Suchergebnisse

"This book focuses on the AKP government since 2002 during which time the state's approach to the Kurdish Question has undergone several changes. Examining what preceded and followed the failed putsch of 2016, it explains and critiques that situates the Kurdish Question in its broader context. It stands out with the main objective to avoid any 'policy-oriented bias' through an interdisciplinary and multi-thematic approach. The volume discusses the state and policies in the Kurdish region of Turkey, as well as counter-hegemonic discourses that seek to reform existing institutions. Some chapters focus on the domestic aspects and gender perspectives of the Kurdish Question in Turkey, which focus has been taken over by recent developments in Syria and the Middle East in general. Other chapters include a range of new aspects of Turkish society and politics, and the international aspects of Ankara's policies and its implications not only inside Turkey but also internationally. Taking both domestic and foreign policy aspects into account, the book offers a set of innovative explanations for the state of crisis in Turkey and a solid basis for thinking about the likely path forward. Scholars, researchers and post-graduates, interested in political theory, Kurdish and Middle East politics will find this book invaluable"--

Verlagsinfo: In 2006 Finland celebrated the centenary of universal and equal suffrage. The reform in 1906 was radical: women gained the right to vote and to stand as candidates in parliamentary elections. The new rights were immediately used and 19 women were elected to the Parliament. Finland was the third country, after New Zealand and Australia, in which women were admitted to full political citizenship. Norwegian women were also granted political rights before WWI. This publication studies suffrage, citizenship and parliamentary reforms in various socio-political contexts. It brings together new research from a wide range of scholars and disciplines. In addition to pioneers, attention is given to Austria, Britain, Canada, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Poland, Romania, Russia and Slovenia, among others. By highlighting national differences, the collection strives to disperse the universalising trend of research. The chapters suggest that the age of suffrage narratives based on a view of universal emancipation is over; more significant are deconstructive approaches and analyses embedded in local factors. From an international perspective, the realisation of female suffrage was a long and multi-faceted process taking different forms. The issue of women's civil rights is certainly not a matter of the past. Internationally, suffrage, gender and citizenship are highly topical issues, as indicated in this collection.

"Data for OECD countries document: 1. imports and exports are about three times as volatile as GDP; 2. imports and exports are pro-cyclical, and positively correlated with each other; 3. net exports are counter-cyclical. Standard models fail to replicate the behavior of imports and exports, though they can match net exports relatively well. Inspired by the fact that a large fraction of international trade is in durable goods, we propose a two-country two-sector model, in which durable goods are traded across countries. Our model can match the business cycle statistics on the volatility and comovement of the imports and exports relatively well. In addition, the model with trade in durables helps to understand the empirical regularity noted in the trade literature: home and foreign goods are highly substitutable in the long run, but the short run elasticity of substitution is low. We note that durable consumption also has implications for the appropriate measures of consumption and prices to assess risk-sharing opportunities, as in the empirical work on the Backus-Smith puzzle. The fact that our model can match data better in multiple dimensions suggests that trade in durable goods may be an important element in open-economy macro models"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

This report synthesizes the studies undertaken as part of the Danish government's initiative to strengthen the concerted civil and military planning and action in connection with peace supporting operations, with emphasis on the Danish engagement in Iraq and Afghanistan. It looks at how coherence is sought across three different but interlinked dimensions: across the institutions of the Danish government; Danish harmonization with other international actors; and Danish (and international) alignment with local and national actors.

The Institute of International Finance (IIF) is a key actor in global finance, mixing private-interest representation and market governance roles. Analyzing the historical development of the IIF offers important insights into the interaction between state and business and the resulting patterns of public and private governance. Based on archive sources and a unique set of interviews with elite policymakers spanning three decades, I argue that market structures, interest groups, and public policymaking processes stand in a recursive relationship. Secondly, I argue that interest groups take on private governance roles with the aim to remain the focal point of public policymakers vis-à-vis competing interest groups. This has important implications for the study of interest groups and global financial governance. The analysis of interest groups should be extended to the way they shape markets through private governance mechanisms and how that recursively feeds back into interest group advocacy and public policymaking processes to fully grasp lobbying dynamics. The study of global governance should include analysis of interest group competition within the opportunities and constraints emanating from public policymaking processes so as to understand the emergence of private patterns of governance and their interaction with public governance mechanisms.

