Suchergebnisse

17 Pags.- 7 Figs.- 1 Tabl. Copyright © 2018 Díaz-Benito, Banakar, Rodríguez-Menéndez, Capell, Pereiro, Christou, Abadía, Fernández and Álvarez-Fernández. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. ; Iron and Zn deficiencies are worldwide nutritional disorders that can be alleviated by increasing the metal concentration of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains via bio-fortification approaches. The overproduction of the metal chelator nicotianamine (NA) is among the most effective ones, but it is still unclear whether this is due to the enrichment in NA itself and/or the concomitant enrichment in the NA derivative 2′-deoxymugineic acid (DMA). The endosperm is the most commonly consumed portion of the rice grain and mediates the transfer of nutrients from vegetative tissues to the metal rich embryo. The impact of contrasting levels of DMA and NA on the metal distribution in the embryo and endosperm of rice seeds has been assessed using wild-type rice and six different transgenic lines overexpressing nicotianamine synthase (OsNAS1) and/or barley nicotianamine amino transferase (HvNAATb). These transgenic lines outlined three different DMA/NA scenarios: (i) in a first scenario, an enhanced NA level (via overexpression of OsNAS1) would not be fully depleted because of a limited capacity to use NA for DMA synthesis (lack of -or low- expression of HvNAATb), and results in consistent enrichments in NA, DMA, Fe and Zn in the endosperm and NA, DMA and Fe in the embryo; (ii) in a second scenario, an enhanced NA level (via overexpression of OsNAS1) would be depleted by an enhanced capacity to use NA for DMA synthesis (via expression of HvNAATb), and results in enrichments only for DMA and Fe, both in the endosperm and embryo, and (iii) in a third scenario, the lack of sufficient NA replenishment would limit DMA synthesis, in spite of the enhanced capacity to use NA for this purpose (via expression of HvNAATb), and results in decreases in NA, variable changes in DMA and moderate decreases in Fe in the embryo and endosperm. Also, quantitative LA-ICP-MS metal map images of the embryo structures show that the first and second scenarios altered local distributions of Fe, and to a lesser extent of Zn. The roles of DMA/NA levels in the transport of Fe and Zn within the embryo are thoroughly discussed. ; This work was supported by the grants of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (AGL2016-75226-R, BIO2014-54426-P and AGL2017-85377-R, all co-financed with FEDER), Aragón Government (Group A09_17R) and Generalitat de Catalunya (Grant 2017 SGR 828). PD-B was supported by a MINECO-FPI contract. RB was supported by a Ph.D. fellowship from the University of Lleida. SR-M was supported by a research contract from the Fundación Universidad de Oviedo (FUO-069-17). BF was supported by a MINECO research contract (RYC-2014-14985; "Ramón y Cajal Program"). ; Peer reviewed

Peculiar patterns have emerged in municipal politics in Canada. Unlike at federal and provincial levels of government, party politics is weak or absent in cities. But looking at the entire history of municipal elections of three Western Canadian cities — Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver — also finds that, again unlike politicians at higher levels, municipal representatives are increasingly more likely to win repeated re-elections, facing a much lower threat from any competitive challenge. In addition, the careers of municipal politicians are growing steadily longer, leading to relatively stable, almost static, city governments that tend to see change most commonly when councillors choose to step down, rather than being forced out. Such patterns, of course, run counter to the general presumption in lively democracies, including this one, that the responsiveness of government leaders (that is, following the wishes of their constituents) and their accountability for the actions they take are best served by frequent turnovers in government: The need to throw politicians out every now and again to let new ones try and do things better. Whether the remarkable levels of stability and incumbency on city councils actually do serve the best interests of voters is unclear. More clear is that the lack of a party system at the city level seems to have contributed to this peculiar dynamic, and that city politicians have an interest in keeping it that way. While party affiliations provide a candidate some benefits in the form of campaign co-ordination, they also provide voters with increased clarity about what each candidate stands for policy-wise. That might be helpful to voters, but city politicians might find it more useful to blur their positions, leaving voters uncertain of exactly how to define a specific councillor's stand, overall. The amount of information required to root through a councillor's voting record, and the relatively light media coverage of daily council business, leaves most voters inclined to rely on something other than political signals when they decide who to support. Inevitably, a candidate's personal character and length of experience take on a larger priority in the voting decision. So, the longer a councillor serves, the longer he or she might be likely to keep serving. The natural outcome of this phenomenon is that city councils are less likely to become polarized as councillors have an incentive to seek consensus by limiting obvious policy distinctions between themselves and their fellow representatives, contributing to a dynamic where city council works more like a corporate body and less like a partisan legislature. As long as citizens remain largely unperturbed by the overall actions of their city council, they might judge the risk of replacing them at election time as unnecessarily high compared to sticking with the status quo. This behaviour challenges much of the prevailing theory about how political processes improve political responsiveness and accountability. This is occurring at a time when cities are emerging as important and increasingly powerful nodes in the modern global economy. That the very nature of how they are governed is diverging so markedly from the norm that Canadians have come to expect from other levels of government is not something to be considered lightly.

