dilemmas muss im Fokus der Weiterentwicklung des Modells stehen. Im Bezug auf die erprobte Bewertungsmethode macht die Arbeit den Stellenwert eines laufenden und systematischen Monitorings lang laufender Deliberations- und Partizipationsprozesse deutlich. Auch, wenn im Rahmen der Arbeit ein erstes Bild der im Realexperiment erzeugten Werte gezeichnet werden kann, bestehen doch Lücken bei notwendigen Daten. Wie die Notwendigkeit eines Monitorings mit der ebenfalls notwendigen Unverbindlichkeit und "Fluidität" des Prozesses in Einklang gebracht werden kann, ist eine Weiterentwicklung noch nicht gelöste Fragestellung, die es weiter zu bearbeiten gilt. ; Today the field of participative urban development is facing new challenges. In many places participatory processes are confronted with a strong discontent of people about urban projects and processes. There is a clear demand for more co-creation that can not be satisfied in conventional processes. In the same time, a growing number of urban interventions and actives shows that people do not longer want to wait until the get participated. People start to empower themselves and turn into active "citymakers". From this background Nexthamburg started in 2009 as a participatory real-life-experiment, transferring the Open Innovation model to the field of urban development and inviting people to give their own impulse to urban development. This experiment stands for a new form of proactive and self-commissioned participation, which is not attached to current official projects and which is linked closely to the rise of social media and the network society. It tries to incorporate the knowledge of the crowd into urban development by opening up a platform for deliberation. This kind of participatory work is emerging in different places around the world and is described in the dissertation as a new model of participation – the "participatory idea laboratory". After the first five years of experimenting with Nexthamburg it is time to draw a balance. What effects and added values are created by collecting ideas for a city? What impulses were made? What sort of effects can be expected in general by opening up a participatory idea laboratory? These questions are addressing a core problem of participatory processes. More than ever, they have to prove that they add value to urban development, since they rise extra costs and lead to more complexity in planning. But how to measure a process that is not supposed to affect directly a given political decision and therefore can not only be measured by its political impacts? This Dissertation tries to introduce and to test a method for evaluating the outcomes and the process quality that Nexthamburg effected by attaching to findings from two scientific fields: the evaluation of participatory processes and the evaluation of Open Innovation processes. Doing so, this dissertation also unveils the weak points of this special participatory model – especially in terms of evaluating it. The research is covering three layers of evaluation. It starts with evaluating the 900 ideas that citizens have brought in during the first five years of Nexthamburg and comparing them to the outcomes of another process that has been led by the city of Hamburg. Criteria for evaluation are feasibility, grade of elaboration, "footprint" and innovativity. A special attention is drawn to the development of idea quality during the span of the whole process, which turns out to be depending on process dramaturgy and communication channels. Ideas that have been brought in during events on site are in general more elaborated and of bigger value than ideas that have been brought in online. Especially when it comes to urbanistic "core topics" like urban design, ideas tend to be of less value. The second layer of evaluation is focusing the online-community. Nexthamburg has reached a large number of people, but only a small percentage have been returning "activists", which is typical for activity patterns in social networks. Also significant is the relatively low activity of female contributors. The third layer of evaluation addresses Nexthamburg and its role as an actor in urban development, examining the results of an online-survey among potential target groups and partners. The survey shows that Nexthamburg is not only valued by the outcomes and its impact on urban development, but strongly for its role as an innovator for participatory processes. As a result it can be said that the concept of open innovation is not yet operating effectively in the field of urban development. When it comes to issues that touch political processes, it needs more active support to create impact than in the field of pure technical innovations – that is the home ground of the open innovation concept. It seems that yet there is no such "open source"-culture in urban development than it exists in the field of technical innovations. It also becomes clear that a participatory think tank can not only be an intermediate as it intended to be. When it comes to the moment that people demand to create impact, it transforms to a party and looses its neutrality. This role-dilemma still is unsolved. Regarding the methods of evaluation it gets clear that there is more need for a systematic monitoring of long term deliberation an d participation processes. Even it has been possible to draw a first impression on the added values and impacts of Nexthamburg, the research showed that more data and qualitative information would be needed to evaluate such processes properly. How to match the need for a constant monitoring with the fluidity and the need for noncommittal of such processes also is still unsolved and requires further research.

This thesis is a part of the studies carried out on organizational dynamics regarding occupational risks prevention, led in particular in the French National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS). The key issue is to put forward terms and conditions of prevention which take into account the work realities and industrial realities.From interventions carried out in five waste sorting centres for household packaging, in a context of industrialization of the waste recycling sector, this research aims to better understand the work of sorting operator, in order to determine vectors for actions in prevention. The waste sorting centres are productive entities, part of green business sector, where industrial challenges carry two major dimensions of sustainable development: territoriality and social sustainability.The method that we chose aims to put forward an objectification of the waste sorting operator's work activity, taking into account the specifics of this sector, in the prospect of a sustainable prevention. To do so, an analysis of the work activity, according to the ergonomics work analysis method (EWA) was conducted, complete by several confrontation tools used with workers, both individually and collectively.The results showed that waste sorting centres are production sites located in a specific territorial context. Workers have to manage the production while taking into account the limits of their technical system, faced with waste as a territorialized object. Waste comes from separate households' collection and is brought in the centre for the purpose of being sorted. It has territorialized characteristics, depending on specific territorial economical and social factors. Additionally, political factors regarding choices in terms of waste collecting and sorting, factors related to the consumption pattern and households' lifestyle on the territory, factors related to the morphological features of the territory, and related to territorial attractiveness are also considered. However, this dimension is not taken into account during both the waste sorting centres design phase and the implementation of prevention strategies. The national testing phase for an extension of waste sorting instructions that we contributed to led to, argue that a disconnection was taking place between the characteristics of the technical system and the characteristics of the territory. This disconnection may lead to work intensification, directly impacting work sustainability.These results allow us to put forward two directions for actions in prevention in order to contribute to the design of sustainable sorting work systems. The first aims to better identify the coordination between actors belonging to different decision-making levels: some internal stakeholders, within the sorting centres, and external actors, on a territorial scale. To achieve this goal, the field of ergonomics has been shifted to mobilize theoretical frameworks originating from other disciplinary approaches, as proximity economics. This shifting aims to better take into account the requirements of industrial realities, and to produce mechanisms mobilizing these actors to satisfy the need for an effective transformation of work situations. The second direction aspire to put forward recommendations for the design of technical and organizational plastic systems, i.e. systems which leave sufficient rooms of manoeuver, factor for operators' health, and that make work systems more efficient. The contributions of this thesis lead to develop an approach of prevention « in connection » which articulate the essential requirements of a regulatory prevention, and the industrial realities of the productive organization, for which three requirements have been identified: (i) develop the prevention problem from the knowledge co-production with workers, (ii) articulate work and industrial performance requirements, (iii) including prevention into territorialized industrial projects. ; Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre des travaux réalisés sur les dynamiques organisationnelles de la prévention des risques professionnels, conduits en particulier par l'Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS). L'enjeu central de la thèse est de proposer des modalités d'action qui tiennent compte des réalités du travail et des réalités industrielles. A partir d'interventions menées dans cinq centres de tri des déchets d'emballages ménagers, dans un contexte d'industrialisation de la filière du recyclage, cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre le travail des opérateurs de tri pour identifier des leviers d'action en prévention. Les centres de tri des déchets sont des entités productives inscrites dans le secteur de l'économie verte, dont les enjeux industriels sont porteurs des deux dimensions structurantes du développement durable : la territorialité et la durabilité sociale. La méthode mobilisée vise à proposer une objectivation du travail des opérateurs de tri, tenant compte de la spécificité de ce secteur et dans la perspective d'une prévention durable. Pour cela, une analyse de l'activité a été menée, couplée à l'utilisation de différents outils de confrontation mobilisés auprès des opérateurs de tri, individuellement ou collectivement. Les analyses ont montré que les centres de tri sont des lieux de production inscrits dans leur territoire. Les opérateurs sont amenés à réguler la production en raison des limites du système technique, qui ne tient pas compte du caractère territorialisé des déchets. En effet, les déchets issus des collectes sélectives des ménages qui sont acheminés sur le site en vue d'être triés comportent des caractéristiques territorialisées : en fonction de dimensions économiques et sociales spécifiques au territoire, de dimensions politiques concernant les choix au niveau de la collecte et du tri des déchets, de dimensions liées au mode de consommation et de vie des habitants sur le territoire, de dimensions liées aux caractéristiques morphologiques de l'espace, ou encore d'attractivité du territoire. Cependant, nous avons pu constater que cette dimension n'est pas prise en compte lors de la conception des centres de tri et lors de la mise en place de stratégies de prévention. L'expérimentation d'extension des consignes de tri à laquelle nous avons contribué a même conduit à argumenter que s'opéraient un découplage entre les caractéristiques du système technique et celles du territoire, qui peut engendrer une intensification du travail et ainsi affecter la durabilité du travail. Ces résultats nous permettent de proposer deux orientations pour l'action en prévention afin de contribuer à la conception de systèmes de travail de tri durables. La première vise à mieux identifier la coordination des acteurs de niveaux décisionnels différents : internes à l'entreprise et externes positionnés à l'échelle des territoires. Pour répondre à cet objectif, le champ de l'ergonomie a été déplacé pour mobiliser des cadres théoriques issus d'autres approches disciplinaires, dont celle de l'économie des proximités. Ce déplacement du champ vise à mieux prendre en compte les exigences posées par le réel et à produire des dispositifs mobilisant ces acteurs pour satisfaire l'exigence de transformation effective des situations de travail. La seconde vise à proposer des recommandations pour la conception de systèmes technico-organisationnels plastiques favorables à la santé et à l'efficacité. Les apports de cette thèse conduisent à proposer une approche de la prévention « en adhérence » qui articule les exigences essentielles d'une prévention réglementaire et les réalités industrielles des organisations productives et pour laquelle trois conditions ont ainsi été identifiées : .

