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This article attempts to outline the field of conference interpretation as the most advanced and difficult language profession in the United States. Aptitudes, preparatory studies, training, job opportunities, and the supply and demand situation are outlined. The author lists a number of recommendations in an attempt to improve both sides of the equation: the market of international conferences and meetings on the demand side and an increase of interest in the interpreting profession as well as training on the supply side. Funding possibilities to achieve these goals are briefly discussed, as are the potentially disastrous consequences of complacency and inaction for the profession in the next millennium, because of the effects of aging and natural attrition of the present population of interpreters.

Abstract. Based on evidence drawn from six case studies, this article examines the manner in which the political elites of the new ethnically heterogeneous states which appeared in Europe after the First World War responded to the challenge of dealing with minorities whose attitudes towards the new regimes ranged from the suspicious to the uncompromisingly hostile. Despite the variety of policies pursued and the varying international contexts of the six cases, the analysis demonstrates that the maintenance of a political balance between a majority and small ethnic minorities in a new state is extremely precarious, and that the temptation of the state to defer to the ethnic symbols and political values of the majority is extremely strong.

Cataract is a world-wide major cause of visual handicap and blindness. Prevention is not yet technically possible, but modern cataract surgery offers a quick, safe and effective means of restoring vision. A major international effort is being made to reduce the formidable backlog of cases in many develop ing countries. It is a disturbina fact that in Britain many people have to wait years for cataract surgery on the National Health Service, while in certain other European countries waiting lists are almost unknown. Emphasising the seriousness o f the problem, this article describes how it has been success fully tackled at a local level by 'Operation Cataract' and suggests that this approach could be adopted on a much wider scale.

This survey of 27 French journalists responsible for choosing foreign news from the wire services to publish in regional newspapers outside Paris shows that Agence France Presse remains the major wire source. But the concise, unadorned style of the French language service offered by the Associated Press has gained many users. French journalists are specializing more, and about one-fourth of younger journalists have formal journalism training. There is less time for editing on some newspapers. The study suggests the unique style of Agence France Presse may have to give way to be more competitive, at a cost to a unique French emphasis on foreign news. International news may become like foreign news in any press.

AbstractThis article investigates press coverage in Canada and the United States of the 1982 and 1984 Salvadoran elections employing the concept of the "demonstration election," which posits that some elections occur not to select governments and solve problems but rather to confer international legitimacy on the government holding the election. The press plays a vital role in creating this aura of legitimacy. There is some evidence that the American press played a legitimizing role in the elections. While the elections received twice as much coverage in the American press as they did in the Canadian press, with the exception of some differences in leader evaluation and emphasis on issues, Canadians received essentially the same media portrayal of the elections as did Americans.

This exploratory study examines the relationship between communication relationship satisfaction (CRS) and organizational commitment. CRS was measured by organizational communication relationship (OCR) instrument developed by the International Communication Association (ICA). Organizational commitment was measured by Porter, Steers, Mowday and Boulian's (1974) scale. Data were obtained from 122 white-collar employees in an engineering company through a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. A factor analysis of the ICA-OCR instrument indicated 4 factors but only 2 (top management and supervisor relationships) were considered appropriate for the study. Our results indicate that top management relationships relate more closely to organizational commitment than either the global CRS or supervisor relationship. The implication of our findings for managers and directions for future research are indicated.

JOSEPH S. BERLINER, Soviet Industry from Stalin to Gorbachev Aldershot, Edward ElgarWILLIAM J. BAUMOL AND WALLACE E. OATES, The Theory of Environmental Policy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988EAMONN BUTLER, Ludwig von Mises: Fountainhead of the Modern Microeconomics Revolution, Aldershot, Gower, 1988F. A. HAYEK, The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, ed. W. W. Bartley III, London, Routledge, 1988MICHAEL KEATING, The City That Refused to Die. Glasgow: the politics of urban regeneration, Aberdeen, Aberdeen University PressBRIAN TEW, The Evolution of the International Monetary System 1945–88, London, Hutchison, 1988BRIAN J. LOASBY, The Mind and Method of the Economist: Critical Appraisal of Major Economists in the Twentieth Century, Aldershot, Edward Elgar,ERIC RASMUSEN, Games and Information: an Introduction to Game Theory, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989

This paper examines a two-way interaction between trade liberalization and economic growth. Through dynamic increasing returns to specialization, international trade can increase world growth rates. But growth, through specialization , alters patterns of comparative advantage, changing the incentives to levy tariffs in a dynamic tariff game between governments. Two types of equilibria are analyzed. In one, average growth rates are low, tariffs are high and rising, the ratio of exports to income (the trade ratio) is low, and falls to zero asymptotically. In the other, growth rates are high, tariffs are low and falling, the trade ratio is higher, and rises over time. The conditions under which each type of equilibrium will be observed are investigated.