[full article is in English]EnglishAt the beginning of the 1980s a new Global Space for the expansion of transnational capital emerged in the US–Mexico Border States. The militarization and securitization of that border were justified by government policies aimed at stopping irregular immigration, drug traffic, and terrorism. In 1991 the US Congress approved the creation of a new Defense Industrial and Technology Base (DITB), which would benefit the Gun Belt linked to the Military-Industrial Complex; and in 1992 the Department of Defense (DoD) proposed to establish a Defense Reserve Industrial Base Program (DRIB), the location for which would be within the existing production-sharing centers along the US–Mexico Border. Both, the DITB and the DRIB, would take advantage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and transnational arms corporations established or expanded their facilities in the Global Space that has been created along the Mexico–US Border. This article examines this process.SpanishA principios de los años ochenta surgió un nuevo Espacio Global para la expansión del capital transnacional en los estados fronterizos de Estados Unidos y México. La militarización y la securitización de esta frontera ha sido justifi cada por estrategias para detener la inmigración irregular, el narcotráfi co y el terrorismo. En 1991 el Congreso de los Estados Unidos aprobó la creación de una nueva Base de Tecnología y Defensa Industrial (DITB) que benefi ciaría al llamado Cinturón de Armas ligado al Complejo Militar-Industrial; y en 1992 el Departamento de Defensa (DoD) propuso la creación del Programa de Base Industrial de la Reserva de Defensa (DRIB), cuya ubicación estaría dentro de los centros de producción compartida a lo largo de la frontera México–Estados Unidos. Tanto el DITB como el DRIB aprovecharían el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN), y las corporaciones transnacionales de armamentos establecerían o expanderían sus instalaciones en el Espacio Global creado a lo largo de la frontera México-Estados Unidos. Este artículo examina este proceso.FrenchAu début des annéesquatre-vingt, un nouvel Espace Global pour l'expansion du capital transnational surgit à la frontière entre les États-Unis et le Mexique. Depuis, la militarisation et la sécuritisation de cett e frontière a été justifi ée par des stratégies pour contenir la migration clandestine, le traffi c de drogue et le terrorisme. Cependant, ces processus protègent et supportent également cet espace global, qui est lié au "ceinturon armé" qui a surgit durant l'administration Reagan. Depuis cett e époque, des propositions ont été présentées au Congrès des États- Unis pour établir une nouvelle Base de Technologie et de Défense Industrielle (DITB selon ses sigles en anglais), qui serait bénéfi que pour la ceinturon armé ainsi qu'un Programme de Base Industrielle de la Réserve de Défense (DRIB en anglais) dont la localisation a été proposée tout au long de la frontière entre le Mexique et les États-Unis. Cet article étudie comment le DITB et le DRIB ont évolué dans le contexte de l'Accord de Libre Échange Nord-Américain (ALÉNA) et ont permis à des corporations transnationales d'armes d'établir ou de renforcer des installations dans l'Espace Global qui a été créé tout au long de la frontière entre le Mexique et les États-Unis. Cett e article examine ce processus.