We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. ; The ATLAS experiment at the LHC has measured the Higgs boson couplings and mass, and searched for invisible Higgs boson decays, using multiple production and decay channels with up to 4.7 fb−1 of pp collision data at s√=7 TeV and 20.3 fb−1 at s√=8 TeV. In the current study, the measured production and decay rates of the observed Higgs boson in the γγ, ZZ, W W , Zγ, bb, τ τ , and μμ decay channels, along with results from the associated production of a Higgs boson with a top-quark pair, are used to probe the scaling of the couplings with mass. Limits are set on parameters in extensions of the Standard Model including a composite Higgs boson, an additional electroweak singlet, and two-Higgs-doublet models. Together with the measured mass of the scalar Higgs boson in the γγ and ZZ decay modes, a lower limit is set on the pseudoscalar Higgs boson mass of m A > 370 GeV in the "hMSSM" simplified Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Results from direct searches for heavy Higgs bosons are also interpreted in the hMSSM. Direct searches for invisible Higgs boson decays in the vector-boson fusion and associated production of a Higgs boson with W/Z (Z → ℓℓ, W/Z → jj) modes are statistically combined to set an upper limit on the Higgs boson invisible branching ratio of 0.25. The use of the measured visible decay rates in a more general coupling fit improves the upper limit to 0.23, constraining a Higgs portal model of dark matter. ; ANPCyT ; YerPhI, Armenia ; Australian Research Council ; BMWFW, Austria ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) ; SSTC, Belarus ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; NRC, Canada ; Canada Foundation for Innovation ; CERN ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias ; Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic Government ; DNRF, Denmark ; Danish Natural Science Research Council ; Lundbeckfonden ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; CEA-DSM/IRFU, France ; GNSF, Georgia ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; HGF, Germany ; Max Planck Society ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; RGC, China ; Hong Kong SAR, China ; Israel Science Foundation ; I-CORE, Israel ; Benoziyo Center, Israel ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; CNRST, Morocco ; FOM (The Netherlands) Netherlands Government ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; RCN, Norway ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland ; NCN, Poland ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology ; MNE/IFA, Romania ; Russian Federation ; NRC KI, Russian Federation ; JINR ; MESTD, Serbia ; MSSR, Slovakia ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; MIZS, Slovenia ; DST/NRF, South Africa ; MINECO, Spain ; SRC, Sweden ; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ; SERI, Switzerland ; Canton of Bern, Switzerland ; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; BCKDF, Canada ; Canada Council, Canada ; CANARIE, Canada ; CRC, Canada ; Compute Canada, Canada ; FQRNT ; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada ; EPLANET ; European Research Council (ERC) ; FP7 ; Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions ; European Union (EU) ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ; Region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes ; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Herakleitos ; Thales ; Aristeia programmes ; Greek NSRF, Israel ; US-Israel Binational Science Foundation ; German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development ; Minerva, Israel ; BRF, Norway ; Royal Society of London ; Leverhulme Trust ; ICREA ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/I005803/1 ST/L000970/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/M001407/1 PP/E000444/1 ST/H00100X/2 ST/K001310/1 ST/J004928/1 ATLAS Upgrade 1575161 1366364 ST/K001361/1 MINOS/MINOS+ ST/K001361/1 ST/G50228X/1 PP/D002915/1 GRIDPP PP/E003087/1 ST/L001179/1 1366825 ST/K001329/1 ST/L000970/1 ST/L001195/1 ST/L006464/1 ST/J00474X/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/J005576/1 ST/L003325/1 ST/K001361/1 ATLAS ST/K00073X/1 ST/K000705/1 ST/K003658/1 ST/M001504/1 ST/M006980/1 ST/K00137X/1 ST/K001361/1 LHCb Upgrades ST/I006056/1 1072662 1082012 ST/I000186/1 ST/L000970/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/H001093/2 1521422 ST/H00100X/1 ST/J004928/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/J004944/1 ST/L001209/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K00140X/1 ST/K001361/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K001310/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/N000307/1 ST/M004821/1 GRIDPP ST/M002306/1 PP/E002846/1 ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/L000326/1 ST/K001310/1 LHCb ST/I00372X/1 GRIDPP ST/K001310/1 LHCb Upgrades ST/L001144/1 ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/M001431/1 ST/L006480/1 ST/M001474/1 ST/K001396/1 ATLAS ST/K001361/1 LHCb ST/H001093/1 ST/G502320/1 ST/L00352X/1 ST/L003414/1 ST/K001248/1 1201187 ST/M001733/1 ST/K003658/1 GRIDPP ST/K001302/1 ST/J004928/1 ST/J00474X/1 ST/K001418/1 ST/I006080/1 ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/I005803/1 GRIDPP ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/J005487/1 ATLAS ST/L003112/1 ST/M002071/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K001310/1 ATLAS ST/M000761/1 ST/K001426/1 ATLAS ST/I00372X/1 ST/M003213/1 ST/M004821/1 ST/M007103/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K001264/1 ATLAS ST/I000178/1 PP/E000355/1 1334588 ST/M002306/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/M006980/1 ATLAS Upgrades PP/E000347/1 ST/N000463/1 ST/J005525/1

We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. ; A search is performed for narrow resonances decaying into WW, W Z, or ZZ boson pairs using 20:3 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of ps = 8 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Diboson resonances with masses in the range from 1.3 to 3.0 TeV are sought after using the invariant mass distribution of dijets where both jets are tagged as a boson jet, compatible with a highly boosted W or Z boson decaying to quarks, using jet mass and substructure properties. The largest deviation from a smoothly falling background in the observed dijet invariant mass distribution occurs around 2 TeV in the W Z channel, with a global significance of 2.5 standard deviations. Exclusion limits at the 95% confidence level are set on the production cross section times branching ratio for the W Z final state of a new heavy gauge boson, W0, and for the WW and ZZ final states of Kaluza-Klein excitations of the graviton in a bulk Randall-Sundrum model, as a function of the resonance mass. W0 bosons with couplings predicted by the extended gauge model in the mass range from 1.3 to 1.5 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level. ; ANPCyT ; YerPhI, Armenia ; Australian Research Council ; BMWFW, Austria ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) ; SSTC, Belarus ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; NRC, Canada ; Canada Foundation for Innovation ; CERN ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias ; Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic Government ; DNRF, Denmark ; Danish Natural Science Research Council ; Lundbeckfonden ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; CEA-DSM/IRFU, France ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; HGF, Germany ; Max Planck Society ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; Israel Science Foundation ; I-CORE, Israel ; Benoziyo Center, Israel ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; CNRST, Morocco ; FOM (The Netherlands) Netherlands Government ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; RCN, Norway ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland ; NCN, Poland ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology ; MNE/IFA, Romania ; Russian Federation ; NRC KI, Russian Federation ; JINR ; MESTD, Serbia ; MSSR, Slovakia ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; MIZS, Slovenia ; DST/NRF, South Africa ; MINECO, Spain ; SRC, Sweden ; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ; SERI, Switzerland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Canton of Bern, Switzerland ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; BCKDF, Canada ; Canada Council, Canada ; CANARIE, Canada ; CRC, Canada ; Compute Canada, Canada ; FQRNT ; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada ; European Union (EU) ; European Union (EU) European Research Council (ERC) ; Horizon, European Union ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ; Region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes ; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Herakleitos programme - EU-ESF ; Thales programme - EU-ESF ; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; US-Israel Binational Science Foundation ; German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development ; Minerva, Israel ; BRF, Norway ; Royal Society of London ; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland ; Leverhulme Trust ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/L001144/1 ST/L001179/1 ST/L00352X/1 ST/M004821/1 GRIDPP 1201187 ST/I006056/1 ST/K001248/1 ST/K001361/1 LHCb Upgrades ST/H00100X/1 ST/M001474/1 ST/I005803/1 GRIDPP ST/K001310/1 LHCb ST/L000326/1 ST/M001504/1 ST/N000463/1 ST/M503575/1 ST/L003325/1 ST/M002071/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/M001733/1 ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/K001361/1 LHCb ST/J005576/1 ST/J004944/1 ST/J004928/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/J00474X/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/G502320/1 1521422 ST/M006980/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/M006980/1 ST/M004821/1 ST/L006480/1 ST/K00137X/1 ST/J005487/1 ST/N000307/1 ST/L001195/1 ST/K001361/1 ST/H001093/2 PP/E000444/1 GRIDPP ST/K001388/1 ST/J501074/1 ST/H001093/1 ST/K001264/1 ATLAS ST/K001302/1 ST/K001361/1 ATLAS ST/M001407/1 1334588 ST/L003414/1 PP/E000355/1 1366364 ST/M007103/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/M003213/1 ST/M002306/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/M002306/1 ST/M001431/1 ST/K001310/1 LHCb Upgrades 1082012 ST/L000970/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K00140X/1 ST/K001310/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/H00100X/2 1575161 PP/D002915/1 ST/I005803/1 ST/I000178/1 ST/I00372X/1 ST/J00474X/1 ST/G50228X/1 PP/E002846/1 ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/I000186/1 PP/E003087/1 ST/K00073X/1 ST/K001310/1 ATLAS ST/K003658/1 ST/I006080/1 ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/I00372X/1 GRIDPP ST/K001418/1 ST/J005525/1 1366825 ST/J004928/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/K001310/1 ST/K001329/1 ST/K001361/1 MINOS/MINOS+ ST/L003112/1 ST/L000970/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/K003658/1 GRIDPP ST/J004928/1 ST/K000705/1 ST/K001426/1 ATLAS ST/M000664/1 ST/M000761/1 ATLAS ST/L001209/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/L000970/1 ST/K001361/1 ATLAS Upgrades PP/E000347/1 ; ICREA ; GNSF, Georgia

There are always a few economic policy targets to be achieved at a given time. Politicians always strive to simultaneously achieve the optimal size for each of them. However, these targets are always at least partly contradictory. Therefore, striving to achieve an optimal level of individual targets does not lead to a stable, optimal long-term equilibrium. On the contrary, as the experiences of many countries show, whatever the number of targets, no optimal GDP rate and lack of political stability have been observed in the long run.This conclusion is supported by the results of theoretical analyses using the graphical and analytical methods of the rate of GDP as well as unemployment and inflation rates on the basis of the Okun's law, the short-term Philips curve and the relationship between the rate of inflation and the rate of GDP. These three concepts are then combined into one model.Theoretical considerations lead to the conclusion that the target of long-term economic policy should be to maximise the rate of GDP growth while maintaining levels of other targets within specific limits. Ways to achieve this target in the long run, while maintaining political stability, are the appropriate impacts of policymakers on the relationships between every pair of targets.As a result, it is proposed (based on empirical data for the economy for a long enough period) to:- explore analytical forms and parameters of functions describing the relationships between all possible pairs of individual targets;- determine the empirical long-term equilibrium point (a combination of permissible individual economic policy targets):- directly, by solving the respective sets of equations, and, when this has no solution;- indirectly, on the basis of the indications of economic policymakers and theoreticians of various economic branches;- determine (in co-operation with politicians and theoreticians of various economic branches) the optimal combination of economic policy targets in the long run (the desired long-term equilibrium point), i.e.: the maximum growth rate of GDP and acceptable lower and upper bounds for all other targets;- determine the direction in which the empirical long-term equilibrium point should be moved in the near and further future to become the same as the desired long-term equilibrium point;- determine the factors in a given economy in a given period of time in the future that will move the long-term empirical equilibrium point in the desired direction, as well as the direction and strength of the influence of each of these factors;- implement by the policymakers the appropriate economic policy measures, i.e. to cause the replacement of the permissible combination of the individual targets of economic policy by the respective optimal combination (to influence the analytical forms and the parameters of functions describing the relationships between all pairs of individual targets, so that the rate of GDP would be the closest possible to its maximum value and at the same time boundary conditions for all other economic policy targets would be met). Of course, it is possible to depart slightly, in short periods, from maximising the rate of GDP growth in order to take into account any demand or supply shocks affecting other economic policy targets that may occur.The last step is always an assessment of the results of the economic policy by the voters.Theoretical considerations are complemented by an empirical analysis (based on quarterly data, separately for each OECD country) of the relationships between the rates of inflation and the growth rates of GDP during more or less the last two business Juglar cycles.An analysis of these relationships allows to construct "strategic groups' maps" based on two criteria: the maximum GDP rates and the corresponding inflation rates. The analysis of these "maps" allows drawing preliminary proposals for economic policymakers.Further research (for individual OECD countries) will encompass empirical analyses of the investigations of the respective empirical long-term equilibria. The final result will be considerations on optimal economic policy measures for different countries based on results of the empirical studies. ; Politycy każdego kraju wyznaczają zazwyczaj kilka różnych celów gospodarczych zakładając, że każdy z tych celów osiągnie pożądany przez nich poziom. Jest to jednak niewykonalne, bowiem niektóre cele są zawsze ze sobą sprzeczne. W rezultacie, dążenie do osiągnięcia określonego poziomu każdego z celów uniemożliwia osiągnięcie stabilnej równowagi długookresowej na poziomie optymalnym.Powyższy wniosek jest poparty wynikami analizy teoretycznej (metodami graficzną i analityczną) na przykładzie wzajemnych związków między trzema wybranymi celami polityki gospodarczej: tempem PKB, stopą bezrobocia i stopą inflacji, a mianowicie: zależności opisywanych prawem Okuna, krótkookresową krzywą Philipsa oraz zaproponowanej przez autora zależności między stopą inflacji a tempem PKB. Następnie te trzy zależności połączone są w jeden nowy autorski model. Rozważania teoretyczne na podstawie tego modelu prowadzą do wniosku, że celem polityki gospodarczej powinna być maksymalizacja tempa PKB przy utrzymaniu poziomów pozostałych celów w z góry określonych granicach.Osiągnięcie tego celu w okresie długim wymaga odpowiednich oddziaływań na zależności między każdymi dwoma celami polityki gospodarczej. Do tego niezbędne jest:1) poznanie kształtów i położeń funkcji, opisujących zależności między każdymi dwoma celami polityki gospodarczej (na podstawie danych empirycznych dla danej gospodarki w okresie długim);2) określenie empirycznego punktu równowagi długookresowej (dopuszczalnej kombinacji celów polityki gospodarczej):a) bezpośrednio, rozwiązując odpowiedni układ równań, a gdy nie ma on rozwiązania,b) pośrednio, na podstawie wskazań polityków gospodarczych i teoretyków ekonomik szczegółowych;3) ustalenie dla okresu przyszłego (przy współpracy z politykami gospodarczymi i teoretykami ekonomik szczegółowych) optymalnej kombinacji celów polityki gospodarczej (pożądanego punktu równowagi długookresowej), tj. maksymalnego tempa wzrostu PKB oraz dopuszczalnych przedziałów wahań poziomów pozostałych celów;4) ustalenie kierunku, w którym empiryczny punkt równowagi długookresowej powinien się przesuwać w bliższej i dalszej przyszłości aby stał się on tożsamy z pożądanym punktem równowagi długookresowej;5) ustalenie czynników, które w danej gospodarce w okresie przyszłym spowodują przesuwanie empirycznego punktu równowagi długookresowej w pożądanym kierunku, a także określenie kierunku i siły wpływu każdego z tych czynników;6) wdrażanie przez polityków gospodarczych odpowiedniej polityki gospodarczej, tj. takie oddziaływanie na położenie i kształt każdej z funkcji, opisujących zależności między każdymi dwoma celami polityki gospodarczej, aby tempo PKB było możliwie bliskie maksymalnego i jednocześnie, aby spełnione były warunki brzegowe dla wszystkich pozostałych celów polityki gospodarczej. Oczywiście, okresowo możliwe jest nieznaczne odstąpienie od maksymalizacji tempa wzrostu PKB w związku z koniecznością uwzględniania ewentualnych szoków podażowych lub popytowych.Rozważania teoretyczne zostały uzupełnione analizą empiryczną zależności między stopą inflacji a tempem PKB (na podstawie danych kwartalnych, oddzielnie dla każdego kraju OECD) w okresie, mniej więcej, ostatnich dwu cykli koniunkturalnych (Juglara).Analiza ta pozwoliła zbudować "mapy grup strategicznych", uwzględniające kryteria związane z maksymalnym tempem PKB oraz współistniejącą z nim stopą inflacji. Na podstawie tych "map" wyprowadzone zostały wstępne wnioski dla polityki gospodarczej każdego z badanych krajów.Przedmiotem dalszych badań autora (również obejmujących poszczególne kraje OECD) będzie ustalenie oraz analiza empirycznych punktów równowagi długookresowej. Końcowym efektem będą pogłębione wskazówki dla polityków gospodarczych poszczególnych krajów OECD.