AbstractThe Institute of International Finance (IIF) is a key actor in global finance, mixing private-interest representation and market governance roles. Analyzing the historical development of the IIF offers important insights into the interaction between state and business and the resulting patterns of public and private governance. Based on archive sources and a unique set of interviews with elite policymakers spanning three decades, I argue that market structures, interest groups, and public policymaking processes stand in a recursive relationship. Secondly, I argue that interest groups take on private governance roles with the aim to remain the focal point of public policymakers vis-à-vis competing interest groups. This has important implications for the study of interest groups and global financial governance. The analysis of interest groups should be extended to the way they shape markets through private governance mechanisms and how that recursively feeds back into interest group advocacy and public policymaking processes to fully grasp lobbying dynamics. The study of global governance should include analysis of interest group competition within the opportunities and constraints emanating from public policymaking processes so as to understand the emergence of private patterns of governance and their interaction with public governance mechanisms.

Purpose
The study seeks to analyze concepts of "career grades" and "job grading," to highlight their importance and objectives for the efficiency of administrative systems. In addition, it identifies the international standards that can be used to draw grading systems. It explores the most important types of grade structures. It also clarifies grading systems in the Egyptian administrative system. It indicates some methods that can be considered a form of career progression.


Design/methodology/approach
The study employs descriptive, analytical, as well as, legal approaches; it analyzes the information given in the study in terms of relevant legal texts.


Findings
The study identifies precise definitions of both career grades and job grading, referring to these concepts in the Egyptian administrative system. It also suggests that there is no ideal hierarchy to be applied in all administrative systems. Therefore, the study provides some criteria that help to form the appropriate grade structure for each system.


Originality/value
The study analyses some literature on "job grading," its objectives, its criteria and its main types, presenting an integrated framework that can be used to develop career-structure systems. Finally, the study identifies some methods that can be considered as a means of grading.

The concept of human rights and fundamental freedoms evolved as a democratic sublimation of raising awareness about a set of common human values. Subsequently, it was adopted in a number of national and international legal documents. Under these acts, torture and ill-treatment represent severe violation of human rights. As a result, the prohibition against torture was inserted in 1948 in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It was beyond doubt that the dynamic nature of our society required that the matter of torture was settled with unerring accuracy. This was fully justified by the adoption of the UN Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT) in 1984 on the one hand, and recognizing this right as an absolute one which cannot be waived, on the other. On national level, torture is classified in our legislation as a major crime while it is defined in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia as a torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment. The law-enforcement agencies responsible for addressing this matter tend to employ methods of preventative and protective measures in order to tackle torture effectively rather than deal with its consequences. Key words: human rights, torture, UNCAT, prevention

To punish Russia for the annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, the United States and the European Union introduced a set of economic sanctions against Russian state companies and individuals closely affiliated with the Kremlin. The goal of this article is to look at the sanctions in relation to the process of the current consolidation of media assets and revenues in the hands of Russia's biggest media empires, most of whom are close to the Kremlin. It questions whether the sanctions achieved the intended goal of undermining economic stability inside Russia or if, rather, they benefitted major state-aligned media corporations.
The main conclusion drawn from the study is that the international sanctions have radically changed the structure of Russia's media in a manner contrary to their intention. The sanctions unwittingly favored the biggest players to the detriment of the smaller, protecting state-aligned media and their financial incomes. In the climate of sanctions, media tycoons close to the Kremlin used their lobbying capacity in parliament to acquire advantages, primarily in terms of advertisement. Thus, smaller competitors were pushed out of the market and their shares were redistributed among a few major stakeholders.

In this article, the German Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety analyzes the role of the nation state in international environmental policy. With reference to the European Union, he argues that independent national environmental policy no longer exists inside the Union. Brussels now has greater influence on environmental legislation than any nation state in Europe—a development that the minister expressly welcomes. He argues that it has proven highly useful for Union members to speak with one voice at global environmental conferences and to present a united front just like one strong nation state. On the other hand, the communitarization within Europe does not prevent members from becoming front-runners in environmental policy. The minister further calls for changes at the global level to ensure that global environmental institutions and environmental law are given much greater weight. The historic task of nation states today is to introduce global environmental legislation that is more powerful than any nation state or any transnational corporation. The German government therefore strongly favors transforming UNEP into a world environment organization that can stand up to the WTO, the FAO and transnational corporations.

