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Although relatively new to the information and communication technologies (ICT) field, Myanmar has made rapid progress in the technological domain in the past few years. This, coupled with the country's unique geographical location between South Asia and Southeast Asia makes Myanmar an increasingly vital intersection in China's Digital Silk Road.

ASEAN Vision 2040 is a vision of an ASEAN that steps boldly forward towards the year 2040 to transform the ASEAN Community and secure its position in the region and globally. The final report of ASEAN Vision 2040 would have been impossible without the support of 60 experts and specialists in the region (see Appendix). On behalf of the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA), I would like to thank the experts for sharing their perspectives during the various workshops, round table discussions, and ultimately through their insightful papers.

America's recent shift from "active defence" to "defending forward" in cyberspace has left some observers nervous. As the attack surface of the Internet rapidly expands, however, a strategy focused solely on defence will do little to incentivise adherence to international security norms. China is particularly vulnerable in the space known as the "Internet of Things," creating an opportunity to balance the use of carrots with sharper sticks.

How far has ASEAN come in its cyber journey? What is the likelihood that it can begin to speak with one voice on cyber issues and what needs to be done before some coherence in an ASEAN approach to the norms debate can be expected?

The debate over ethics and norms building in artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining momentum in the US government and tech industry. Yet, while these institutions understand the need for ethics in AI, a myriad of barriers impede their ability to construct and execute on their ethical frameworks.

Innovation has attracted much attention among firms as well as researchers. First, firms allocate a huge amount of funds to R&D expenditure for their innovation in products and production processes because firms' long-run growth depends on innovation. Second, researchers have investigated diverse factors affecting firms' innovation in order to answer fundamental questions on sustainable innovation. As Schumpeter suggests in his seminal work, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (1950), firm size plays an important role in firms' innovation. For example, large firms can easily realize innovation because they are more likely to possess many useful resources such as more skilled scientists and high-quality equipment than small firms. In this regard, mergers and acquisitions (M&As) have been used as one of the most preferable strategies for firm growth through innovation.

Cyber technology enables countries to act covertly. Furthermore, it is not always easy to identify who is behind a given attack. So, what leads countries that were victims of cyberattacks to reveal the incidents?

Mongolia's economic fortunes are closely tied to the mineral sector with both revenue and growth following the ups and downs of the mining sector. Over time, Mongolia has implemented several policies to improve sector management, including establishing state-owned enterprises, developing a system of distribution of revenues to subnational governments, and enacting fiscal rules and revenue management policies. The weak enforcement of policies targeting revenue management compounded by over-optimistic mineral revenue projections and off-budget spending has meant that expenditures have fluctuated in line with coal and copper prices. This resulted in rising public debt when commodity prices plummeted, undermining prospects for Mongolia's long-term sustainable growth. Despite significant recent progress in curbing spending and stabilizing debt levels, the recovery is fragile, debt-servicing costs remain high, and the economy remains vulnerable to fluctuations in commodity prices. This calls for determined actions to improve the management of natural resources through strengthened public financial management to mitigate the impact of the boost and bust cycle. This policy note offers recommendations to improve Mongolia's revenue management system by strengthening public financial management and implementing the good policies already in place. In the short term, the government could increase budget transparency, avoid the creation of new extrabudgetary funds, and align government spending with development plans. It could also reinforce the Fiscal Stability Council. Over the medium term, it should continue to set the groundwork for economic diversification, ensure sustained macroeconomic stability, and bolster income distribution policies and automatic stabilizers.

The recent SingHealth hack and the fake news phenomenon are likely harbingers of an emergent inflection point in contemporary war: CyWar. The aim of CyWar is to secure command of a State's "hard" and "soft" cyberspace. It behooves States to be ready to cope with the rising CyWar challenge.

How do we protect our critical information infrastructure from evolving threats? What steps do we need to take to prepare for future adversaries who are continually refining their methods? How can these steps be applied to the health sector?

The design of national innovation systems has attracted attention from scholars and policymakers. Firms, universities, and government organisations (including public research institutes) are defined as the three major players, and interactions between the players are considered the key to a successful national innovation system. However, public research institutes are relatively understudied compared to firms and universities, even though their contribution to national innovation is not trivial. This paper aims to understand the detailed processes and reveals practical information regarding the innovation process in public research institutes. Focusing on the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer) in Germany, and the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) in Taiwan, this paper analyses and compares innovation processes of public research institutes with their patent data. Based on findings, this study further discusses issues for better management of public research institutes.

Southeast Asia provides a particularly interesting and important present-day case study on technology's utility as a catalyst for democratization. The relatively sudden and rapid spread of cellular devices in the region, where Asia's most tenuous democracies are concentrated, has conferred a significant amount of power to the masses at a time when still-nascent institutions are weak. While more and more people are taking to social media, especially Facebook, to propagate their views, there are few mediating influences over the growing cacophony of voices, giving rise to an increasingly rancorous political climate. Absent a strong education system, well-developed legal framework, and robust, independent media, unbridled rumors and falsehoods threaten to undermine civil discourse as they spread through the burgeoning social media landscape. This situation presents an opportunity for domestic and foreign actors alike who seek to leverage the discord to pursue ends that may stymie, or even reverse, progress toward consolidating democratic gains.

This study, The Future of Work: Regional Perspectives, focuses on the likely repercussions of this major trend in developing and emerging economies in Africa; Asia; Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Southern and Eastern Mediterranean; and Latin America and the Caribbean. It is a joint effort of the four main regional development banks: the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the Inter-American Development Bank. This study highlights the opportunities that changes in the dynamics of work might create for our regions. Technological progress could allow the countries we work with to grow faster and attain higher standards of living more rapidly than ever before. In fact, we argue that the biggest risk for many countries would be to miss out on this revolution. What matters is how well countries prepare to take advantage of these changes to maximize the opportunities, while addressing the likely risks and challenges. Appropriate responses at the level of the individual, the enterprise, and the government are needed. This study explores some of these responses. We are delighted to present this report to the policy makers, companies, and individuals of our member countries. We hope that, armed with the knowledge presented here, and with the support of our institutions, we can, together, foster a better future of work for all the peoples of our regions.

International audience ; Le présent papier retrace la formation récente d'un pôle automobile dans la région de Tanger, impulsée par l'implantation de Renault, et ses difficultés, à partir d'une enquête menée par une équipe de recherche franco-marocaine au cours des dernières années. Il précise les conditions de la décision de localisation du constructeur français, au croisement de sa stratégie d'internationalisation et de la politique d'industrialisation du nord du pays par le gouvernement marocain. Il étudie l'impact de cette implantation sur les fournisseurs automobiles et l'emploi local, ce qui souligne les limites rencontrées aujourd'hui en termes de développement industriel En effet, à ce jour,il s'agit plus d'une agglomération d'activités liées à l'arrivée du constructeur que d'un véritable complexe industriel intégré.Une première partie retrace l'évolution de la politique industrielle au Maroc, depuis le Plan Émergence jusqu'au Plan d'accélération industrielle privilégiant une approche en termes d'écosystèmes. La seconde partie précise la place de Tanger dans la stratégie d'approvisionnement du marché européen par Renault avec les modèles de la gamme Entry, gamme dérivée du succès de la Logan. La troisième partie s'attache aux fournisseurs de rang 1 de Renault et met en évidence la faiblesse du tissu équipementier, l'approvisionnement se faisant pour l'essentiel à l'étranger. La quatrième partie précise la montée rapide en compétences des salariés de l'automobile marocains, tout en soulignant les difficultés rencontrées par les entreprises dans la gestion de l'emploi. Enfin, la conclusion discute les perspectives de formation d'un véritable complexe automobile dans le nord du Maroc.

The radioactive disaster at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station on 11 March 2011 caused a serious impact on regional society. More than 100,000 local residents were forced to leave their home for a long time. The general public in emerging economies in Asia was greatly shocked not only because the disaster was one of the three most severe nuclear accidents so far but also because it happened in Japan, which has been well known as one of the most advanced countries in terms of technology and infrastructure. Meanwhile, economic efficiency is an inevitable element that should be considered in developing power stations in Asia. In this light, coal fired power stations appear as an option as they have advantages in terms of stability of supply and economic efficiency. However, although there are technologies that utilise coal at lower environmental burdens, concern over carbon emission sometimes harms the adoption of coal fired power generation. Therefore, cultivating mutual reliance and agreement between institutional stakeholders such as the government, the licensee and the local municipalities would be crucial to the establishment and operation of a nuclear and coal facility. Intense and practical research on issues such as the specific feature of nuclear and coal power, their roles in energy security and climate change, social influence, and disclosure of risk information would be highly appreciated from a socio scientific point of view. Raising a proposal for collaboration towards the social acceptance of nuclear and coal power in East Asia and taking practical action are of immediate necessity and would greatly contribute to the smooth development and utilisation of this energy in East Asia.