A search for an invisibly decaying Higgs boson or dark matter candidates produced in association with a leptonically decaying Z boson in proton–proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV is presented. This search uses 36.1 fb−1 of data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. No significant deviation from the expectation of the Standard Model backgrounds is observed. Assuming the Standard Model Z H production cross-section, an observed (expected) upper limit of 67% (39%) at the 95% confidence level is set on the branching ratio of invisible decays of the Higgs boson with mass mH = 125 GeV. The corresponding limits on the production cross-section of the Z H process with the invisible Higgs boson decays are also presented. Furthermore, exclusion limits on the dark matter candidate and mediator masses are reported in the framework of simplified dark matter models. ; ANPCyT YerPhI, Armenia Australian Research Council BMWFW, Austria Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) SSTC, Belarus National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada NRC, Canada Canada Foundation for Innovation CERN Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) Chinese Academy of Sciences Ministry of Science and Technology, China National Natural Science Foundation of China Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic Government Czech Republic Government Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias DNRF, Denmark Danish Natural Science Research Council IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France SRNSF, Georgia Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) HGF Max Planck Society Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT Hong Kong Research Grants Council ISF, I-CORE Benoziyo Center, Israel Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science CNRST, Morocco Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government RCN, Norway Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland NCN, Poland Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology MNE/IFA, Romania MES of Russia NRC KI, Russian Federation JINR MESTD, Serbia MSSR, Slovakia Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia MIZS, Slovenia DST/NRF, South Africa MINECO, Spain SRC Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden SERI Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) United States Department of Energy (DOE) National Science Foundation (NSF) BCKDF Canada Council CANARIE Australian Government Department of Industry, Innovation and Science Cooperative Research Centres (CRC) Programme Compute Canada FQRNT Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada EPLANET European Research Council (ERC) European Union (EU) FP7 Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions European Union (EU) French National Research Agency (ANR) French National Research Agency (ANR) Region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes German Research Foundation (DFG) Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Herakleitos Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT US-Israel Binational Science Foundation German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development Minerva, Israel BRF, Norway CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya Generalitat Valenciana Royal Society of London Leverhulme Trust

National audience ; Régulièrement critiqué (Billard et Brennetot, 2009) au nom d'arguments financiers (coûts du raccordement aux réseaux de transport et d'énergie), environnementaux (consommation de terres agricoles, émission de gaz à effet de serre en lien avec la dépendance automobile 1), esthétiques (« laideur » des zones pavillonnaires), ou encore socio-politiques (logiques individualistes et recherche de l'entre-soi), le processus de périurbanisation bénéficie progressivement d'un diagnostic plus équilibré (Bailly et Bourdeau-Lepage, 2011 ; Charmes, 2007 ; Vanier et Roux, 2008). Ce, au regard d'avantages qui concernent ses ressources agricoles (permettant d'envisager la mise en place de circuits courts pour alimenter les métropoles), la fourniture de services éco-systémiques (biomasse, séquestration de carbone, paysages) ou encore la redynamisation de petites communes autrefois dépeuplées par l'exode rural. Cette lente « réhabilitation » de la périurbanisation et de ses habitants procède, également, du constat d'un renouvellement des formes du peuplement et des modes de vie qui battent en brèche un certain nombre des critiques ayant alimenté le diagnostic d'incompatibilité avec les trois piliers du développement durable (Feildel et al., 2014). Dans la lignée des travaux qui cherchent à renouveler le regard sur les liens entre périurbanisation et durabilité, la recherche (Aguiléra et al., 2014) présentée dans cet article 2 s'est intéressée aux modes de peuplement et aux mobilités quotidiennes des habitants de trois territoires situés dans le périurbain francilien (Figure 1). Ces derniers ont en commun d'être à une distance quasi-égale de Paris (une trentaine de kilomètres, environ), d'avoir été tenus à l'écart de projets majeurs d'aménagement urbain ou de transport, et de former des EPCI (Etablissement Public de Coopération Intercommunale) : ces deux dernières précautions pour nous assurer, d'une part, que la dynamique de périurbanisation avait gagné nos territoires indépendamment d'une volonté politique régionale ou nationale, et d'autre part, pour constituer des territoires ayant une unité institutionnelle et un avenir pensés sur une base collective. Cette recherche a mobilisé des matériaux de nature variée : des données de recensement (RP) et d'enquête de transport (Enquête Globale de Transport, ou EGT), des réponses à un questionnaire original distribué dans plusieurs communes localisées sur notre terrain d'étude et rempli par plus de 300 ménages (constituant un échantillon représentatif de la population de nos communes d'étude), ainsi que des entretiens réalisés auprès d'une trentaine de résidents. Ces deux enquêtes (par questionnaire et par entretien) visaient la compréhension des logiques de l'implantation périurbaine et des modes de vie (territoires fréquentés et mobilités) des habitants, ainsi qu'une exploration de leurs marges de manoeuvre pour diminuer leur dépendance à la voiture, notamment dans un scénario d'augmentation forte du coût des carburants (d'autant plus plausible qu'une hausse significative avait eu lieu quelques mois auparavant). Si nos analyses concernent trois territoires spécifiques, les fortes ressemblances que l'on observe ainsi que la grande convergence avec d'autres terrains, notamment franciliens (Berger et al., 2014), suggèrent que 1 En moyenne, un périurbain émet trois fois plus de CO² qu'un habitant du centre et de sa proche banlieue pour se rendre sur son lieu de travail ou d'études car il utilise plus la voiture et parcourt une distance moyenne presque trois fois plus élevée. (Insee Première N° 1357-juin 2011) 2 Recherche financée par le PUCA (Plan Urbanisme Construction Architecture).

