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Northern Ireland's socio-political milieu over recent decades "pressured" its residents to affiliate with one of the two strongly antagonizing identities. In 1998, the Good Friday Agreement was signed to terminate the conflict between the Catholic/ Nationalist and Protestant/Unionist side. The primary aim of that settlement was to establish a solid collective framework for securing mutual coexistence, but more importantly it endorsed the idea of a regional (reformed) identity to be shared by both communities. And inasmuch as the aforementioned societal consensus has been institutionalized, even if only on the very rudimentary level, then bidding farewell to political/religious (almost sectarian) sympathies has turned to be far more difficult. Glenn Patterson stands among those home-grown writers who have been struggling with the burden of such troublesome identity formations. Therefore, the paper's main focus is to explore the setbacks Patterson and the like face when trying to acknowledge a distinctly new character of Northern Irishness. In doing so, he highlights that the sine qua non of any potential success consists in deconstructing/defying the deep-seated divisions of the Troubles. Mindful of the journal's thematic frame of a timely consideration of the "Recovered Territories," I intend to depict Patterson as an individual/author/citizen whose artistic endeavor has been constantly gravitating towards reclaiming the ground for [re]building he Northern Irish identity, and replacing the well-known (Catholic-Protestant/ Irish-British) dichotomies. Drawing upon two collections of Patterson's non-fiction accounts, Lapsed Protestant from 2006 and Here's Me Here from 2016, my article concentrates upon both the hopes and obstacles manifested during the post-Troubles context of an attempted tropism towards a more neutral/non-politicized Northern Irish identification, in hopes that the similar dynamics may also shed light upon the Polish context. ; Społeczno-polityczne otoczenie Irlandii Północnej na przestrzeni ostatnich dekad "wymusiło" na swoich obywatelach opowiedzenie się po jednej ze stron antagonizującegokonfliktu tożsamościowego. W roku 1998 zostało podpisane Porozumienie Wielkopiątkowe, którego celem było zakończenie konfliktu pomiędzy stroną katolicko-nacjonalistyczną a stroną protestancko-unionistyczną. Ta ugoda służyła stworzeniu trwałych, kolektywnych ram dla zabezpieczenia wzajemnej koegzystencji, co ważniejsze jednak, stanowiła wsparcie dla idei regionalnej tożsamości (jej przemodelowanego formatu), która miała być punktem odniesienia dla obu społeczności. O ile wyżej wzmiankowany społeczny konsensus został zinstytucjonalizowany, nawet jeśli tylko na podstawowym poziomie, o tyle pożegnanie się z politycznymi/religijnymi (wręcz sekciarskimi) afiliacjami okazało się dużo trudniejsze. Glenn Patterson sytuuje się pośród tych lokalnych pisarzy, którzy podejmują walkę z dziedzictwem uciążliwych formacji tożsamościowych. Stąd też głównym celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie przeszkód, z jakimi tacy autorzy jak Patterson muszą się mierzyć, gdy celem staje się wsparcie dla nowego północno-irlandzkiego rysu tożsamościowego. Czyniąc to, Patterson uznaje dekonstrukcję/odrzucenie głęboko zakorzenionych podziałów z epoki "the Troubles" (tłumaczone na język polski na dwa sposoby: 'kłopoty' oraz 'niepokoje') za warunek konieczny wszelkich pozytywnych/konstruktywnych zmian. Mając na uwadze tematyczne ramy tego wydania "Porównań", którego celem jest współczesna refleksja nad kwestią Ziem Odzyskanych, pozwalam sobie przedstawić Pattersona nie tylko jako autora, ale także obywatela, którego artystyczny wysiłek jest ukierunkowany na odzyskanie terytorium w celu (prze)budowy tożsamości Irlandii Północnej i zastąpienia ugruntowanych (katolicko-protestanckich/brytyjsko-irlandzkich) dychotomii. W oparciu o jego dwa zbiory esejów/relacji o charakterze niefikcyjnym, zatytułowanych Lapsed Protestant(2006) i Here's Me Here (2016), w poniższej analizie uwaga zostaje skoncentrowana na nadziejach autora i przeszkodach, które uwypukla w swych tekstach w kontekścietematyki promującej bardziej neutralną/niespolityzowaną północno-irlandzką tożsamość. Być może opis dynamiki tych dylematów tożsamościowych pozwoli namspojrzeć z innej, raczej niespodziewanej perspektywy również na kontekst polski.

Il lavoro indaga sulle linee evolutive del diritto agrario nella prospettiva europea, ponendo in evidenza le sfide e le criticità che nel XXI secolo hanno connotato le scelte operate nell'ambito della politica agricola comune. All'interno di questa prospettiva, specifica attenzione è assegnata ai temi dell'impresa agricola e della stessa perimetrazione dell'attività agricola; temi risalenti nell'ordinamento italiano, ma rilevanti anche nell'ordinamento polacco, come sottolineato più volte negli studi di Roman Budzinowski. L'analisi investe in particolare le riforme di questo secolo, dalla MTR del 2003 alle riforme del 2013 e del 2021 con la riscoperta dell'agricoltura come attività produttiva, sottolineando l'emergere di nuovi modelli sistemici, che finiscono per costruire Codici europei dell'agricoltura. Vengono poi richiamate le ultime novità introdotte dal Trattato di Lisbona, da alcuni recenti regolamenti in tema di controlli ufficiali e dai documenti della Commissione sul Green Deal europeo, con la connessa attenzione ai temi del benessere animale e della tutela di ogni forma di vita e dell'ambiente nella sua complessità e unità, per concludere che le complesse vicende di questi due primi decenni del XXI secolo si caratterizzano per la crescente attenzione verso le scienze della vita come elemento essenziale e connotante dell'attività dell'impresa agricola in tutte le sue diverse declinazioni. ; W artykule przedstawiono ewolucję prawa rolnego w perspektywie europejskiej, ukazując wyzwania i problemy, które towarzyszyły decyzjom podejmowanym w ramach Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej w XXI wieku. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na zagadnienia przedsiębiorstwa rolnego oraz granic działalności rolniczej; są to ważne kwestie we włoskim prawie, ale istotne także dla prawa polskiego, co w swoich pracach wielokrotnie podkreślał Roman Budzinowski. W analizie uwzględniono reformy przeprowadzone w XXI wieku, od śródokresowego przeglądu z 2003 r. po reformę z 2013 r., gdy ponownie dostrzeżono w rolnictwie działalność produkcyjną, uwidoczniono także kwestię powstania nowych modeli systemowych, które doprowadziły do stworzenia europejskich kodeksów rolnych. W dalszej kolejności ukazano ostatnie zmiany wprowadzone przez Traktat z Lizbony, wychodząc od niektórych niedawnych rozporządzeń dotyczących kontroli urzędowych oraz dokumentów Komisji w zakresie Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu, z uwzględnieniem kwestii dobrostanu zwierząt, a także ochrony wszystkich form życia i środowiska w jego złożoności i jedności. Pozwoliło to stwierdzić, że wydarzenia pierwszych dwóch dekad XXI wieku skierowały uwagę na nauki o życiu jako ważny element działalności przedsiębiorstwa rolnego we wszystkich jego aspektach. ; The