Objetivos Innocent Gentillet fue uno de los juristas y polemistas hugonotes más activos durante las Guerras de Religión en Francia (1562-1598). Pese al importante papel que sus escritos jugaron en este conflicto, su figura quedó en la sombra después del siglo XVII. Tampoco filósofos e historiadores contemporáneos dedicaron mucha atención a este jurista delfinés, siempre considerado en segundo plano por detrás de sus correligionarios 'monarcómacos', teólogos y juristas como Hotman, Duplessis-Mornay o Bèze, a los que, durante mucho tiempo, se tomó como exponentes principales del pensamiento político y jurídico hugonote. Teniendo en cuenta este olvido relativo (la única monografía dedicada a Gentillet es una breve presentación de sus ideas anti-maquiavélicas redactada en 1969), consideramos adecuado acometer un estudio sistemático del pensamiento del jurista calvinista que tuviera en cuenta tanto el importante papel que desempeñó en el movimiento reformado francés entre 1574 (fecha de publicación de su primera Remonstrance) y 1588 (fecha de su muerte) como su relevancia para la historia de la filosofía y de las ideas políticas. Metodología La tesis doctoral realiza, en primer lugar, una reconstrucción histórica de la biografía de Gentillet desde una perspectiva filosófico-política. En esta biografía se tienen en cuenta, por primera vez, datos importantes extraídos de fuentes primarias como el registro de la Universidad de Grenoble, la correspondencia de figuras destacadas en la Francia de la segunda mitad del siglo XVI o distintos documentos de archivo relativos a la historia del Delfinado en el período mencionado. El trabajo redactado ofrece, en segundo lugar, una lectura sistemática de los escritos publicados por Gentillet entre 1574 y 1576. Poniendo en práctica las pautas de trabajo seguidas actualmente en las disciplinas de la historia de los conceptos y de las ideas políticas, se busca, ante todo, contextualizar los escritos analizados en el marco de los acontecimientos coetáneos y ponerlos en relación con el resto de la producción polémica de la época. Conclusiones La tesis redactada ofrece, por primera vez, informaciones sobre la formación universitaria de Innocent Gentillet en el Grenoble de la década de 1550, período en el que la Facultad de Derecho contaba entre sus profesores con el famoso civilista portugués António Gouveia, a nuestro juicio importante para entender la singular perspectiva jurídico-política desarrollada por Gentillet en el seno del movimiento reformado francés. De este ideario rescatamos, sobre todo, las ideas y conceptos empleados por Gentillet para proponer una reforma en el modo de administrar los asuntos públicos en la Corona francesa de su tiempo. Nos concentramos también en la forma en la que el jurista conceptualizó la autoridad regia proponiendo a los monarcas un ejercicio "civil" (y no "absoluto") de su poder. La tesis muestra la postura de Gentillet como una 'tercera vía' (muy influida por pensadores precedentes como Seyssel) entre la forma pragmática y 'autoritaria' de gobierno que Maquiavelo recomendó en Il principe y el republicanismo de los protestantes monarcómacos, empeñados en someter la autoridad regia al control de la nobleza y de instituciones como los Parlamentos y los Estados Generales. La tesis destaca, finalmente, la importancia del Discours contre Machiavel para la historia de la filosofía política. Se trata de un amplio tratado escrito por Gentillet en 1576 y ampliado en una edición muy poco conocida (se conserva un único ejemplar) de 1585. La importancia de esta obra deriva del hecho de que se trata de la primera crítica sistemática a los principales escritos de Maquiavelo (Il principe, Discorsi, Istorie fiorentine, Dell'arte della guerra) y de que Gentillet acometió en ella una refutación a la vez política, social, económica, histórica y teológica a las ideas del florentino. ABSTRACT Objectives Innocent Gentillet was one oft the most influential Huguenot polemists during the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598). Although the important role played by his writings in this conflict, his figure remained in the shadow after the 17th Century. Neither contemporary philosophers nor historians, payed too much attention to this author, always considered secondly after his 'monarchomach' co-religionists, theologians and jurists such as Hotman, Duplessis-Mornay or Bèze, taken since a long time ago as the main exponents of Huguenot juridical and political thought. Taking into account this relative forget (the only monography dedicated to Gentillet is a brief account of his anti-Machiavellian ideas which was written in 1969), we considered that it was necessary a systematic study of the ideas and writings of Gentillet which focused in the important role played by this Calvinist jurist in the French Reformed Movement between 1574 (date of publication of his first Remonstrance) and 1588 (date of his death) and in his relevance for the History of Philosophy and for the History of Political Ideas. Methodology This work undertakes a reconstruction of Gentillet´s biography from a philosophical and political perspective. In this biography we use, for the first time, important pieces of information taken from primary sources as the register of Grenoble University, the letters of important figures in 16th Century France and other documents related to the history of Dauphiné in the above-mentioned period. Our dissertation offers, secondly, a systematic lecture of the writings published by Gentillet from 1574 to 1576. Putting into practice the most contemporary trends of research in the areas of the History of Political Ideas and Conceptual History, we contextualize these writings and we show their relationship with other important pieces of the polemical debates of this period. Conclusions The dissertation provides, for the first time, specific information about the studies followed by Innocent Gentillet at Grenoble University in the 1550s, when the Faculty of Law had among their teachers the famous Portuguese civil jurist António Gouveia. We consider Gouveia as a very important figure to understand the very specific juridical and political perspective developed by Gentillet among the French Reformed polemists. While studying this perspective, we focus specially in the ideas and concepts employed by Gentillet in order to propose a reform of the way of dealing with public affairs in the French Crown of his time. We also analyze the conceptualization of royal authority in the writings of Gentillet, showing that he proposed the kings a "civil" (opposed to "absolute") exercise of his power. Our book takes Gentillet's proposals as a 'third way' (very influenced, on the other hand, by earlier thinkers as Seyssel) between the pragmatic and 'authoritarian' government recommended by Machiavelli in his Prince and the republican ideas of monarchomach Protestants, interested in submitting royal authority to the control of nobility and institutions such as Parliaments and General Estates. Our dissertation underlines, finally, the importance of the Discours contre Machiavel for the History of Political Philosophy. This book is a long treatise written by Gentillet in 1576 and reissued in a very rare (there is only one available copy in Grenoble) 1585 edition. Gentillet´s Discours is, in fact, the first systematic critic to the main writings of Machiavelli (Il principe, Discorsi, Istorie fiorentine, Dell'arte della guerra). Moreover, Gentillet undertook in his work a total refutation of the ideas of the famous Florentine secretary, taking into account his opinions about politics, society, economy, history or theology.