El rendimiento académico del alumnado es un constructo difícil de medir ya que en el influyen otros muchos factores como pueden ser: la inteligencia, la motivación, aspectos socioeconómicos, la familia, el entorno, el autoconcepto, la autoestima, las reformas políticas y educativas, etc. (Muñoz & Teódulo, 1971; Edel, 2003; Carmona, Sánchez & Bakieva, 2011; Cladellas, Clariana, Badia & Gotzens, 2013). Por estos motivos, existen numerosos estudios que tratan de determinar todos los aspectos que van a influir en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes y de qué manera lo harán. No obstante, son muy pocas las investigaciones relativas a la influencia de las actividades extraescolares en dicho rendimiento. Es aquí donde se enmarca nuestra investigación, ya que en los tiempos que corren las actividades extraescolares funcionan como un puente que une el ámbito educativo y el ámbito asistencial (Varela, 2006). Es decir, el tiempo libre del alumnado de Educación Obligatoria, principalmente de Educación Primaria, supone un desafío para todas aquellas familias que tienen que conciliar el horario laboral con el horario familiar y, de esta forma, la inscripción de los niños y niñas en actividades extraescolares es la alternativa más concurrida (Hermoso, Garccía & Chinchilla, 2010). ; O rendemento académico do alumnado é un constructo difícil de medir xa que nel inflúen outros moitos factores como poden ser: a intelixencia, a motivación, aspectos socioeconómicos, a familia, o entorno, o autoconcepto, a autoestima, as reformas políticas e educativas, etc. (Muñoz & Teódulo, 1971; Edel, 2003; Carmona, Sánchez & Bakieva, 2011; Cladellas, Clariana, Badia & Gotzens, 2013). Por estes motivos, existen numerosos estudos que tratan de determinar todos os aspectos que van influír no rendemento académico dos estudantes e en que maneira o farán. Non obstante, son moi poucas as investigacións relativas á influenza das actividades extraescolares en dito rendemento. É aquí onde se enmarca a nosa investigación, xa que nos tempos que corren as actividades extraescolares funcionan como unha ponte que une o ámbito educativo e o ámbito asistencial (Varela, 2006). É dicir, o tempo libre do alumnado de Educación Obrigatoria, principalmente de Educación Primaria, supón un desafío para todas aquelas familias que teñen que conciliar o horario laboral co horario familiar e, deste xeito, a inscrición dos nenos e nenas en actividades extraescolares é a alternativa máis concorrida (Hermoso, Garccía & Chinchilla, 2010). ; Student´s academic performance is a difficult aspect of measure because it is influenced by many other factors such as: intelligence, motivation, socio-economic aspects, family, the environment, self-concept, self-esteem, political and educational reforms, etc. (Muñoz & Teódulo, 1971; Edel, 2003; Carmona, Sánchez & Bakieva, 2011; Cladellas, Clariana, Badia & Götzens, 2013). For these reasons, there are numerous studies trying to determine all the aspects that will influence the student´s academic performance and how will do it. However, there are very few investigations relating to the influence of the extracurricular activities in the academic performance. It is here where our research is framed, because nowadays extra-curricular activities function as a bridge between education and care field (Varela, 2006). It means, free time of students of compulsory education, mainly of Primary Education, it is a challenge for all those families who have to conciliate working time with family time and, thus, the registration of children in extra-curricular activities is the most popular alternative (Hermoso, Garccía & Chinchilla, 2010).

The creation, in 2011-2012, of the National Council for Private Security Activities (CNAPS), a new parastatal agency in charge of regulating and controlling regulated private security, was perceived by professionals in the sector and By public and even political authorities ("the sector revolution thirty years after the 1983 Act"), as a fundamental reform for all the problems of the private security sector.Associated with the creation of the Interministerial Delegation for Private Security (DISP) in 2010, which became the Delegation for Security Cooperation in 2014, the question of the meaning and scope of these administrative developments arises: why and how the State managed to set up a new law enforcement for private security? How to describe and characterize this "law enforcement"? Which is its nature and what are the first results?The translation register, in a cognitive approach to public policy, will be a useful theoretical tool to understand the modalities of progress of these reforms.Is this reform, which takes place 30 years after the first law of 12 July 1983, the so-called founder in the field of private security, a distant endorsement? It needs to re-examine, after first constructing them, the two terms of the articulation between the State and private security, namely the public control of private security and public / private co-production of security up to raise the question of the existence of a public policy on private security.A prologue defining the place of the researcher in the object of study and an epilogue emerging from the chronology of the object (post-2014) contextualize a little more broadly, finally, this sociological analysis of public action. ; La création, en 2011-2012, du Conseil national des activités privées de sécurité (CNAPS), nouvelle agence parapublique chargée de la régulation et du contrôle de la sécurité privée réglementée, a été perçue, tant par les professionnels du secteur que par les autorités publiques et même politiques (« révolution du secteur trente ans après la loi de 1983 »), comme une réforme fondamentale répondant aux évolutions de la sécurité privée. Cette réforme, qui intervient 30 ans après la première loi, celle du 12 juillet 1983, dite fondatrice en matière de sécurité privée, n'en est-elle qu'un lointain avenant ? Elle nécessite de réinterroger, après les avoir d'abord construites, les deux termes de l'articulation entre l'Etat et la sécurité privée, à savoir la régulation de la sécurité privée et la coproduction public/privé de la sécurité, jusqu'à poser la question de l'existence d'une politique publique de la sécurité privée.Associée à la création de la Délégation interministérielle à la sécurité privée (DISP) en 2010, devenue Délégation aux coopérations de sécurité en 2014, la question du sens et de la portée de ces évolutions administratives se pose : pourquoi et comment l'Etat en est-il arrivé à mettre en place une nouvelle régulation de la sécurité privée ? Comment qualifier et caractériser cette « régulation » ? Quelle est sa nature et quels sont les premiers résultats ?Dans le cadre de l'analyse cognitive de l'action publique, le registre de la traduction sera un outil théorique utile pour comprendre les modalités d'avancée de ces réformes.Un prologue définissant la place du chercheur dans l'objet d'étude et un épilogue dépassant la chronologie de l'étude (post-2014) contextualisent un peu plus largement, enfin, cette analyse sociologique de l'action publique.