article focuses on the evolutionary trends of agricultural law in a European perspective, highlighting the challenges and problematic issues that have accompanied the choices made in the context of the Common Agricultural Policy in the 21st century. In this perspective, particular attention has been paid to the issues of the agricultural business and the subject of the limits of agricultural activity; these are issues raised in the Italian legal system, but also relevant to the Polish legal system, as Roman Budzinowski has repeatedly stressed in his works. The analysis considers in particular the reforms of the present century, from the Mid-Term Review 2003 to the reforms of 2013 and of 2021, when there occurred a rediscovery of agriculture as a productive activity; it also highlights the emergence of new systemic models that eventually formed the European agricultural codes. Then, the most recent innovations introduced by the Lisbon Treaty are recalled, starting from some recent regulations on official controls and Commission documents on the European Green Deal and animal welfare, to the protection of all forms of life and the environment in its complexity and unity, which leads to the conclusion that the complex events of the first two decades of the 21st century are marked by an increasing attention directed towards the life sciences seen as an essential and distinctive element of the activity of an agricultural enterprise in all its forms.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The article is the second in the series devoted to the career and political activity of Milo Djukanović. While the first part describes the politician's youth, his rise to power and the implementation of the goal of bringing Montenegro to state independence from Serbia, the next part reveals the backstage of the politician's fame, his business ties and not always favorably received activities for the state. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The turning point in Djukanović's career was the year 1997. The boldness he achieved in opposing Milošević at that time showed that he has no equal. Djukanović, the architect of Montenegro, led her to freedom, distancing her politically and economically from Serbia. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Multiple prime minister, president of Montenegro. By setting limits in relations with Russia, preventing Serbia from interfering with the country's affairs, he would ensure that Montenegro joined NATO in 2017 and entered the path of advanced negotiations with the EU. Accused by the opposition of electoral fraud, authoritarian governments, exerting pressure, mafia connections, called an opponent of the Church will be the president until 2023. RESEARCH RESULTS: Regardless of what Djukanović is accused of, his previous contributions to the Montenegrin nation and state obscure the image of a corrupt politician. The fact that Djukanović and his party (DPS) failed for the first time in the last parliamentary elections does not mean that the Era of Djukanovic is over. The time of a clash has come in which another, younger generation has come, including Alexa Bečić or Dritan Abazović. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The political earthquake, new rapprochement with Serbia, the dizzying pace of personnel changes do not bode well. They can have a negative impact on the country's internal security, negotiations with the EU and the fight against the coronavirus pandemic. ; CEL NAUKOWY: Artykuł stanowi drugi z cyklu, poświęcony karierze i działalności politycznej Milo Djukanovića. O ile w pierwszej części opisane zostały lata młodości polityka, jego dojście do władzy i realizacja celu, jakim było doprowadzenie Czarnogóry do niezależności państwowej od Serbii, tak kolejna część odsłania kulisy sławy polityka, jego powiązania biznesowe i nie zawsze przychylnie odbieraną działalność na rzecz państwa. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Przełomowym momentem w karierze Milo Djukanovića był rok 1997. Śmiałość, na jaką wówczas się zdobył, sprzeciwiając Miloševićovi, pokazała, że nie ma sobie równych. Djukanović, architekt Czarnogóry poprowadził ją ku wolności, politycznie i gospodarczo dystansując od Serbii. PROCES WYWODU: Milo Djukanović, wielokrotny premier, prezydent Czarnogóry znany z ciętej riposty, skrupulatny, inteligentny, zyskał przydomek "Milošević w garniturze od Armaniego". Stawiający granice w relacjach z Rosją, nie dopuszczający do ingerencji Serbii w sprawy państwa, dopilnował by Czarnogóra, w 2017 roku znalazła się w NATO i weszła na drogę zaawansowanych negocjacji akcesyjnych z UE. Oskarżany przez opozycję o oszustwa wyborcze, autorytarne rządy, wywieranie nacisków, mafijne powiązania, nazywany faszystą, przeciwnikiem Cerkwii sprawować będzie funkcje głowy państwa do 2023 roku. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Bez względu na to, co zarzuca się Djukanovićovi, jego wcześniejsze zasługi położone dla narodu i państwowości Czarnogóry, przysłaniają obraz skorumpowanego polityka. Fakt, że Djukanović i jego partia (DPS), w trakcie ostatnich wyborów parlamentarnych, po raz pierwszy od trzydziestu lat ponieśli klęskę, nie oznacza, że skończyła się "Era Djukanovića". Nastał czas starcia, w którym do głosu, tym razem doszło kolejne już, młodsze pokolenie, w osobach m.in. Aleksy Bečića, czy Dritana Abazovića. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Polityczne trzęsienie ziemi, nowe "zbliżenie z Serbią", zawrotne tempo zmian personalnych, nieporównywalne do żadnego z państw, które przeszły transformację polityczną i gospodarczą po upadku komunizmu w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej nie wróżą niczego dobrego. Mogą negatywnie odbić się na bezpieczeństwie wewnętrznym państwa, negocjacjach z UE i walce z pandemią.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to analyze the de-oligarchization phenomenon in Ukraine, taking into account the presidencies of Petro Poroshenko and Volodymyr Zelensky. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The main research problem is to indicate whether a systemic transformation aimed at minimizing the influence of the oligarchs on political and economic life in Ukraine is possible after the Revolution of Dignity? For this purpose, the author uses a comparative method that includes the study of specific events and phenomena. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The process of argumentation consists in analyzing the conditions in which the Ukrainian model of oligarchic democracy was shaped after 1991. The second stage of the analysis is to compare the methods of fighting against the oligarchic system in Ukraine undertaken by Petro Poroshenko and Volodymyr Zelensky after the revolution of dignity. RESEARCH RESULTS: The article concludes that after the Revolution of Dignity, Ukrainian society demanded that the oligarchic influence on political and economic life in the state be minimized. According to the author, Petro Poroshenko, who is an "old" player on the Ukrainian political scene, maintained the existing system of mutual benefits between the government and the oligarchs. In turn, the coming to power of Volodymyr Zelensky, who is considered a "new", anti-system candidate, initiated a change in this model and the repair of the democratic system in the state. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The author concludes that the implementation of the de-oligarchization plan in Ukraine during the presidency of Petro Poroshenko was primarily a manifestation of this politician's hidden war with specific oligarchs. In turn, Volodymyr Zelensky, despite numerous accusations of cooperation with the oligarchs, has started a comprehensive fight against the destructive oligarchic system, which is a precedent in this respect in Ukraine. As a result of the implementation of the de-oligarchization policy in the Ukrainian state, a new model of relations between the government and the oligarchs is beginning to take shape. This is anovelty that can be used as a reference point for further research on the issue of systemic transformation in Ukraine. ; CEL NAUKOWY: Celem artykułu jest analiza zjawiska deoligarchizacji na Ukrainie uwzględniająca okres prezydentury Petra Poroszenki oraz Wołodymyra Zełenskiego. PROBLEM IMETODY BADAWCZE: Zasadniczym problemem badawczym jest wskazanie, czy po rewolucji godności jest możliwa transformacja systemowa zmierzająca do zminimalizowania wpływów oligarchów na życie polityczne igospodarcze na Ukrainie? Wtym celu autor wykorzystuje metodę porównawczą, uwzględniającą badanie konkretnych zdarzeń izjawisk. Ponadto wykorzystano również metodę otwartych wywiadów zukraińskimi ekspertami, aby zwiększyć wten sposób obiektywizm prezentowanych wyników analizy. PROCES WYWODU: Proces wywodu polega na analizie warunków, wjakich kształtował się ukraiński model demokracji oligarchicznej po 1991 roku. Drugim stopniem analizy jest porównanie sposobów walki zsystemem oligarchicznym na Ukrainie podejmowanych po rewolucji godności przez Petra Poroszenkę oraz Wołodymyra Zełenskiego. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Konkluzją artykułu jest twierdzenie, iż społeczeństwo ukraińskie po rewolucji godności domagało się zminimalizowania oligarchicznych wpływów na życie polityczne igospodarcze wpaństwie. Zdaniem autora Petro Poroszenko, będący "starym" graczem na ukraińskiej scenie politycznej, utrzymał istniejący układ wzajemnych korzyści na linii władza–oligarchowie. Zkolei przyjście do władzy Wołodymyra Zełenskiego, uważanego za "nowego", antysystemowego kandydata, zapoczątkowało zmianę tego modelu inaprawę systemu demokratycznego wpaństwie. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Autor dochodzi do wniosku, że realizacja planu deoligarchizacji na Ukrainie wokresie prezydentury Petra Poroszenki była przede wszystkim przejawem ukrytej wojny tego polityka zkonkretnymi oligarchami. Celem tego było zbudowanie silnej własnej pozycji wpaństwie. Zkolei Wołodymyr Zełenski, mimo wielu zarzutów kooperacji woligarchami, rozpoczął realizację kompleksowej walki zdestrukcyjnym oligarchicznym systemem, co stanowi precedens wtym zakresie na Ukrainie. Wskutek realizacji polityki deoligarchizacyjnej wpaństwie ukraińskim zaczyna kształtować się nowy model relacji na linii władza–oligarchowie. Stanowi to novum, które może być wykorzystane jako punkt odniesienia dla kolejnych badań nad kwestią systemowej transformacji Ukrainy, realizowanych zarówno wPolsce, jak iinnych krajach.

Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa within 3–15° N and 33–48° E, bordered by Eritrea to the north and northeast, Djibouti to the east, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, and Somalia to the south and east. It covers an area of about 1.14 million square kilometers. The country's topography consists of high and rugged plateaus and peripheral lowlands. Elevations in the country range from 160 meters below sea level (northern exit of the Rift Valley) to over 4600 meters above sea level (of northern mountainous regions). The highest mountains are concentrated on the northern and southern plateaus of the country. A large percentage of the country consists of high plateaus and mountain ranges, dissected by major rivers such as Blue Nile, Tekeze, Awash, Omo, Wabi Shebelle, etc. Overall, Ethiopia consists of 9 major rivers and 19 lakes. The Blue Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile, rises in Lake Tana in northwest Ethiopia. The meteorological observation started in the 1890s with few meteorological stations. In 1951, meteorological services were established as a small unit in the then Civil Aviation Department to render aeronautical services. Since then, meteorological observation has been expanding over Ethiopia. As the importance of meteorology was realized by other economic sectors, National Meteorological Services Agency (NMSA) was established by the Government Proclamation Number 201/1980. Besides, NMA started seasonal forecasting and advisory service in 1987 for three seasons, namely Belg (February - May), Kiremt (June-September), and Bega (October-January). The primary duty of NMA is to support all country's socio-economic developments by delivering climate services. Moreover, NMA has more than one thousand three hundred conventional Meteorological stations, three hundred automatic weather stations, five AWOS, three air pollution monitoring stations, three upper air stations, one radar, and eleven satellite receiver stations. The government of Ethiopia is determined to eradicate poverty and become a prosperous country by 2030. In this regard, addressing climate variability and change play a pivotal role in achieving this goal. To this effect, NMA is equipping with modern weather observing and monitoring capabilities and improving processing, analyzing, interpreting, and forecasting weather and climate capabilities at a high resolution and accuracy to meet the end-user's demands and effectively support all socio-economic developments of the country. NMA collaborates with all key stakeholders and partners through continuous engagement on climate services. The NFCS, endorsed during the NMA 40th Anniversary, is envisaged to strengthen collaborative co-production between climate services provider (NMA) and climate service beneficiaries institutions (MoWIE, EFCCC, MoA, MoH, and NDRMC). To commemorate its 40th anniversary, NMA has organized a conference with a theme of "Forty Years of Climate and Weather Services in Ethiopia" on May 25-26, 2021, at Skylight Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Generally, three main sessions were held during the conference. These include; Session one: panel discussion and opening ceremony; session two: presentations on the history of NMA and NFCS Ethiopia, official endorsement of NFSC Ethiopia, and certificate wards; and session three: parallel session of four groups and paper presentations on different thematic areas were made. The 40th anniversary was attended by ministers, commissioners, heads of organizations, and representatives from the WMO Africa regional office, international institutes representatives, experts from different organizations, lecturers, researchers, and NMA officials and staff. This document is proceedings of the 40th anniversary, including summaries of the opening session and the presentations.

Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. ; [Purpose] To examine associations between the APOE-ε2 and APOE-ε4 alleles and core Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathological hallmarks as measured by amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau PET in older individuals without dementia. ; [Methods] We analyzed data from 462 ADNI participants without dementia who underwent Aβ ([18F]florbetapir or [18F]florbetaben) and tau ([18F]flortaucipir) PET, structural MRI, and cognitive testing. Employing APOE-ε3 homozygotes as the reference group, associations between APOE-ε2 and APOE-ε4 carriership with global Aβ PET and regional tau PET measures (entorhinal cortex (ERC), inferior temporal cortex, and Braak-V/VI neocortical composite regions) were investigated using linear regression models. In a subset of 156 participants, we also investigated associations between APOE genotype and regional tau accumulation over time using linear mixed models. Finally, we assessed whether Aβ mediated the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between APOE genotype and tau. ; [Results] Compared to APOE-ε3 homozygotes, APOE-ε2 carriers had lower global Aβ burden (βstd [95% confidence interval (CI)]: − 0.31 [− 0.45, − 0.16], p = 0.034) but did not differ on regional tau burden or tau accumulation over time. APOE-ε4 participants showed higher Aβ (βstd [95%CI]: 0.64 [0.42, 0.82], p < 0.001) and tau burden (βstd range: 0.27-0.51, all p < 0.006). In mediation analyses, APOE-ε4 only retained an Aβ-independent effect on tau in the ERC. APOE-ε4 showed a trend towards increased tau accumulation over time in Braak-V/VI compared to APOE-ε3 homozygotes (βstd [95%CI]: 0.10 [− 0.02, 0.18], p = 0.11), and this association was fully mediated by baseline Aβ. ; [Conclusion] Our data suggest that the established protective effect of the APOE-ε2 allele against developing clinical AD is primarily linked to resistance against Aβ deposition rather than tau pathology. ; GS received funding from Alzheimer Nederland. MJG is supported by the "Miguel Servet" program (CP19/00031) of the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII-FEDER). JDG is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC-2013-13054). MS is supported by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine; KAW 2014.0363), the Swedish Research Council (#2017-02869), the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, the ALF agreement (#ALFGBG-813971), and the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (#AF-740191). Data collection and sharing for this project were funded by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (National Institutes of Health Grant U01 AG024904) and DOD ADNI (Department of Defense award number W81XWH-12-2-0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and through generous contributions from the following: AbbVie, Alzheimer's Association; Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation; Araclon Biotech; BioClinica, Inc.; Biogen; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; CereSpir, Inc.; Cogstate; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; EuroImmun; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc.; Fujirebio; GE Healthcare; IXICO Ltd.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC.; Lumosity; Lundbeck; Merck & Co., Inc.; Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC.; NeuroRx Research; Neurotrack Technologies; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; and Transition Therapeutics. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada. Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (www.fnih.org). ; Peer reviewed

MODERN WP2 study group: Caroline Brossier, Elodie von Dach, Gesuele Renzi, Jacques Schrenzel, Stefanie Bunk, Siri Goepel, Florian Hölzl, Michael Eib, Ingo B.Autenrieth, Álvaro Pascual, Xavier Bertrand, Jelle Scharringa, Patrick Musicha. ; [Objectives] This study aimed to determine rates and risk factors of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) acquisition and transmission within households after hospital discharge of an ESBL-PE-positive index patient. ; [Methods] Two-year prospective cohort study in five European cities. Patients colonized with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) or Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-Kp), and their household contacts were followed up for 4 months after hospital discharge of the index case. At each follow up, participants provided a faecal sample and personal information. ESBL-PE whole-genome sequences were compared using pairwise single nucleotide polymorphism-based analysis. ; [Results] We enrolled 71 index patients carrying ESBL-Ec (n = 45), ESBL-Kp (n = 20) or both (n = 6), and 102 household contacts. The incidence of any ESBL-PE acquisition among household members initially free of ESBL-PE was 1.9/100 participant-weeks at risk. Nineteen clonally related household transmissions occurred (case to contact: 13; contact to case: 6), with an overall rate of 1.18 transmissions/100 participant-weeks at risk. Most of the acquisition and transmission events occurred within the first 2 months after discharge. The rate of ESBL-Kp household transmission (1.16/100 participant-weeks) was higher than of ESBL-Ec (0.93/100 participant-weeks), whereas more acquisitions were noted for ESBL-Ec (1.06/100 participant-weeks) compared with ESBL-Kp (0.65/100 participant-weeks). Providing assistance for urinary and faecal excretion to the index case by household members increased the risk of ESBL-PE transmission (adjusted prevalence ratio 4.3; 95% CI 1.3–14.1). ; [Conclusions] ESBL-PE cases discharged from the hospital are an important source of ESBL-PE transmission within households. Most acquisition and transmission events occurred during the first 2 months after hospital discharge and were causally related to care activities at home, highlighting the importance of hygiene measures in community settings. ; [Clinical study registration] German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS-ID: DRKS00013250. ; This study was part of a Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance collaborative research project, under the 2016 Joint Call framework (Transnational Research Projects on the Transmission Dynamics of Antibacterial Resistance). It received funding from the following national research agencies: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grant no. AC16/00076), Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (grant no. AC681055), Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 40AR40-173608), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. 01KI1830) and Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grant no. ANR-16-JPEC-0007-03). As part of a separate research project, Marlieke de Kraker has received support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement nos 115523, 115620 and 115737 (Combatting Bacterial Resistance in Europe projects (COMBACTE)), resources of which are composed of financial contribution from the European Union's 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2007±2013) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and associations companies' in-kind contribution. Also, Elena Salamanca, Mercedes Delgado and Jesús Rodríguez-Baño received support for research from by the Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2013-2016 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016/0001), co-financed by the European Development Regional Fund 'A way to achieve Europe', Operative Programme Intelligence Growth 2014-2020. ; Peer reviewed

Several psychiatric, neurologic and neurodegenerative disorders present increased brain ventricles volume, being hydrocephalus the disease with the major manifestation of ventriculomegaly caused by the accumulation of high amounts of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The molecules and pathomechanisms underlying cerebral ventricular enlargement are widely unknown. Kinase D interacting substrate of 220 kDa (KIDINS220) gene has been recently associated with schizophrenia and with a novel syndrome characterized by spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus and obesity (SINO syndrome), diseases frequently occurring with ventriculomegaly. Here we show that Kidins220, a transmembrane protein effector of various key neuronal signalling pathways, is a critical regulator of CSF homeostasis. We observe that both KIDINS220 and the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are markedly downregulated at the ventricular ependymal lining of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) patients. We also find that Kidins220 deficient mice develop ventriculomegaly accompanied by water dyshomeostasis and loss of AQP4 in the brain ventricular ependymal layer and astrocytes. Kidins220 is a known cargo of the SNX27-retromer, a complex that redirects endocytosed plasma membrane proteins (cargos) back to the cell surface, thus avoiding their targeting to lysosomes for degradation. Mechanistically, we show that AQP4 is a novel cargo of the SNX27-retromer and that Kidins220 deficiency promotes a striking and unexpected downregulation of the SNX27-retromer that results in AQP4 lysosomal degradation. Accordingly, SNX27 silencing decreases AQP4 levels in wild-type astrocytes whereas SNX27 overexpression restores AQP4 content in Kidins220 deficient astrocytes. Together our data suggest that the KIDINS220-SNX27-retromer-AQP4 pathway is involved in human ventriculomegaly and open novel therapeutic perspectives. ; This work was supported by Spanish grants SAF2017-88885-R to TI and SAF2017-88881-R to MRC from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad/Agencia Estatal de Investigación/European Union Funds for Regional Development (MINECO/AEI/ FEDER, EU); by Comunidad de Madrid through the European Social Fund (ESF)-financed programme NEUROMETAB-CM (B2017/BMD-3700) to TI and AORTASANA-CM (B2017/BMD-3676) to MRC; by 'La Caixa' Banking Foundation project HR18-00068 to MRC; by Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain) CB06/05/1122 to TI and collaborative grant CIBERNED PI2018/06 to TI and IFa; by grant PID2019-104763RB-100 and Ramón y Cajal programme contract (RYC-2014-15991), both from MINECO/AEI/FEDER (EU) to EP; by Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator Award (107116/Z/15/Z), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement 739572 and a UK Dementia Research Institute Foundation award, all to GS; by grant PI19/00778 to AJJ from the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III, co-funded by FEDER (EU); by Spanish grants from FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICI)–AEI (SAF2017-86690-R), Network of Excellence iDIFFER (RED2018-102723-T), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERNED CB06/05/0086 and RETIC Tercel RD16/0011/0017) and Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo 2017/030) to IFa. ADP was funded by a Juan de la Cierva Formación programme contract (FJCI-2014-19673; MINECO) and CIBERNED; JP-U was contracted by SAF2017-88885-R grant; AS-S was contracted by grants CIBERNED-PI2015-2/06 and PI2018/06, and SAF2017-88885-R; AS-G was funded by a contract from B2017/BMD-3700 grant and LSMP by a PhD training contract (PRE2018-086989) associated to grant SAF2017-88885-R.

Pollinators face multiple pressures and there is evidence of populations in decline. As demand for insect-pollinated crops increases, crop production is threatened by shortfalls in pollination services. Understanding the extent of current yield deficits due to pollination and identifying opportunities to protect or improve crop yield and quality through pollination management is therefore of international importance. To explore the extent of "pollination deficits," where maximum yield is not being achieved due to insufficient pollination, we used an extensive dataset on a globally important crop, apples. We quantified how these deficits vary between orchards and countries and we compared "pollinator dependence" across different apple varieties. We found evidence of pollination deficits and, in some cases, risks of overpollination were even apparent for which fruit quality could be reduced by too much pollination. In almost all regions studied we found some orchards performing significantly better than others in terms of avoiding a pollination deficit and crop yield shortfalls due to suboptimal pollination. This represents an opportunity to improve production through better pollinator and crop management. Our findings also demonstrated that pollinator dependence varies considerably between apple varieties in terms of fruit number and fruit quality. We propose that assessments of pollination service and deficits in crops can be used to quantify supply and demand for pollinators and help to target local management to address deficits although crop variety has a strong influence on the role of pollinators. ; This project was funded by the Sustainable Pollination in Europe Super-B COST Action (FA1307), Project Kennisimpuls Bestuivers (funded by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality; BO-43-011.06-007), BBSRC, Defra, NERC, the Scottish Government and the Wellcome Trust, under the Insect Pollinators Initiative (BB/I000348/1), the "Sustainable Management of Orchard Pollination Services" Project (BB/P003664/1), the Stapledon Memorial Trust, the Volkswagen Foundation "Identifying functional pollinator biodiversity and threats to its decline in Georgia and Kyrgyzstan" (AZ: 86880), Georgian National Science Foundation "Functional pollinator biodiversity and their number, decline and threats in Georgia" (DO/372/10-101/14), the NKFIH project (FK123813), the Bolyai János Fellowship of the MTA, the ÚNKP-19-4-SZIE-3 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund OTKA 101940, Northern Ireland Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, BiodivERsA/FACCE-JPI (agreement# BiodivERsA-FACCE2014-74) EcoFruit project, Swedish Research Council Formas (grant# 2014-1784), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (PT-DLR/BMBF) (grant# 01LC1403), the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) (project# PCIN-2014-145-C02), The Worshipful Company of Fruiterers, Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Fonds de recherche nature et technologies du Québec, Hort Innovation Pollination Fund project PH15001: Healthy bee populations for sustainable pollination in horticulture, Smith Lever and Hatch Funds administered by Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station and by a USDA-AFRI grant (USDA 2010-03689, B.N. Danforth, PI), the Walloon Region (Belgium) Direction générale opérationnelle de l'Agriculture, des Ressources naturelles et de l'Environnement (DGO3) for the Modèle permaculturel project on biodiversity in micro-farms, FNRS/FWO joint program EOS—Excellence Of Science CliPS: Climate change and its impact on Pollination Services (project 30947854), MinECo and FEDER (INIA-RTA2013-00139-C03-01), Formas (grant #2014-1784), Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd (BB/K012843/1) and RR acknowledges the receipt of a fellowship from OECD Co-operative Research Programme: Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems in 2016