Als einer der korruptesten Staaten ist seit vielen Jahren Indonesien gekennzeichnet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich an der Art und dem Niveau der Korruption im Zuge der Demokratisierung und Dezentralisierung in den ersten Jahren nach Suhartos Sturz im Vergleich zu den Suharto-Jahren, in denen Indonesien autokratisch geführt wurde, viel geändert hat. Die vorliegende Studie ist in vier Teile gegliedert. Der erste Teil erläutert die Grundlagen und den Stand der Literatur zur Korruption, die politische Kultur sowie die im Betrachtungszeitraum beleuchteten politischen Systeme Indonesiens. Der zweite Teil widmet sich der Korruption in Indonesien und ihre Auswirkungen. Der dritte Teil beschreibt die Maßnahmen zur Korruptionsbekämpfung in Indonesien; in diesem Teil wird auch auf die Aufarbeitung der Altlasten der 'Neuen Ordnung' und der Asienkrise eingegangen. Abschließend werden im vierten Teil die Befunde zusammengefasst, die Arbeit in die internationale Debatte um Korruption vor allem im Kontext (Süd)Ostasiens eingeordnet und ein Ausblick gegeben. Suhartos Name steht für KKN (Korupsi, Kolusi, Nepotisme) und ist damit unauslöschlich mit Korruption in Indonesien verknüpft. Nach seiner Machtübernahme gelang es ihm, sich an die Spitze eines weitreichenden Patronagenetzwerks zu stellen, welche sich nahezu über das gesamte Land erstreckte. Diese Spitzenposition hat Suharto sich sowohl durch Repression als auch Kooptation gesichert, wobei das zweite Kriterium vorrangig war. Um sich, seiner Familie und seinen Kumpanen wirtschaftliche Vorteile zu sichern, erließ Suharto zahlreiche sie bevorteilende Gesetze und Regelungen (state capture). Reformasi hat mit dem Anspruch begonnen, Demokratie nach Indonesien zu bringen und KKN zu beenden. Letzteres gelang jedoch nicht; geändert hat sich im Wesentlichen nur der Zentralisierungsgrad der Korruption. Gezeigt wird, dass die Beteiligten an Groβkorruption in Reformasi im Wesentlichen dieselben sind wie in der Suharto-Ära, Patronagenetzwerke – insbesondere in der Bürokratie – weiterhin bestehen, die Demokratisierung mit einer kräftigen Selbstbegünstigung der Parlamentarier verbunden war, die Dezentralisierung Korruption unvorhersehbarer machte und zudem die Neugründung zahlreicher (rohstoffreicher) Regionen und Distrikte begünstigte. Unter Suharto wurde allenfalls "petty corruption" verfolgt. Aber auch nach seinem Sturz wurde der Kampf gegen Korruption – wenn überhaupt – nur halbherzig vorangetrieben, denn kaum eine staatliche Institution sah sich dem Kampf gegen Korruption verpflichtet. Dasselbe gilt für die Aufarbeitung der Altlasten der 'Neuen Ordnung' und der Asienkrise. Dargestellt wird des Weiteren am Beispiel Indonesiens, dass Demokratisierung, Dezentralisierung und Gehaltserhöhungen für öffentliche Angestellte nicht unbedingt zu einer Reduzierung der Korruption beitragen. Darüber hinaus scheint insbesondere Rohstoffreichtum die Korruption zu befördern. Eine Schlüsselrolle für den Korruptionskampf fällt der Justiz zu; nimmt sie den Kampf gegen Korruption – wie im Fall Indonesiens – nicht auf, wird kaum mit einer Reduzierung der Korruption zu rechnen sein. Deshalb ist von einem starken Rückgang der Korruption in Indonesien in nächster Zeit nicht auszugehen. ; It has been known for many years that Indonesia is one of the most corrupt countries in the world. The question examined here is whether the types and/or levels of corruption have changed much since the time of Suharto's autocratic rule to the period of democratization and decentralization immediately following his fall. This study is divided into four sections: The first section examines the basis for and the status of literature of corruption, as well as the political culture and the two political systems in Indonesia during the period under review. The second section depicts the corruption and its consequences in Indonesia. The third section describes the steps Indonesia has taken to combat corruption; this part also addresses the legacies of the 'New Order' as well as the Asian crisis. In conclusion, the fourth section summarizes the findings, reviews the results of the international debate regarding corruption, especially as it relates to (South)east Asia and gives an outlook. Suharto is synonymous with corruption, collusion and nepotism (KKN – Korupsi, Kolusi, Nepotisme ). After his rise to power, Suharto managed to establish himself at the apex of a wide ranging network of patronage stretching over almost the whole country. Suharto secured his dominant position atop society through repression and co-option, the latter being the more important. In order to secure economic spoils for himself, his family and his cronies, Suharto enacted many self-serving laws and regulations (state capture). Reformasi originally began by demanding democracy be brought to Indonesia and KKN be ended. That latter goal was not achieved; the only change is that corruption has become more decentralized. The most prominent perpetrators of large scale corruption within Reformasi are more or less the same as in the Suharto-years. The patronage networks, especially within the bureaucracy, remain largely intact, allowing democratization to be combined with self-enrichment of legislators, resulting in the decentralization of corruption and the creation of many (natural resource rich) regions and districts. Under Suharto only petty corruption was prosecuted. But, even after his fall, the fight against corruption was only half-heartedly supported, if at all, since no public institution really felt obligated to take on the fight. The same holds true for the legacies of the 'New Order' as well as the Asian crisis. The study illustrates Indonesia as a further example that democratization, decentralization and salary increases for civil servants do not necessarily result in a reduction in corruption. Furthermore, abundant natural resources seem to have a significant positive effect on corruption. A key role in the fight against corruption falls to the justice sector. If – as in the case of Indonesia – the justice sector chooses not to take up this fight, then a reduction of corruption cannot really be expected. As a consequence, a significant reduction in corruption in Indonesia in the near term cannot be anticipated. ; L'Indonésie est connue depuis plusieurs années comme étant l'un des Etats les plus corrompus. L'étude se demande si les méthodes et le niveau de corruption, ont vraiment changé dans les premières années de démocratisation et de décentralisation suivant la chute de Suharto, comparé à la période du "Nouvel Ordre", durant laquelle l'Indonésie était dirigée de manière autocratique. L'étude est structurée en quatre parties. La première partie élucide les fondements ainsi que l'état de la littérature de la corruption, la politique culturelle et les deux systèmes politiques de la période inspectée. La deuxième partie se concentre sur la corruption en Indonésie et ses conséquences. La troisième partie décrit les mesures anti-corruption; elle explique aussi les poids du "Nouvel Ordre" et la crise asiatique. Pour finir la quatrième partie donne une perspective, et récapitule les constats, positionne l'étude dans le débat international de la corruption et dans le contexte de l'Asie du (Sud) Est. Suharto représente KKN (Korupsi, Kolusi, Nepotisme) et est associé inéluctablement à la corruption en Indonésie. Après son accession au pouvoir, il s'installe à la pointe d'un réseau clientéliste étendu, couvrant presque tout le pays. Cette place dominante, lui a été assurée grâce à la répression et la cooptation ; ce deuxième critère étant le plus important. Il a pu conforter des avantages pour lui-même, sa famille et ses compagnons en promulguant plusieurs lois et règlements favorables (state capture). Reformas i a commencé avec l'intention d'amener la démocratie en Indonésie ainsi que de mettre un terme à KKN. Cependant, la corruption ne changeait pas, c'était principalement son degré qui variait. Il a été démontré que les participants à la "Grande corruption" dans Reformasi , étaient principalement les mêmes que sous Suharto. Les réseaux clientélistes et plus particulièrement dans la bureaucratie subsistaient. Le processus de démocratisation était connexe à l'auto-favorisation. De plus la décentralisation rendait les effets de la corruption plus imprévisibles encourageant la création de nouvelles régions et districts particulièrement ceux riches en matières premières. Sous Suharto était au mieux poursuivi la "Petty corruption". Mais après sa chute, le combat contre la corruption demeure hésitant, car presque aucune institution ne s'est impliquée dans le combat contre la corruption. Ceci vaut également pour la prise en charge de l'impact du "Nouvel Ordre" et la crise asiatique. L'exemple de l'Indonésie, montre que la démocratisation, la décentralisation et la hausse de salaires des employés publics ne contribuent pas forcément à une réduction de la corruption. En outre, il semble que l'existence de matières premières riches, accroît la corruption. Un rôle clé dans le combat contre la corruption échoit à la justice. Si elle n'entame pas ce combat, comme c'est le cas en Indonésie, une réduction de la corruption ne peut aboutir. C'est pourquoi un fort recul de la corruption en Indonésie ne semble pas envisageable dans les années à venir.