The idea of this Special Issue appeared in early 2014, when the heat of the fire on Kyiv's Independence Square had not fully cooled down and when many civic activists and newborn volunteers had turned their ceaseless energy to yet another fire first in Crimea and then in Eastern Ukraine. The events that seemingly put the state of Ukraine on the brink of its very existence were evolving too fast, but civil society's response to them was no less prompt and adaptive. Volunteers and activists were trying on new roles each day as they were helping those escaping persecution, repression and hostilities, equipping and maintaining those who fought with weapons or joining their ranks, developing reform agenda and drafting legislative proposals. What seemed astounding back then, and still does today, was how those thousands of volunteers and millions of "ordinary citizens" who mobilized to support new civic initiatives took over the functions of the weak and nearly collapsed state eroded by corruption, nepotism, the neglect of its citizens and of the country's national interests. Challenging a post-Soviet monster disguised behind the mask of electoral democracy and market economy, citizens were bringing in a new social contract based on trust and solidarity on which a new state could be built. The speed of events and the scale of civil society engagement precluded any long-term comprehensive analysis, yet researchers' zeal to reflect upon what looked as a tectonic move in Ukraine's political and social development took over. At first, our idea was to co-author an article examining civil society's role in a post-Euromaidan Ukraine, but soon enough the task became too big. The initial idea thus evolved into producing an edited volume with different authors looking into their respective fields of civil society in Ukraine in order to grasp at least a small portion of change. We are grateful to many researchers in Ukraine and abroad who responded to our call for papers in May 2016 and who contributed their ideas to this Special Issue. Some of these ideas eventually turned into articles and we would like to give special thanks to those colleagues who bore with us through rounds of revisions till the very end of this journey. Their articles made this Special Issue happen. We are also grateful to the Kyiv-Mohyla Law and Politics Journal for hosting this Special Issue and for supporting our initiative from the early stages through review and editing to the publication process. We would like to thank UACES – the Academic Association for Contemporary European Studies, UESA – the Ukrainian European Studies Association and the Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence in European Studies at the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy for their financial and logistical support in organizing the Final Conference of this project, which took place at the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy on November 21, 2017, the fourth anniversary of the Euromaidan. We are also enormously grateful to all the participants of the Conference for their remarks, comments and questions. Finally, we would like to extend our gratitude to the Kyiv office of Baker McKenzie, which has provided financial support to the publication of this Issue.

En la búsqueda de una alineación de los intereses de los diferentes órganos de gobierno de las compañías (Asamblea General de Accionistas, Junta Directiva y Administración), algunos organismos, como la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico, han incentivado a empresas de países miembros y no miembros para que implementen mecanismos que garanticen una toma de decisiones, al interior de las organizaciones que favorezca el interés de la compañía en sí, y que se traducen en principios de gobierno corporativo -- El mercado de valores, los inversionistas y los diferentes grupos de interés ven positivamente la implementación de estos principios, en cuanto a su aporte a una mayor transparencia de la información revelada, el respeto a los derechos de los accionistas minoritarios y la toma de decisiones de inversión o desinversión con datos de mejor calidad -- El gobierno de Brasil ha entendido, igualmente, estas mejores prácticas como el mecanismo para impulsar el mercado de valores local, y por ello ha establecido diferentes regulaciones al respecto, que motivan a las compañías a implementarlas -- La evidencia observada en el presente estudio, realizado en el periodo comprendido entre 2010 y 2016, pone de manifiesto la relación positiva que existe entre la implementación de prácticas de buen gobierno corporativo en empresas no financieras, listadas en la Bolsa de Valores de Sao Paulo (BOVESPA), y la decisión de compra de los inversionistas -- Así mismo, sugiere que los inversionistas prefieren compañías de gran tamaño a la hora de decidir dónde invertir -- El modelo propuesto aporta información al mercado sobre la importancia que tiene la adopción de buenas prácticas de gobierno corporativo en las empresas ; In order to align the interests of the different governing bodies found in companies (the General Assembly of Shareholders, Board of Directors and Corporate Administration); agencies, such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, have encouraged member and non-member countries´s companies, alike, to implement mechanisms which will guarantee that their decision-making processes will favor the interests of the company, and will be incorporated into their Corporate Governance principles – The implementation of good corporate governance practices leads to greater transparency of disclosed information, provides higher quality data to aid investors in their investment making decisions, and serves to better protect minority interest shareholders -- Because of the foregoing, the securities market, as well as investors and various other interest groups view the implementation of these principles positively -- The Brazilian government understands that these "best practices" are a mechanism which will have the effect of boosting the domestic stock market -- Therefore they have established different regulations which will motivate and incentivize companies to implement these practices -- The evidence observed in the present study, which was conducted between 2010 and 2016, shows a positive correlation between the implementation of good Corporate Governance practices by non-financial sector companies listed on the São Paulo stock exchange (BOVESPA), and the purchase making decisions made by investors -- In addition, the study indicates that investors take into account the size of the Company, when making their investment decisions -- Therefore, this model demonstrates to the market place the importance of having companies adopt good corporate governance practices