Der Beitrag ist ein Versuch, mittels einer Betrachtung der vom schwedischen Forschungsinstitut SIPRI ermittelten Daten über Rüstungsströme zu einem differenzierten Bild über die Aufrüstung der Dritten Welt zu gelangen und die Zusammenhänge zwischen Rüstungsimporten und Verschuldung, Militarisierung der Dritten Welt und kriegerischen Konflikten näher zu beleuchten. Ein Überblick über Kriege in der Dritten Welt sowie einige Trends über Umfang und Hauptströme des Waffenhandels in und mit der Dritten Welt bietet die Grundlage für die Problematisierung der These, daß die Last der Verschuldung der Dritten Welt in erster Linie auf die Rüstungsausgaben zurückzuführen ist. Der gemeinhin angenommene Zusammenhang zwischen Aufrüstung und Militarisierung bzw. Zunahme der Militärregime wird widerlegt. Die Motive und Funktionen der Aufrüstung in der Dritten Welt werden nachgezeichnet: (1) Aufrüstung gilt als Attribut von Unabhängigkeit. (2) Aufrüstung ist das Ergebnis stärkerer wirtschaftlicher und politischer Differenzierung innerhalb der Dritten Welt. (3) Neben funktionalen Motiven wie Abwehr von Bedrohung durch militärische Abschreckung spielen ökonomische Gesichtspunkte eine Rolle. (4) Ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Renaissance der Werftenindustrie und den Änderungen im internationalen Seerecht wird hergestellt. Der skizzenhafte Versuch über Krieg und Rüstungsexport verdeutlicht, daß nur eine unkritische und undifferenzierte Perzeption beider Problemkomplexe zur Annahme eines kausalen Zusammenhangs führt. (RW)

Selected from matched samples (region, city size, etc) of US & Canadian newspapers, 852 articles covering the 1982 & 1984 elections in El Salvador were subjected to content analysis to compare US vs Canadian coverage & to determine how closely US coverage coincided with the US government's foreign policy outlook. Eight dimensions were examined: total volume, source of content, geographical origin, type of content, relevance of issues in the campaign, evaluation of political parties & leaders, language use to (de-)legitimize the event, & Cold War language. While US coverage was twice that of Canada, the elections were portrayed similarly. With regard to the idea of a "demonstration election" -- legitimizing the government in power -- there is some evidence that the US government & press played a legitimizing role. 4 Tables. A. Cole

WHILE THERE IS EVERY PROSPECT THAT EAST GERMANS WILL OPT FOR A CONFEDERATION WITH WEST GERMANY, IT IS CLEAR THAT MOST DO NOT SEE THIS IN TERMS OF A SIMPLE ANNEXATION FOR THE BENEFIT OF WESTERN CAPITALISTS. ECONOMIC DISLOCATION IN THE EAST THREATENS DRASTIC CUTS IN LIVING STANDARDS WHILE THE CAPITALIST WEST DISHES OUT PALTRY CREDITS ONLY IN RETURN FOR PROMISES THAT THE POST-COMMUNIST STATES WILL BECOME A FREE-FIRE ZONE FOR A NEW SPECIES OF BOOTY CAPITALISM. AS ONE SEGMENT OF THE NOMENKLATURA PRIVATIZES PUBLIC ASSETS, ANOTHER ADVISES THE NEW AUTHORITIES ON HOW TO IMPLEMENT THE AUSTERITY POLICY DEMANDED BY THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL COMMUNITY. THESE ARE NOT PROPITIOUS CONDITIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF DEMOCRACY. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL EARLY.

Among the Many Changes initiated in the Soviet Union, President Gorbachev has not left untouched its policy towards the Third World. By the end of 1986, he had outlined a position radically different from that of his predecessors.What characteristics distinguish this new face which Moscow intends to turn to the less developed countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America?In the first place, the Soviet Union places strong emphasis on avoiding any more direct military obligations, such as those assumed in Angola, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Mozambique, Ethiopia, and others in the past. The Soviet leadership has concluded that those obligations of "international solidarity," far from representing gains and successes for the Kremlin, have represented a double loss.

En la agonía del siglo XX se observan por doquier los síntomas de la aparición de un nuevo orden económico y político internacional que habrá de acompañar el alumbramiento del siglo XXI: las naciones capitalistas industrializadas, a veces por separado y casi siempre conjuntamente, buscan fortalecer sus posiciones de privilegio en el planeta y otras veces pugnan entre sí por asumir el liderazgo./ Abstract. In the agony of the twentieth century can be seen everywhere the signs of the emergence of a new international political and economic order that will accompany the delivery of the century: the industrialized capitalist nations, sometimes separately and often together, seeking to strengthen their positions of privilege in the world and sometimes competed to take the lead