10 pages, 5 figures, supporting information https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.2020955118/-/DCSupplemental.-- Data Availability: DNA sequences and metadata from the Malaspina expedition are publicly available at the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA; https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena; accession numbers PRJEB23913 (66) [18S rRNA genes] and PRJEB25224 (68) [16S rRNA genes]). DNA sequences from Tara Oceans are also stored at ENA with the accession numbers PRJEB6603 (76) for the SAGs, PRJEB6609 (101) for the metatranscriptomes, and PRJEB4352 (100) for the metagenomes (reference Datasets S1 and S4). Genome coassemblies, coding sequence predictions, and amino acid predictions have been deposited in FigShare (DOI:10.6084/m9.figshare.13072322) (89). All other study data are included in the article and/or supporting information ; Unicellular eukaryotic predators play a crucial role in the functioning of the ocean ecosystem by recycling nutrients and energy that are channeled to upper trophic levels. Traditionally, these evolutionarily diverse organisms have been combined into a single functional group (heterotrophic flagellates), overlooking their organismal differences. Here, we investigated four evolutionarily related species belonging to one cosmopolitan group of uncultured marine picoeukaryotic predators: marine stramenopiles (MAST)-4 (species A, B, C, and E). Co-occurrence and distribution analyses in the global surface ocean indicated contrasting patterns in MAST-4A and C, suggesting adaptation to different temperatures. We then investigated whether these spatial distribution patterns were mirrored by MAST-4 genomic content using single-cell genomics. Analyses of 69 single cells recovered 66 to 83% of the MAST-4A/B/C/E genomes, which displayed substantial interspecies divergence. MAST-4 genomes were similar in terms of broad gene functional categories, but they differed in enzymes of ecological relevance, such as glycoside hydrolases (GHs), which are part of the food degradation machinery in MAST-4. Interestingly, MAST-4 species featuring a similar GH composition (A and C) coexcluded each other in the surface global ocean, while species with a different set of GHs (B and C) appeared to be able to coexist, suggesting further niche diversification associated with prey digestion. We propose that differential niche adaptation to temperature and prey type has promoted adaptive evolutionary diversification in MAST-4. We show that minute ocean predators from the same phylogenetic group may have different biogeography and genomic content, which needs to be accounted for to better comprehend marine food webs ; F.L. was supported by the Spanish National Program Formación de Personal Investigador 2016 (BES-2016-076317, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain). R.L. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RYC-2013-12554, Ministerio de Economía y Empresa, Spain). This work was supported by the projects INTERACTOMICS (Unveiling Core Ecological Interactions in Marine Microbial Communities Using Omics Approaches) (CTM2015-69936-P, MINECO, Spain, to R.L.), MicroEcoSystems (240904, Research Council of Norway, to R.L.), and MINIME (Microbial Evolution and Population Genomics in a Changing Ocean) (PID2019-105775RB-I00, Agencia Estatal de Investigación Spain, to R.L.). I.M.D. and A.L. were supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 675752 (SINGEK [Promoting Single Cell Genomics to Explore the Ecology and Evolution of Hidden Microeukaryotes]: http://www.singek.eu). We thank the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Open Access Publication Support Initiative through the Unit of Information Resources for Research for helping to cover publication fees ; With funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) ; Peer reviewed

Background The evidence on the association between ultrafine (UFP) particles and mortality is still inconsistent. Moreover, health effects of specific UFP sources have not been explored. We assessed the impact of UFP sources on daily mortality in Barcelona, Helsinki, London, and Zurich. Methods UFP sources were previously identified and quantified for the four cities: daily contributions of photonucleation, two traffic sources (fresh traffic and urban, with size mode around 30 nm and 70 nm, respectively), and secondary aerosols were obtained from data from an urban background station. Different periods were investigated in each city: Barcelona 2013–2016, Helsinki 2009–2016, London 2010–2016, and Zurich 2011–2014. The associations between total particle number concentrations (PNC) and UFP sources and daily (natural, cardiovascular [CVD], and respiratory) mortality were investigated using city-specific generalized linear models (GLM) with quasi-Poisson regression. Results We found inconsistent results across cities, sources, and lags for associations with natural, CVD, and respiratory mortality. Increased risk was observed for total PNC and natural mortality in Helsinki (lag 2; 1.3% [0.07%, 2.5%]), CVD mortality in Barcelona (lag 1; 3.7% [0.17%, 7.4%]) and Zurich (lag 0; 3.8% [0.31%, 7.4%]), and respiratory mortality in London (lag 3; 2.6% [0.84%, 4.45%]) and Zurich (lag 1; 9.4% [1.0%, 17.9%]). A similar pattern of associations between health outcomes and total PNC was followed by the fresh traffic source, for which we also found the same associations and lags as for total PNC. The urban source (mostly aged traffic) was associated with respiratory mortality in Zurich (lag 1; 12.5% [1.7%, 24.2%]) and London (lag 3; 2.4% [0.90%, 4.0%]) while the secondary source was associated with respiratory mortality in Zurich (lag 1: 12.0% [0.63%, 24.5%]) and Helsinki (4.7% [0.11%, 9.5%]). Reduced risk for the photonucleation source was observed for respiratory mortality in Barcelona (lag 2, −8.6% [−14.5%, −2.4%]) and for CVD mortality in Helsinki, as this source is present only in clean atmospheres (lag 1, −1.48 [−2.75, −0.21]). Conclusions We found inconsistent results across cities, sources and lags for associations with natural, CVD, and respiratory mortality. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 747882. While writing the manuscript, Dr. Rivas was funded by the postdoctoral fellowship programme Beatriu de Pinós (2018 BP 00114), funded by the Secretary of Universities and Research (Government of Catalonia) and by the Horizon 2020 programme of research and innovation of the European Union under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 801370. Currently, Dr. Rivas is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 886121. This work was supported by FEDER funds; projects HOUSE (CGL2016-78594-R) and CAIAC (PID2019-108990RB-I00), the Government of Catalonia (AGAUR 2017 SGR41). The authors also acknowledge the Project PI16/00118 funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) "A way to make Europe". HW's post was partially funded by the UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit on Environmental Exposures and Health at Imperial College London in partnership with Public Health England, King's College London and the MTC Toxicology Unit, Cambridge. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, the Department of Health & Social Care or Public Health England. This work was produced using statistical data from ONS. The use of the ONS statistical data in this work does not imply the endorsement of the ONS in relation to the interpretation or analysis of the statistical data. This work uses research datasets which may not exactly reproduce National Statistics aggregates. ; Peer reviewed