Peculiar patterns have emerged in municipal politics in Canada. Unlike at federal and provincial levels of government, party politics is weak or absent in cities. But looking at the entire history of municipal elections of three Western Canadian cities — Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver — also finds that, again unlike politicians at higher levels, municipal representatives are increasingly more likely to win repeated re-elections, facing a much lower threat from any competitive challenge. In addition, the careers of municipal politicians are growing steadily longer, leading to relatively stable, almost static, city governments that tend to see change most commonly when councillors choose to step down, rather than being forced out.Such patterns, of course, run counter to the general presumption in lively democracies, including this one, that the responsiveness of government leaders (that is, following the wishes of their constituents) and their accountability for the actions they take are best served by frequent turnovers in government: The need to throw politicians out every now and again to let new ones try and do things better. Whether the remarkable levels of stability and incumbency on city councils actually do serve the best interests of voters is unclear. More clear is that the lack of a party system at the city level seems to have contributed to this peculiar dynamic, and that city politicians have an interest in keeping it that way.While party affiliations provide a candidate some benefits in the form of campaign co-ordination, they also provide voters with increased clarity about what each candidate stands for policy-wise. That might be helpful to voters, but city politicians might find it more useful to blur their positions, leaving voters uncertain of exactly how to define a specific councillor's stand, overall. The amount of information required to root through a councillor's voting record, and the relatively light media coverage of daily council business, leaves most voters inclined to rely on something other than political signals when they decide who to support. Inevitably, a candidate's personal character and length of experience take on a larger priority in the voting decision. So, the longer a councillor serves, the longer he or she might be likely to keep serving.The natural outcome of this phenomenon is that city councils are less likely to become polarized as councillors have an incentive to seek consensus by limiting obvious policy distinctions between themselves and their fellow representatives, contributing to a dynamic where city council works more like a corporate body and less like a partisan legislature. As long as citizens remain largely unperturbed by the overall actions of their city council, they might judge the risk of replacing them at election time as unnecessarily high compared to sticking with the status quo.This behaviour challenges much of the prevailing theory about how political processes improve political responsiveness and accountability. This is occurring at a time when cities are emerging as important and increasingly powerful nodes in the modern global economy. That the very nature of how they are governed is diverging so markedly from the norm that Canadians have come to expect from other levels of government is not something to be considered lightly.

Measurements of top quark spin observables in tt¯tt¯ events are presented based on 20.2 fb−1 of s√=8s=8 TeV proton-proton collisions recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The analysis is performed in the dilepton final state, characterised by the presence of two isolated leptons (electrons or muons). There are 15 observables, each sensitive to a different coefficient of the spin density matrix of tt¯tt¯ production, which are measured independently. Ten of these observables are measured for the first time. All of them are corrected for detector resolution and acceptance effects back to the parton and stable-particle levels. The measured values of the observables at parton level are compared to Standard Model predictions at next-to-leading order in QCD. The corrected distributions at stable-particle level are presented and the means of the distributions are compared to Monte Carlo predictions. No significant deviation from the Standard Model is observed for any observable. ; ATLAS Collaboration, for complete list of authors http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2017)113 Funding: We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, ˇ South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sk lodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, R´egion Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (U.K.) and BNL (U.S.A.), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in ref. [73].

This paper presents a dedicated search for exotic decays of the Higgs boson to a pair of new spin-zero particles, H -> aa, where the particle a decays to b-quarks and has a mass in the range of 20-60 GeV. The search is performed in events where the Higgs boson is produced in associationwith aW boson, giving rise to a signature of a lepton (electron or muon), missing transverse momentum, and multiple jets from b-quark decays. The analysis is based on the full dataset of pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV recorded in 2015 by theATLAS detector at theCERNLargeHadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb(-1). No significant excess of events above the Standard Model prediction is observed, and a 95% confidence-level upper limit is derived for the product of the production cross section for pp -> WH times the branching ratio for the decay H -> aa -> 4b. The upper limit ranges from 6.2 pb for an a-boson mass m(a) = 20 GeV to 1.5 pb for m(a) = 60 GeV. ; ATLAS Collaboration, for complete list of authors http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4418-9 Funding: We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [103].

The production of two prompt J/psi mesons, each with transverse momenta p(T) > 8.5 GeV and rapidity vertical bar y vertical bar < 2.1, is studied using a sample of proton-proton collisions at root s = 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 11.4 fb(-1) collected in 2012 with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The differential cross-section, assuming unpolarised J/psi production, is measured as a function of the transverse momentum of the lower-p(T) J/psi meson, di-J/psi p(T) and mass, the difference in rapidity between the two J/psi mesons, and the azimuthal angle between the two J/psi mesons. The fraction of prompt pair events due to double parton scattering is determined by studying kinematic correlations between the two J/psi mesons. The total and double parton scattering cross-sections are compared with predictions. The effective cross-section of double parton scattering is measured to be sigma(eff) = 6.3 +/- 1.6(stat) +/- 1.0(syst) mb. ; ATLAS Collaboration, for complete list of authors http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-4644-9 Funding: We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier- 2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [87].

A measurement of the t-channel single-top-quark and single-top-antiquark production cross-sections in the lepton+jets channel is presented, using 3.2 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2015. Events are selected by requiring one charged lepton (electron or muon), missing transverse momentum, and two jets with high transverse momentum, exactly one of which is required to be b-tagged. Using a binned maximum-likelihood fit to the discriminant distribution of a neural network, the cross-sections are determined to be σ(tq) = 156 ± 5 (stat.) ± 27 (syst.) ± 3 (lumi.) pb for single top-quark production and σ(t¯q)=91±4 (stat.) ± 18 (syst.) ± 2 (lumi.) pb for single top-antiquark production, assuming a top-quark mass of 172.5 GeV. The cross-section ratio is measured to be Rt=σ(tq)/σ(t¯q)=1.72±0.09 (stat.) ± 0.18 (syst.). All results are in agreement with Standard Model predictions. ; ATLAS Collaboration, for complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org//10.1007/JHEP04(2017)086 We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated eciently.We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BM-WFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC,NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIEN-CIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC,Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG,Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center,Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands;RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russiaand NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZˇS,Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden;SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey;STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groupsand members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7,Horizon 2020 and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'AvenirLabex and Idex, ANR, R ́egion Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (U.K.) and BNL (U.S.A.), the Tier-2 facilities world-wide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in ref. [83].

Light-by-light scattering (gamma gamma -> gamma gamma) is a quantum-mechanical process that is forbidden in the classical theory of electrodynamics. This reaction is accessible at the Large Hadron Collider thanks to the large electromagnetic field strengths generated by ultra-relativistic colliding lead ions. Using 480 mu b(-1) of lead-lead collision data recorded at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV by the ATLAS detector, here we report evidence for light-by-light scattering. A total of 13 candidate events were observed with an expected background of 2.6 +/- 0.7 events. After background subtraction and analysis corrections, the fiducial cross-section of the process Pb + Pb (gamma gamma) -> Pb-(center dot) + Pb-(center dot) gamma gamma, for photon transverse energy E-T > 3 GeV, photon absolute pseudorapidity vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2.4, diphoton invariant mass greater than 6 GeV, diphoton transverse momentum lower than 2 GeV and diphoton acoplanarity below 0.01, is measured to be 70 +/- 24 (stat.) +/- 17 (syst.) nb, which is in agreement with the standard model predictions. ; ATLAS Collaboration, for complete list of authors see https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys4208 Funding: We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Région Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in ref. 51.