Increased environmental concern and favorable government policies in the recent years have resulted in rapid growth of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs), such as Solar Photovoltaics (PVs) and Wind Turbine Generators. Despite creating several benefits, the high integration of the RESs in an electrical network imposes potential problems. In particular, limited dispatchability of the RESs on top of intermittent generation is creating key scientific challenges to the research community. On the other hand, increased trends of electrifying heating, transportation and gas sectors have resulted in new electrical loads, such as Electric Vehicles (EVs), Heat Pumps (HPs), and Electric Water Heaters (EWH), in the distribution network. In addition to the increase in power demand, those loads create high, rapid and random fluctuations in the demand, thereby impacting the power balancing scenario negatively. Conventional solutions to address the aforementioned issues include building excess generation or grid scale storage to compensate the power imbalances resulting from intermittent generations and fluctuating demands. Even though those approaches perform technically well, they are capital intensive to be implemented with the existing technology. One of the potential alternatives is to intelligently control the electrical loads to make them follow the intermittent generation. This not only enables the end consumers to get reliable and cheap electricity but also enables the utility to prevent huge investment in counterpart. Therefore, the theoretical foundation of this research work is based on a paradigm shift in 'generation following demand' to 'demand following generation' scenario. The primary aim of this research work is to develop intelligent control architecture, control strategies, and an adaptive protection methodology to ensure efficient control and operation of the future distribution networks. The major scientific challenge is thus to develop control models and strategies to coordinate responses from widely distributed controllable loads and local generations. Detailed models of key Smart Grid (SG) elements particularly distribution network, controllable loads, namely EV, HP, and EWH, and local generation, namely PV, are developed. The outcome of the projects is demonstrated mostly by simulations and partly by laboratory setups. The research outcome will not only serve as a reference for ongoing research in this direction but also benefit distribution system operators in the planning and development of the distribution network. The major contributions of this work are described in the following four stages: In the first stage, an intelligent Demand Response (DR) control architecture is developed for coordinating the key SG actors, namely consumers, network operators, aggregators, and electricity market entities. A key intent of the architecture is to facilitate market participation of residential consumers and prosumers. A Hierarchical Control Architecture (HCA) having primary, secondary, and tertiary control loops is developed to establish coordinated control of widely distributed loads and generations. Moreover, a heterogeneous communication network is integrated to the HCA for enabling control and communication within each control loop of the HCA. In particular, each control loop of the HCA is designed with specific control latency and time coordinated with the other loops to establish coordination among each other. The outcome of a power and communication co-simulation demonstrated that the proposed architecture effectively integrate responses from widely distributed loads and generations. Detailed models of the controllable loads, local generation, and distribution network are done in the second stage. Transportation loads, namely EV, and heating loads, namely HP and EWH, are modeled as controllable loads, whereas the solar PV is modeled as local generation. Control strategies are developed to realize various DR techniques, namely autonomous, voltage controlled, incentive based, and price based. The performance of the developed models and control strategies are demonstrated in a low voltage distribution network by utilizing the intelligent architecture developed in the first stage. Even though the developed models and control strategies are tested in a particular low voltage network, they are generic to apply to any network. The outcome from this part of the study enables to exploit demand flexibility from the consumers/prosumers for technically supporting the grid as well as for enabling to trade the flexibility in electricity markets. In the third stage, a scaled down SG testbed is developed and implemented for practical demonstration of developed DR models and control strategies. A LV test case network is scaled down to a 1 kVA testbed and is built in a laboratory. An optical fiber and TCP/IP based communication is integrated on the testbed to enable data communication and control. Moreover, a centralized and decentralized control approach is implemented for optimized EV charging coordination in the testbed. As practical demonstration of the SG is significantly lagging, the developed scaled down testbed based approach provides not only a novel approach for practical demonstration of the SG control but also a new research perspective in the SG field. More importantly, the proposed method provides an economic and riskless approach compared to the existing pilot project based SG developments. In the final stage, an adaptive overcurrent protection is developed for the future distribution system having high share of RESs and Active Network Management (ANM) activities. In the future grid, the protection is affected not only by bidirectional power flow due to RESs but also due to the ANM activities such as demand response, network reconfigurations etc. Therefore, unlike the conventional protection methodology where the protective settings are made static, an approach to adapt relay settings based on dynamic network topologies and power infeed is developed. In particular, the developed methodology integrates the protection and ANM such that the protection is ensured for every change in network operation mode and topologies. A two-stage protection strategy, whereby an offline proactive stage combined with online adaptive stage is designed to realize the intended protection approach. The proactive stage determines settings of the relays for every mode of operation using offline short circuit analysis and dispatches the settings to the respective relays. The adaptive stage in turn identifies the operating status of distributed energy resources and operating modes (grid-connected, islanded, network reconfiguration etc.) in real time to adapt/activate proper settings. The performance of the developed method is demonstrated in a medium voltage distribution network using real time digital simulator. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed adaptive protection approach reliably discriminate the faults and establishes protection coordination in dynamic network topologies. Overall, the research outcomes provide an innovative approach to exploit demand flexibility from controllable loads and establish the integrated ANM and protection to ensure effective control and protection of the future distribution grids. This not only enables the end consumers to get reliable and cheap electricity but also enables the utility to prevent huge investment in counterpart. Moreover, distribution system operators can implement the findings of the projects in their operational stages to avoid grid bottlenecks and in the planning stages to avoid or delay the grid reinforcements.