In this article, the German Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation, & Nuclear Safety analyzes the role of the nation-state in international environmental policy. With reference to the European Union, he argues that independent national environmental policy no longer exists inside the Union. Brussels now has greater influence on environmental legislation than any nation-state in Europe -- a development that the minister expressly welcomes. He argues that it has proven highly useful for Union members to speak with one voice at global environmental conferences & to present a united front just like one strong nation-state. On the other hand, the communitarization within Europe does not prevent members from becoming frontrunners in environmental policy. The minister further calls for changes at the global level to ensure that global environmental institutions & environmental law are given much greater weight. The historic task of nation-states today is to introduce global environmental legislation that is more powerful than any nation-state or any transnational corporation. The German government therefore strongly favors transforming UNEP into a world environment organization that can stand up to the WTO, the FAO, & transnational corporations. Adapted from the source document.

International tätige Unternehmen sehen sich seit Anfang der 90er Jahre mit zunehmenden Herausforderungen des Globalisierungsprozesses konfrontiert. Dabei geht es weniger um die Frage "ob" globalisiert werden soll, als vielmehr um die Frage nach der weltweiten unternehmenspolitischen, organisatorischen und kulturellen Gestaltung der Unternehmen. In der dynamischen und komplexen Umwelt von weltweit agierenden Unternehmen bieten Bartlett/Ghoshal mit ihrem Konzept des transnationalen Unternehmens einen Handlungsrahmen für Unternehmen, die sich hohem Anpassungsdruck ausgesetzt sehen und gleichzeitig die weltweite Standardisierung der Aktivitäten vorantreiben müssen. Sie sehen in globaler Effizienz, lokaler Anpassung und weltweitem Lernen die strategischen Ziele, um auf die Herausforderungen der Globalisierung einzugehen. Das integrierte Netzwerk bietet die strukturellen Gegebenheiten, um die strategischen Ziele zu erreichen, während die transnationale Unternehmenskultur die Integrationsfunktion des Unternehmens übernimmt. Angesichts dieser veränderten Anforderungen an Strategie, Struktur und Kultur bedarf es einer konzeptionellen Ausgestaltung, die die Dimensionen des Unternehmens so gestalten, dass transnationale Unternehmen erfolgreich in ihrer Umwelt tätig sind. Im Rahmen der Globalisierungsdiskussion halten viele Managementwissenschaftler an einem Konservatismus fest, bei dem Wirklichkeitswahrnehmung als Anpassung betrachtet wird. Der Markt und die Kunden müssen beobachtet werden, damit sich Unternehmen anpassen können. Dies erfordert eine möglichst genaue Beobachtungs-, Abbildungs- und Analyseleistung. In einem globalen Umfeld sind die Anforderungen an das Management jedoch so groß, dass es das Management überfordert, alle Umweltveränderungen zu analysieren und als Reaktion auf Umweltveränderungen, Produkte und Dienstleistungen zu entwickeln. Dieser Sachverhalt bildet den Ausgangspunkt für die vorliegende Arbeit. Aufgrund der mangelnden Eignung der traditionellen Anpassungsorientierungen in der strategischen Managementforschung wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein interdisziplinärer Ansatz aus Soziologie und Betriebswirtschaftslehre zur Erkenntnisgewinnung gewählt. Unternehmen werden als Sozialsysteme verstanden, die eigengesetzlich Wirklichkeiten konstruieren und ihrem Handeln zugrunde legen. Dieses Verständnis von unternehmensinternen und Systemgrenzen überschreitenden Prozessen bietet die Dynamik und Innovationsfähigkeit, die die Komplexität der Globalisierung handhabbar machen. Seit Mitte der 80er Jahre hat der Systemcharakter von Unternehmen durch viele wissenschaftliche Publikationen an Bedeutung gewonnen. Er steht auch in dieser Arbeit im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung.