Fundamentally, the political schism between Eastern & Western Europe has affected their respective capacities for internationalization of economic life. Historical conditions in the West (strong trade links & less disparity among countries) favored an earlier economic integration. Solutions to the problem of division of power between national governments & regional institutions have been more remote in the East. Its politically unbalanced economic unit, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), has not provided for an efficient international division of labor, thus hindering technological development. Growth & economic reforms in the West came sooner, with the transfer to more science- & technology-intensive sectors. Radical changes proposed for the CMEA are: (1) real wholesale markets; (2) mutual convertibility of currencies; & (3) a well-developed regional credit & monetary system. 1 Table. J. White
The aim of this paper is to examine comparatively the growth and political effectiveness of right-wing populism in Western Europe, Central Europe, and the USA since 9/11. The focus is on such politicians' vilification of Islam as a faith and Muslims as a people. The paper examines the following research question: how and why do right-wing populists in the USA and Europe use an ideological form of "Christianity", known variously as "Christianism" or "Christian civilizationism", to vilify Muslims and Islam? The political purpose seems obvious: to influence public perceptions and to win votes by questioning the desirability of Muslims in both the USA and Europe, claiming that Muslims' religious and cultural attributes make them unacceptable as neighbors. As Muslims are not capable, so the argument goes, of assimilating to European or American norms, values, and behavior, then they must be excluded or strongly controlled for the benefit of nativist communities. Right-wing populists in both the USA and Europe pursue this strategy because they see it as chiming well with public opinion at a time of great uncertainty, instability, and insecurity.
non-peer-reviewed ; The main aim of this research study was to explore the manner in which guidance counsellors enact their agency in their settings. Influences on professional agency in the guidance role are examined as well as identifying how guidance counsellors enact the agency they do have in their practice. Guidance counsellors are tasked with the provision of a holistic guidance service to second-level students, encompassing the areas of personal, educational and vocational guidance (IGC 2017). Neoliberal discourse has shifted the educational agenda of governments toward measures of performativity, efficiency and accountability (Lipman 2009). As a result of various educational cutbacks and reforms, the agency of the guidance counsellor is increasingly contested. This research is framed by Explanatory Sequential Design, in which data was gathered in two phases – an online questionnaire and five semi-structured interviews. Findings of this study indicate that guidance counsellors report they are struggling to engage in all aspects of the holistic guidance model equally and with all students. Findings on professional agency were framed under three themes. Firstly, the main reported influences on professional agency in the guidance role were the allocation of guidance allocation and the relationship between the guidance practitioner and management in the setting. Secondly, when it came of enactment of agency in professional practice, participants reported an increase in the demand for personal guidance across all year groups. However, in practice, vocational guidance with senior cycle students tends to be prioritised. Finally, this research found that participants demonstrated professional agency in their high levels of professional affiliation with the IGC and engagement with CPD. Professional agency was also demonstrated in high levels of engagement with educational policy development in their settings. The implications of these findings are also explored in this study.
National audience ; Le monde associatif et particulièrement celui de l'éducation populaire est un terrain très fécond pour étudier les organisations et la façon dont les individus s'y impliquent. L'absence de but lucratif complexifie les modes de régulation qui sont en œuvre car les décisions convoquent à la fois les finalités et les valeurs de l'organisation, tout en étant influencées par des contextes politiques et économiques. La coexistence à l'intérieur des associations de plusieurs types d'acteurs bénévoles, salariés, administrateurs renforce cette complexité. À l'image des changements des modes d'engagement bénévoles qui ont été pointés à l'échelle sociétale , il existe de fortes fluctuations des modalités d'implication des différents acteurs dans une association au cours de la vie de celle-ci. Nous postulons que les modes d'engagement des membres d'une association sont en constante interaction avec la façon dont elle se développe, et que ce sont notamment ces changements qui font que la coexistence entre bénévoles et salariés est souvent empreinte de tensions . L'objectif de ce travail est de montrer comment les différentes phases que traverse une association influencent la nature et la force de l'engagement de ses bénévoles. La transformation sociale qui résulte de la naissance d'une association est généralement portée par une grande énergie résultant des engagements individuels. En effet, le projet associatif résulte de l'identification d'un manque, qui constitue pour les individus une opportunité d'exercer leur agentivité personnelle au service de valeurs et de buts qui sont fortement investis, avec l'attente de résultats visibles qui ont une forte valeur incitative. De plus, le fait que des individus co-élaborent un projet pour satisfaire un besoin nouveau (ou le faire émerger) produit du sens, et donc une adhésion à des valeurs qui entraînent une fort engagement militant. L'action librement mise au service de ces valeurs renforce les attitudes et croyances qui la sous-tendent, et ce de manière favorable au développement de l'action de l'association. L'activité de l'association qui résulte de cet engagement collectif a pour conséquence un besoin de structuration et/ou d'expertise, auquel la plupart des associations répondent par ce qu'elles appellent communément la professionnalisation plutôt que par l'externalisation. Cette professionnalisation influence l'implication bénévole et réorganise l'investissement des administrateurs dans la gouvernance associative, de par la technicité supplémentaire qu'elle requiert. La professionnalisation se traduit aussi par des contraintes plus fortes en termes de financements et de sécurisation de ceux-ci : Les salariés vont être ainsi amenés à générer de l'activité supplémentaire. L'augmentation du volume d'activité de l'association et sa plus grande prise en charge par les salariés amènent à une diminution pour les bénévoles de la visibilité de leur action à l'intérieur de l'association, du sentiment d'agentivité qui en résulte, et modifie ainsi leur engagement. Ces modifications du rapport des bénévoles à l'activité peuvent aller jusqu'à les mettre dans une situation de simples usagers venant consommer une part de leur temps libre auprès d'associations offrant des " services ". Le propos de cette communication utilisera principalement l'analyse de la trajectoire d'une association d'action culturelle agréée d'éducation populaire (et se revendiquant héritière de celle-ci), que viendront conforter divers exemples d'autres associations culturelles. À partir des témoignages recueillis à l'occasion d'un séminaire de réflexion sur le projet associatif parmi les différents types d'acteurs impliqués dans la vie de cette association ('simples' bénévoles, administrateurs, salariés, artistes partenaires, élus du territoire d'action) nous analysons les contributions respectives des différents acteurs dans la gouvernance de l'association, autant dans les décisions concernant l'administration que dans l'évolution du projet associatif lui-même. Cette analyse permet d'esquisser un modèle des changements des modes d'engagement avec la trajectoire de développement des associations qui permet de prédire les lieux potentiels de conflits et de tension. Ce modèle sera remis en perspective vis-à-vis de problématiques qui traversent le champ associatif et particulièrement celui de l'Éducation Populaire, celles de l'engagement, de la militance, et du renouvellement des instances dirigeantes.
This book explores childrearing approach as one of the prime sites of the reproduction of social inequality. During the latter half of the 2000s, UK and Scottish government policy placed increasing emphasis on the importance of parenting and the early years as factors likely to have an impact on health, education and employment outcomes. Between 2005 and 2008 - the timeframe considered by this study - a number of policy initiatives emerged which were intended to support ""better parenting"". Th
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It's curious that the capital of the 'last dictator' in Europe has become the peacemaking place. During the Cold War there were Stockholm and Vienna. Minsk II offered in the light faded opportunities since the departure of the Peace Act for Europe, the Charter of Paris in 1990, the opportunity to finally put the on the agenda that the then Russian President Medvedev to achieve with his proposal for a pan-European security architecture in 2009 wanted and what was a year later touched in a statement between him and Chancellor Merkel in Meseberg: the tripartite security in Europe (NATO / EU Europe, CSTO / CIS region and the non-existent security zone in between Europe as a focal point and Intersection Space by both Western and eastern interests). This must be brought under one roof and thus to take into account the security interests of all European states. Medvedev's proposal as well as the Declaration of Meseberg were then dismissed. 'European security is made in the USA' was the laconic triumphant slogan transatlanticist in the EU. Adapted from the source document.
Abstract The recent Chinese involvement in small-scale gold mining in Ghana has received wide publicity and scholarly attention. While the literature has focused on environmental sustainability, political accountability, and institutional reforms, it is yet to examine local adoption of Chinese technology and its impact on Ghana's rural economy. We argue that it is in the interstices between the formal economy and entrepreneurship within the informal economy that opportunities for Chinese interventions emerge. Using evidence from Manso Akropong in the Ashanti region and Bole in the Savannah region, this article shows that, while Chinese technology's impact is transformative, the outcomes are divergent in different regions. In Manso Akropong, the intensification of mining backed by Ghanaian–Chinese collaborations has led to the environmental destruction, creating competition between gold mining and cocoa farming that had underpinned Ghana's rural prosperity. In Bole, where less aggressive Chinese technology such as Changfa and rubber mats are incorporated without direct Chinese participation, a more sustainable pattern of growth has emerged. This comparative study suggests that besides the large-scale projects and state-led training programmes, grassroots actors like informal artisanal miners are at the forefront of technology transfer in the China–Africa encounter.
