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Abstract
This article reconstructs the path of the German economist Friedrich A. Lutz (1901–75) to American economics. The correspondence with his former teacher Walter Eucken, the founder of the Freiburg school, constitutes a crucial yet unexplored source for the article. Through Lutz's case, this article demonstrates the growing gulf between German and Anglo-Saxon economics during the late 1930s. In his native Germany, Lutz was trained in methodologically and institutionally focused economics, which differed fundamentally from the mathematical economics dominating Anglo-Saxon academia. He realized that an academic career in the United States would be impossible if he did not adapt to the new methods and if he did not abandon the methods of the German tradition. This gave rise to his internal Methodenstreit. After his emigration in 1938, he constantly experienced doubts and tensions because he was convinced that without considering institutions, mathematical economics could never explain the occurrence and essence of macroeconomic phenomena. Despite his stellar career at Princeton, it was only after his move to Zurich in 1953, where he taught history and theory of socioeconomics for the rest of his life, that Lutz could reconcile this internal Methodenstreit.

This cumulative dissertation consists of three essays. The first essays with the title ''The Labor Market Effect of Opening the Border: Evidence from Switzerland'' analyses the effect of opening the labor market for workers from the European Union in Switzerland after 1999. We exploit that this opening followed two different schedules for two different parts of the country. We find that the abolition of immigration restrictions increased the share of new immigrants by four percentage points and had no effect on wages and hours worked of natives in the aggregate but important heterogeneous effects on skill groups. The second essay with the title ''Which Factors Drive the Skill-Mix of Immigrants in the Long-Run?'' investigates, why newly arriving immigrants in developed countries have become increasingly highly educated. Using evidence from Switzerland between 1980 and 2010, we find that the improvement in the educational attainment in the origin countries of immigrants and the polarization of skill demand in the destinations are the two dominant factors explaining together the long-run changes in the skill-mix of newly arriving immigrants. In the third essays with the title ''Demand Forces of Technical Change'' we ask whether and to which extent the rising Chinese middle class fuels growth and innovation in the manufacturing sector in China. We exploit the fact, that consumers reshuffle their consumption bundle to more luxurious goods as they become richer, to construct measures of (expected) market size for different durable goods. We find the changes in market size of a durable goods, driven by the raise of the middle class, indeed drives productivity in the manufacturing sector producing this durable good.

Immigration and refugee flows in the Eastern Mediterranean migration path have been increased the last two decades, a fact that created the need for coordinated political reaction from the EU, which now faces new challenges because of the Covid-19 pandemic. This article analyses the new challenges Covid-19 creates by focusing on the "lesson learned" of previous pandemics and their effect on mankind and also on the necessity of a common European policy both in the fields of immigration policy and foreign policy towards the stabilization in the Eastern Mediterranean, mainly by focusing on the role of Greece and Turkey.

Based on the dual premise that nations need to learn from how immigration issues are handled in other modern democracies, and that adaptation to a new era of refugee and emigration movements is critical to a stable world, Marilyn Hoskin systematically compares the immigration policies of the United States, Britain, Germany, and France as prime examples of the challenges faced in the twenty-first century. Because immigration is a complex phenomenon, Understanding Immigration provides students with a multidisciplinary framework based on the thesis that a nation's geography, history, economy, and political system define its immigration policy. In the process, it is possible to weigh the influence of such factors as isolation, colonialism, labor imbalances, and tolerance of fringe parties and groups in determining how governments ultimately respond to both routine immigration requests and the more dramatic surges witnessed in both Europe and the United States since 2013.