The originality of today's society is predetermined by information and communication technologies as technologies of the widest, most widespread use. They have received exclusive attention, including the scientific legal community. Analysis of the processes of co-development of law and technology contributes to the expansion of the disciplinary territory of law, especially information. The prevailing legal scientific discourse adequately evaluates both the advantages and risks of rapid technologization. In the context of a change in the technological structure, society, as it were, is re-mastering the science of interaction. In this regard, the article focuses on those aspects that, as a rule, remain outside the scope of scientific reflection. This is the right of communication, a sporadic change in social relations, the accelerated formation of network actors who represent their picture of the world in cyberspace and at the same time do not agree with the role of passive participants in information interaction. The author's goal is to show that a large amount of accumulated knowledge and impressive examples of the use of innovative technologies in various areas of legal activity do not redeem the need for mastering the "fruits" of progress within the framework of accelerating domestic administrative processes, the right of citizens to access (legal) information, services online. Remaining in captivity of static legal conventions, we risk endlessly repeating the path of external and purely symbolic dressing up of old legal institutions in new technological clothes. The importance of the relevant methodology as a tool without which it is difficult to apply the achievements of civilization to satisfy the growing demand of citizens for legitimate inclusion in the agenda, public verification legally meaningful decisions. The main conclusion: under conditions of recognition of social pathologies, timely leveling of numerous risks associated with new forms of communication, technologies of the day can serve as a means of strengthening public-state interaction, so that actors representing public authorities listen more to the voice of the people, and the activity of civil society is directed towards positive channel. ; Своеобразие сегодняшнего общества предопределено информационно-коммуникационными технологиями как технологиями самого широкого, массового применения. Они удостоены эксклюзивного внимания ученых, включая научное юридическое сообщество. Анализ процессов соразвития права и технологий способствует расширению дисциплинарной территории права, в особенности информационного. Господствующий правовой научный дискурс достаточно хорошооценивает как преимущества, так и риски бурной технологизации. В условиях изменения технологического уклада общество как бы заново осваивает науку взаимодействия. В статье акцентировано внимание на тех аспектах, которые, как правило, остаются за рамками научной рефлексии. Это право коммуникации, спорадическое изменение общественных отношений, ускоренное образование сетевых акторов, которые репрезентируют свою картину мира в киберпространство и при этом не соглашаются с ролью пассивных участников информационного взаимодействия. Цель автора — показать, что большой объем накопленных знаний и впечатляющие примеры использования инновационных технологий в различных областях юридической деятельности не исключают потребности освоения «плодов» прогресса за рамками ускорения внутригосударственных управленческих процессов, права граждан на доступ к (правовой) информации, получения государственных услуг в режиме онлайн. Оставаясь в плену статичных юридических конвенций, мы рискуем бесконечно повторять путь внешнего и чисто символического переодевания старых правовых институтов в новые технологические одежды. Показана значимость релевантной методологии как инструмента, без которого сложно применять достижения цивилизации для удовлетворения растущего запроса граждан на легитимное включение в повестку дня, общественной верификации юридически значимых решений. Основной вывод: при условии распознавания социальных патологий, своевременном нивелировании многочисленных рисков, сопутствующих новым формам коммуникации, технологии дня могут послужить средством укрепления общественно-государственного взаимодействия, чтобы акторы, представляющие публичную власть, больше прислушивалась к голосу народа, а активность гражданского общества направлялась в позитивное русло.

The aim of this paper is to indicate future research likely to be most useful for government in developing the response to COVID-19 over the medium to long term. These evidence gaps and knowledge exchange opportunities were identified through the Rebuilding a Resilient Britain programme, the academic-policy engagement process hosted by the Government Office for Science (GOS) and facilitated by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)/GOS Areas of Research Interest Fellows. Working Groups comprising government officials, funders and researchers discussed cross-cutting topics considered critical to the government response; assembled the evidence base, and identified gaps for future research and knowledge exchange. Nine reports were produced by these working groups, which can be found at https://www.upen.ac.uk/go_science. Who is this paper for? Funders in United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) and beyond may wish to review these identified evidence themes and gaps when planning strategic or routine investments in these areas. Funders may also wish to select proposals which are sufficiently well-specified (see those in Annex 1) for direct commissioning and/or to shape strategic investments. In addition, funders wishing to support interdisciplinary research programmes may find these useful, as all the evidence gaps and research projects described below are the result of facilitated discussions between government officials and multi-disciplinary groups of researchers. Researchers planning proposals: Researchers may wish to use this paper to develop research proposals, as the gaps identified in this paper speak directly to priorities developed through a process of co-design between policymakers, funders and researchers. Government officials: May wish to inform strategic planning around research commissioning, calls, and collaborations, and may find this paper useful when preparing future Areas of Research Interest (ARIs), or to gather ideas for their own research commissioning and activities. Teams supporting cross-departmental research initiatives or commissioning may find the proposed cross-cutting research gaps useful to scope research collaborations across government. In addition, the sections on policy dialogues represent opportunities to bring together government departments to discuss critical topics of relevance to more than one department. This paper offers an overview of the key gaps and themes identified by our Rebuilding a Resilient Britain programme, which assessed the key research priorities for government departments as identified by the Chief Scientific Advisers. In 2019, two Fellows were appointed jointly by ESRC and GOS to promote academic-policy engagement around Areas of Research Interest, which are statements of priority research areas identified by government departments. Between April-November 2020, the Fellows ran the Rebuilding a Resilient Britain programme, which sought to identify evidence relevant to sets of cross-cutting ARIs identified as critical to supporting the government response to COVID-19 in the mid- to long-term. Nine working groups brought together over 250 researchers, policy officials and funders to identify existing evidence, key messages for decision-makers arising from this evidence, and gaps in the current research evidence base. Working groups were given between 4-31 ARIs to consider. In some cases, no evidence was identified due to lack of specific expertise within the group (for a complete list of unanswered ARIs, see Annex 2). It is therefore possible that relevant evidence may be identified with a more targeted and resourced search and synthesis process. In this paper, we address the specific and higher-level evidence gaps and research ideas proposed by working groups.