For the purposes of this report an undocumented worker is a foreign national who is working while overstaying their visa, working without a visa or working in breach of their visa conditions. It has been estimated that there are over 30 000 undocumented workers in Australia at any one time. These workers, which are most likely to be from Indonesia, Korea, China, India, Sri Lanka, Fiji or Bangladesh, tend to be concentrated in the hospitality, construction, agriculture, manufacturing and sex industries. A summary of the key findings The insufficiency of the current measures to combat undocumented work: The measures currently in place to control undocumented work are insufficient. This insufficiency stems from the fact that punitive and compliance measures are aimed predominantly at undocumented workers rather than the individuals and businesses that acquire their services. The inadequacy of DIMIA's current compliance operations: The effectiveness of DIMIA's compliance operations are inhibited by a lack of interagency cooperation, a lack of responsiveness to community and union tip-offs and the absence of measures by which to deal with recalcitrant employers and businesses, who do not wish to voluntarily comply with immigration law. Undocumented work and macroeconomics: Undocumented work has a positive net impact on the Australian economy. Undocumented work and wages and job displacement: , The employment of undocumented workers nearly always has a favourable short-run impact on the wages and job availability of local skilled workers. This positive economic impact may extend to local unskilled or low skilled workers to the extent that they do not directly compete with undocumented workers for jobs. Accordingly, undocumented workers may displace low skilled and unskilled local workers and depress their wages, if the two groups directly compete for the same jobs. Undocumented work on economic restructuring: The presence of undocumented workers within Australia has the ability to inhibit economic and technological restructuring. Undocumented work and fair competition: In Australia some employers and businesses are gaining an unfair advantage over their competitors by using undocumented workers to pay below award rate wages and avoid payments for superannuation, redundancy, workers compensation and tax.Undocumented work and workers' human rights: In Australia undocumented workers are often the subjects of mistreatment and/or exploitation. This is particularly common in the sex industry. A summary of the key recommendations The introduction of criminal employer sanctions as part of a comprehensive administrative, policy and legislative framework to control undocumented work: It is advisable that employer sanctions be introduced into Australia in an attempt to control undocumented work. However, the introduction of employer sanctions should not be viewed as a panacea for undocumented work, but rather, as just one part of a multi-prong strategy to control undocumented work in Australia. This multi-prong strategy should be embodied in a comprehensive administrative, policy and legislative framework, which must involve all of the reforms contained herein. The reformation of DIM/A's current compliance operations: These reforms must aim to increase the responsiveness of DIMIA's compliance division to community tip-offs and referrals, prioritise the enforcement of employer sanctions (when introduced), target 'at-risk' industries and ensure that lobby and pressure groups do not compromise enforcement efforts. The extension of labour law protections to all undocumented workers: All aspects of labour, OHS and employment law protection must be extended to undocumented workers through the introduction of legislation. In this way the health and safety and human rights of undocumented workers ca~ be better protected. The reformation of DEWR's current compliance operations: These reforms must involve the more rigorous and collective enforcement of labour and OHS laws by the DEWR, unions and employer groups. This means that the shift towards an individualised system of workplace relations must be decisively reversed. These reforms may necessitate legislative changes to the current laws governing Australian workplace relations. This approach should be considered as an appropriate alternative to the granting of an amnesty, in terms of its ability to protect the rights of undocumented and documented workers. The adoption of a whole of government approach to undocumented work: This approach should aim to improve the level of interagency cooperation, datamatching, joint field operations and information sharing, between DIMIA, ATO, DEWR, AFP and Centrelink, primarily through the creation of an interagency taskforce. The introduction of a single national work identification card and work rights verification system: The development of a single, easily identifiable and counterfeit proof worker identification card and an efficient electronic or telephone work rights verification service is imperative to controlling undocumented work in Australia. This system would need to be accompanied by a legislative provision, such as an administrative fine, requiring employers and businesses to check and verify a worker's right to work and to retain the records that document this. An extension of the current EAC to educate employers and businesses: The current EAC needs to be extended in order to educate employers, businesses and those who support them, about their obligations and rights under the employer sanction scheme. This enhanced information campaign should also seek to mitigate the possibility of employer sanction related racial discrimination. A greater amount of investment into the research of undocumented work: The investment of a greater amount of human and financial resources, into researching and analysing the extent and effects of undocumented work, the location and types of networks used to facilitate undocumented work and the ongoing social and economic costs and benefits of employer sanctions in Australia is urgently required. The development of a long-term approach to addressing labour shortages: The development of a comprehensive population policy and the removal of labour market inefficiencies are vital to the long-term alleviation of labour shortages within Australia and reducing the demand for undocumented workers. Increased international co-operation on undocumented work: Increased international cooperation on the issue of undocumented work and the adoption of a global approach to combating undocumented work are required. This approach should involve the implementation of labour market, trade and aid reforms, in order to tackle the root causes of undocumented work; the ratification of any international treaties pertaining to undocumented work and migration; and the establishment of regional partnerships to address this issue. In conclusion it must be said that this administrative, policy and legislative framework will not be able to achieve its stated objectives unless each and every one of the foregoing recommendations is successfully implemented. If just one of these recommendations is overlooked the effectiveness of the approach as a whole will be negated and its ability to control undocumented work completely undermined.

The discussion of the role of self-government in Poland's political structure has been closely linked to the Polish people's aspirations and desire for freedom, democracy and a state in which sovereignty is indeed in the hands of its people. These aspirations, so strongly expressed during the general election of June 1989, have since the very beginning included demands for self-government. What it meant for the state and its political system, was the implementation of the idea embodied in the name Solidarity which, as a trade union, was also to be independent and self-governing. It was also the realisation of the demand for a 'Samorządna Rzeczpospolita' (a Self-governing Republic), one of the fundamental principles of the Solidarity movement put forward at its First National Congress, which I had the honour of chairing in 1981.In March 1990, only a few months after its election on 4 June 1989, the Polish parliament adopted a law that restored the institution of local self-government at the level of communes and municipalities (gmina). Thus, 25 years ago, the road to political transformation in Poland was opened, allowing the building of a Polish state understood as the political community of all its citizens – a real Res Publica.The predominating belief which accompanied us in this process was that the indispensable prerequisite to shaping democracy was to give back the state to its citizens, thus releasing dormant social energy and the entrepreneurial spirit of the people. After all democracy means not only the possibility of the democratically electing the political representatives (the authorities) but equally the chance for citizens to feel involved and take the responsibility for public affairs.Therefore the first democratic government, headed by Tadeusz Mazowiecki, began the process of restoring the state to its citizens from the most important starting point. It started with the rebuilding of communal and municipal self-governing structures and the recreating of the intellectual foundations for the formation of the new constitution of a citizens-centred state.This was possible mainly because a vision of reform had already been conceived and had been long developing in the minds of a number of distinguished persons. This project of self-government reform constituted an original example of engagement of Polish intellectuals in state affairs and their taking responsibility for the common good.The reform also turned out to be one of the most effective methods of de-communisation of Polish public life. This could be best seen in the results of the first election to self-governing structures in 1990, and the role which the Solidarity citizens' committees played in it. It was indeed the same people, the co-founders and members of the Solidarity movement, who have successfully carried out the restoration of self-government in Poland.'We marched for power to return it to the people' was the motto of the Polish government in 1997, a government which I had the honour of heading for the subsequent four years, and which articulated the goals and the sense of political and social transformation of those times. We called it a Four Reform Programme, and its objective was a fundamental transformation of public life in Poland. On the one hand we intended to create favourable conditions for the development of the public civic space, while on the other we strove to activate and make more dynamic the processes of economic, political and cultural development in the country.We believed that acceleration of this development and modernisation was contingent upon active participation of self-government structures. Hence the creation of strong self-government had gradually become our conscious choice and an urgent 'civilising task.' This task was grounded equally in the need to manage properly our recently regained independence, and in the need to make efficient use of the pre-accession period preceding Poland's membership of the European Union, which was then imminent.Thus the administrative reform undertaken by my government in 1999 introduced districts (powiat) as self-governing level of administration, allowing it, in conjunction with communes and municipalities (gmina), to take effective control of matters directly affecting local communities and their citizens. The self-governing structures formed at the level of strong voivodships, or regions, allowed at the same time to decentralise responsibility for regional economic development, competitiveness and modernisation strategies.Today, after over 10 years of EU membership, it is worth reflecting on the impact the political reforms which we carried through then have had on Poland's functioning in the system of European integration. We were proven right in our conviction that decentralisation and differentiation of various state functions would allow for a better and more effective use and management of EU funds.The three-tier self-government structure created solid foundations helping to satisfy better the aspirations of citizens, local communities and regions with regard to their modernisation and development. Today it is those local self-governing units, those closest to citizens, those most familiar with and with the best understanding of their needs, which are responsible for the drafting of regional development projects and the management of funds available for those projects. Self-government structures have become the real centres for formulating and implementing development strategies.This is the context in which the key challenge facing self-government is set, namely the fostering of entrepreneurship, ensuring proper conditions for innovation and mobilising citizens to engage in economic and social initiatives. The role of self-government in shaping of the state's development policy is not limited to dividing available means and resources. Much more important is its ability to effectively multiply the available means, to support partnership ventures, including public-private projects, to form strong business to business relationships as well as partner relations between research centres and local administrative bodies, or promote and support innovations and civic initiatives serving the common good. After all, all these are key factors for the long-term stability and development of our communities and our country, which is today the key measure of the responsibility for public matters, so deeply rooted in the idea of self-government.The self-government reform originated from the ideas developed in the 1980s of the twentieth century as part of the Solidarity movement, but was implemented in an already independent Poland, when laying the foundations for a transformation of the state and the democratisation of the citizen-state relationship. It also had, however, and maybe predominantly, a deep idealistic dimension, so easy to forget when we focus on the current and most urgent challenges of the present.In my opinion, it is in self-governance, as well as in the political and administrative culture, that opportunities for building our freedom lie: freedom, the sense of which we feel best if given a chance to share in the responsibility for it. In times of independence this means the possibility of personal engagement public issues based on the pro publico bono principle: issues pertaining to our family life, our local community, or the whole country.Today, in the context of our shared responsibility for the European Union, such an understanding of self-governance should also inspire us to seek new directions of development, and to participate in the shaping of Europe-wide standards of public life. In the same way as 25 years ago in Poland we founded a political community on the basis of self-governance, we should today look at self-governance as a chance to create a true political community of all European citizens.