The diocesan tax is a compulsory cash benefit imposed on the income of both a juridical person and a physical person. There are two types of tax in canon law: ordinary and extraordinary tax. Although the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts issued the authentic interpretation of c. 1263 and ruled that tax may not be imposed on Mass offerings, some doubts might arise as to the legitimacy of the tax imposed on "other physical persons". The conciliar Decree Christus Dominius states that priests are to contribute from their clerical income for the needs of the diocese "according to the bishop's determination". As such, tax may be imposed only in the event of grave necessity determined by the diocesan bishop following consultation with advisory bodies. Extraordinary exaction by its very nature should be understood as the voluntary offerings of clerics as their contribution for a specific diocesan purpose. The aim of the article is to draw attention to the legal requirements for imposing an extraordinary tax, the motives for establishing it, as well as possible tax exemptions. The analysis of the article is based on an exploration of the history of development of c. 1263; the concept of tax in canon law; extraordinary exaction; the subject of extraordinary exaction; the qualities of the extraordinary exaction; legal requirements of imposing extraordinary exaction; the question of income. ; Podatek diecezjalny jest obowiązkowym świadczeniem pieniężnym nakładanym na dochody zarówno osoby prawnej, jak i fizycznej. W prawie kanonicznym istnieją dwa rodzaje podatków: zwykły i nadzwyczajny. Chociaż Papieska Rada ds. Tekstów Prawnych wydała autentyczną interpretację kan. 1263 i orzekła, że podatek nie może być nakładany na ofiary mszalne, pojawiają się jednak wątpliwości co do zasadności podatku nakładanego na "inne osoby fizyczne". Dekret soborowy Christus Dominius stanowi, że kapłani mają przeznaczać z dochodów duchownych na potrzeby diecezji "zgodnie z postanowieniem biskupa". Jako taki może być nałożony tylko w przypadku poważnej konieczności, która jest określana przez biskupa diecezjalnego po zasięgnięciu opinii organów doradczych. Nadzwyczajne świadczenie, ze swej natury, powinno być rozumiane jako dobrowolne ofiary duchownych, jako ich wkład w konkretne cele diecezjalne. Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na prawne wymogi nakładania podatku nadzwyczajnego na duchownych, motywy jego ustanowienia, a także rozumienie czym jest dochód. Rozważania dotyczą następujących aspektów: 1) historia rozwoju kan. 1263; 2) pojęcie podatku w prawie kanonicznym; 3) świadczenie nadzwyczajne; 4) przedmiot świadczenia nadzwyczajnego; 5) cechy nadzwyczajnego podatku; 6) prawne wymogi ustanowienia świadczenia nadzwyczajnego; 7) kwestia dochodu. ; Епархиальный налог – это обязательный платеж, взимаемый с доходов как юридических, так и физических лиц. В каноническом праве существует два вида налогов: обычные и чрезвычайные. Хотя Папский совет по интерпретации законодательных текстов дал аутентичное толкование кан. 1263 и постановил, что налог не может взиматься с пожертвований на служение Мессы, существуют сомнения в законности налога, взимаемого с »других физических лиц«. Согласно декрету Второго Ватиканского собора Christus Dominius, священники должны выделять из своего церковного дохода средства на нужды епархии, »как это определено епископом«. Как таковой, он может быть наложен только в случае крайней необходимости, которая определяется епархиальным епископом после консультации с совещательными органами. Чрезвычайный налог, по своей природе, должен пониматься как добровольное приношение духовенства, как его вклад в достижение конкретных епархиальных целей. Цель данной статьи – осветить юридические требования для введения чрезвычайного налога на духовенство, мотивы его установления и понимание того, что представляет собой доход. Положения статьи основаны на анализе существенных аспектов таких как: история развития кан. 1263, понятие налога в каноническом праве, чрезвычайный платеж, объект чрезвычайного платежа, характеристика чрезвычайного налога, юридические требования для установления чрезвычайного платежа, вопрос дохода.

Transportation is embedded in the fabric of society and a key enabler of socio-economic development, but it is also a major source of carbon dioxide (CO2) and local air pollution (AP). Cities collectively account for around three quarters of total energy-related CO2 emissions, and the negative health impacts from local APs are most felt in dense urban environments. Thus, transitioning away from current fossil fuel regime in urban transportation is necessary to address both global and local challenges. Mathematical models as energy system optimisation models (ESOMs) are commonly applied to explore contrasting energy futures and to provide insights on how the energy system (or specific sub-sectors) may evolve under different conditions. However, 'typical' national level models are not fully adapted to capture the characteristics of local (city) transportation, and previous city-level ESOM based analyses have focused on decarbonisation of local energy systems, thus omitting other local policy considerations as e.g. air quality, and several studies excluded transportation altogether. In this thesis, a generic city-level ESOM framework (TIMES-City) was further adapted and used to provide policy-relevant insights on the anticipated energy transition of the local transport sector. The underlying work rests on a systems analysis approach, building on careful consideration of the overall system performance and boundaries, understanding of specific system characteristics, and challenges and opportunities facing local 'system managers'; this has implications for model representation and for quantitative and qualitative modelling assumptions. Further, availability and quality of local transport, energy and emission data needed to calibrate models poses significant challenges, and considerable effort was also put on producing projections for future transport demand (a key model input), using lessons and input data from traditional transport demand models. These considerations were addressed in Paper I. The model was then applied to two different cases (in Sweden) to explore potential conflicts and co-benefits between ambitious climate targets and deep cuts in APs (Paper II), and to assess the roles of local and regional governments in CO2 mitigation when also considering ambitious national-scale policies (Paper III). The results of Paper II indicate that substituting fossil fuels for biofuels in conventional vehicles is the least-cost decarbonisation pathway, however this produces only minor or even negative benefits to air quality. While, zero-emission vehicles cut all local tail-pipe emissions, but their total impact on climate change mitigation is determined by upstream impacts from the conversion and distribution of energy carriers. Thus, ensuring low levels of total CO2 and APs from transportation calls for re-coupling of the local and global responsibilities and motivations into comprehensive mitigation strategies. The results of Paper III indicate that current Swedish national mitigation measures will drive down CO2 emissions in transportation considerably, but biofuel availability and BEV (battery electric vehicles) costs are critical for the rate and extent of the transition, while locally and regionally determined measures to enable shifts (from car) to active travelling, public transportation and home-based work have a much more limited direct impact. Nonetheless, these measures, along with city investments in BEVs and charging infrastructure which pave the way also for residents and local businesses, can help to reduce overall energy intensity of the transport sector, thus slowing down growth in fuel demand and contribute to reaching ambitious climate targets with limited renewable resources (as e.g. biofuels). The two studies (Papers II and III) illustrate the usefulness of applying comprehensive ESOMs also at sub-national levels, providing insights on both global and local sustainability implications as well as deeper understanding of the roles of local and regional decision-makers in enabling and supporting low-carbon transitions in transportation.