The agriculture sector is a key to overall economic growth and development of Uganda. The sector contributes 20.9 percent of the National Gross Domestic Product and 80 percent of the export earnings. Real growth in agricultural output has declined steadily, from 7.9 percent in 2000/01 to 0.7 percent in 2007/08 (although it did show signs of recovery in 2008/09, with a 2.6 percent growth rate). Agricultural production has increased over the years and this increase is attributed to area expansion rather than increase in productivity with over 95% of the farmers being smallholders with landholdings averaging 2 ha. The country has a total area of 241,551 km2 of which about 30% is highly degraded. Available data between 1999 and 2006 indicate that trends of the major crops showed positive increases for cereals (maize, millet, rice and sorghum), beans and simsim, while there has been a significant decline noted for root crops (cassava, Irish and sweet potatoes) as well as export crops (coffee and cotton). The livestock census of UBOS (2009) showed that total cattle ownership increased by 54% since 2005, showing an increasing trend of livestock integration into the farming systems. While fish exports increased dramatically from 1991, there was a sharp decline, falling from a peak of 39,201 tons in 2005 to about 24,965 tons in 2008 as a consequence of overfishing leading to falling stocks and declining catches. Lake Victoria continues to provide the biggest percentage (41.8 percent) of total fish catch, which are dwindling fast, the situation for the other lakes is even worse. The country's agricultural production system is diverse spread within14 Agro-ecological Zones (AEZs). The zones are characterized by different farming systems determined by soil types, climate, landforms, socio-economic and cultural factors. Poor agricultural land management, increased extreme weather events, and population pressure have escalated land degradation in all the AEZs. The AEZs experience varying levels of vulnerability to climate-related hazards which include drought, floods, storms, and pests and diseases. Furthermore, the International Climate Risk Report labels Uganda as one of the most unprepared and most vulnerable countries in the world. Agriculture is the sector most vulnerable to climate change due to its high dependence on climate and weather. Climate projections show that agriculture systems will suffer with climate change, thus, threatening food production systems and therefore the livelihoods and food security of millions of people, especially women who depend on agriculture. Consistent warming trends and more frequent and intense extreme weather events, particularly droughts and floods have been observed across the country in recent decades. In line with these trends, climate change scenarios consistently project temperature increases across the region, which will require farmers to adapt to changing conditions. Total dependence on rain-fed agriculture and poor soil health coupled with land degradation increases vulnerability of farming systems and predisposes rural households to food insecurity and poverty thus eroding their productive assets and weakening their coping strategies and resilience. Increasingly, the onset, duration and intensity of these rains vary considerably from year to year, while the frequency and intensity of the extreme weather events such as drought and floods are on the increase with devastating impacts on the national economy and the livelihoods of the people. Drastic and innovative measures are needed to help farmers and consumers cope with the changes in emerging and projected weather patterns. To address this challenge, the Government of Uganda has identified six strategic priorities as sources of Uganda's agricultural development and growth in a changing climate. The six strategic priorities are: Improved Productivity and incomes – a pro-growth, pro-poor development agenda that supports agricultural sustainability and includes better targeting to climate change impacts will improve resilience and climate change adaptation. Because climate change has a negative impact on agricultural production, achieving any given food and nutrition security target will require greater investments in agricultural productivity. Public and private sectors as well as public-private partnerships will play a critical role. Building resilience and associated mitigation co-benefits – CSA will help reduce vulnerability of Uganda's agriculture sector by increasing productivity, enhancing adaptation and resilience of the farming systems and reducing emissions intensity in the context of achieving sustainable development and poverty eradication. Value Chain Integration – This approach is holistic in that it considers input supply, production, agricultural services, marketing and business support services as necessary building blocks. Under the approach, both public and private sectors are seen as critical actors in the value chain. Knowledge and capacity building are critical strategic priorities to leverage innovations and increase efficiencies. The approach also provides enabling framework for integrating gender and the needs of the youth. Research for Development and Innovations – Although Uganda has a well-developed agricultural research system, use of modern science and climate smart technologies in agricultural production is still limited. Inadequate research–extension–farmer linkages to facilitate demand-driven research and increased use of improved technologies continue to constrain efforts to increase agricultural productivity as farmers continue to use outdated and ineffective technologies. The role of research will be re-oriented to support innovations that facilitate the transition to climate-smart agriculture by smallholder farmers. New and emerging agricultural research partnerships will identify technological advances that respond to the impacts climate change and climate variability. A major thrust will be use of climate-smart agricultural practices, promoting improved land management and sustainable crop-livestock and fisheries intensification, in order to bolster farmers' adaptive capacity and support the national vision of achieving food security. Improving and sustaining agricultural advisory Services – Agro-advisory services that include climate applications for agriculture will help farmers to make better and informed decisions in the face of risks and uncertainties, in addition to the integrated management of present and emerging pests and disease challenges. Climate applications include seasonal weather forecasts, monitoring and early warning products for drought, floods and pests and disease surveillance. These products and services would increase the preparedness of the farmers, well in advance, to cope with risks and uncertainties. In this regard, dissemination of agro-weather advisories and other climate-smart agricultural practices will be enhanced through Public Private Partnerships. Furthermore, robust agro-advisory services would catalyse private sector investment in priority areas such as weather-based index insurance and associated infrastructure. Improved Institutional Coordination – Improved institutional coordination is crucial for achievement of horizontal and vertical integration required for effective discharge of the CSA Programme. The achievement of horizontal integration requires a framework that provides for high-level guidance while vertical integration is instrumental in determining the roles of various sector institutions and devolved governments in performing CSA mandates. The proposed coordination framework will improve Inter-Ministerial and Local Government Coordination; enhance partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations; and strengthen coordination with development partners.