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Background: The market of medical tourism is considered as a revenue and competitive industry throughout the world, it is also regarded as a novel field of the advanced tourism. Therefore, most of the developing countries have focused on the medical tourism industry and they are planning for implementing it. In 2016, the present research was conducted with the main objective of designing a model for medical tourism development in West Azerbaijan province of Iran.Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study. The statistical population consisted of 40 interviewees who were selected via targeted sampling. The scholar-made questionnaire and studies of the Ricafort and Kazemi were employed as the tools of collecting data. The PLS software was utilized for analyzing data.Results: The results showed that two main factors, including hospital selection with an impact factor of 0.143 and West Azerbaijan province selection with impact factor of 0.466 had both direct and significant impact on development of medical tourism. The impact factor of all approaches on development of medical tourism was obtained positive and significant (P≤0.001).Conclusions: For development of medical tourism industry in West Azerbaijan province, attention to elements such as the appropriate conditions to attract medical tourism, according to political, legal, and regional economic development is effective.

The effects of the world economic and financial crisis, which began in 2007 and is still in progress, has made increasingly sharp the line of demarcation between those able to access home ownership on the free market, and those unable to do so. For the European Union's member states, Social Housing (SH) policies include all the initiatives aimed at providing housing support for all the weak segments of the population; these policies have declined differently by different Member States according to their specific needs. In Italy, the growing need for SH accommodation together with the shortage of public resources makes developing forms of Public–Private Partnership (PPP) necessary. Evaluation techniques like Break-Even Analysis and Contribution Margin Analysis are useful in planning interventions including SH initiatives in the context of real estate development or retraining initiatives in PPP (in negotiation processes or in project financing). These kinds of techniques especially allow evaluation of public and private convenience in PPP. In the present work, an assessment procedure has been structured: first the main parameters of a settlement of SH initiative in PPP are defined; subsequently, it is possible to assess the feasibility and the financial balance of the initiative itself. The procedure has been applied to a case study: the interrupted initiative of self-renovation in Via Grotta Perfetta 315 in Rome (Italy).

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Urban Forum. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-017-9301-8 ; In developing countries, increasing urbanization amidst chronic financial constraints sharply limits the authorities' ability to provide universal urban infrastructural services. This tendency creates complex networks of governance that remains largely understudied and not clearly understood. This article examines this nascent literature, focusing on Metropolitan Accra's experience through the sustainable development goal lens: "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all". Based on the analysis of 26 in-depth interviews with key informants about the current processes, technologies and multiplicities of governance approaches, we demonstrate how the private sector does not only play a significant role in shaping the water dialogue but also has introduced its own modes of governance, which sometimes usurps preferences for public services. Ultimately, differences in procedural legalities and functionalities have spurred (un)healthy competition between the multiple governance modes, spearheaded by the private firms. Concluding, we caution that the multiplicity of management practices devoid of efficient and effective regulatory framework creates indecisive outcomes. Further, we suggest that the development of water-related capacity, both at the individual and institutional levels, will be fundamental in the realization of sustainable development goal 6 by 2030.

The financial auditors are required to provide the assurance for the public whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. The International Federation of Accountants, the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board formulated general guidelines and principles of audit materiality assessments and provided that in auditing standards (IAA 320 and IAA 450). Financial auditors have independently to determine the materiality threshold and make professional decision about information significance according to International Auditing Standards. The aim of the article is to analyze tools of the proper consideration of the concept of materiality in financial statement auditing and provide interpretations of the materiality concept formation in the scientific resources and determine the factors of materiality. Based on the methods of information systematization and comparison paper analyzes the evolution of the materiality concept in scientific resources, discloses the role of Lithuanian scientists developing the conception of materiality and describes the matter of the materiality process. The conception of materiality includes quantitative and qualitative factors. Materiality, in general, can be understood as highly important information. The auditors evaluate significance and importance of the information making assumptions about the financial interests of consumer's needs and attitudes. The article indicates the sequence of the materiality determination activities, identifies quantitative and qualitative materiality factors, provides the working materiality threshold.

В предложенной статье анализируются возможности изучения католических общин в российском мегаполисе. Представленная тема рассматривается на примере социального анализа локальных католических общин и их стратегий включения в российское общество. Основная идея работы заключается в исследовании проблемы институализации этнорелигиозного неравенства, сфокусированном на двух вопросах: практиках сохранения религиозной идентичности и анализе социально-демографического профиля локальной католической общины города. В более специфическом смысле такого рода анализ помогает глубже понять процессы социальной трансформации и принятия прав человека в постсоветском контексте. Исследование способствует развитию научных моделей коллективных религиозных прав и культурного признания религиозных меньшинств в постсоветском контексте. The paper discusses the state of the catholic communities in a Russian metropolis. This topic can be considered through the social analysis of local Catholic communities and their strategies of inclusion within the Russian Federation. The main idea is to explore the emerging problem of the institutionalization of ethno-religious inequality, focusing on two questions: practices of keeping, or protecting, religious identity and analysis of socio-demographic profile of a local religious community. In a more specific sense, such an analysis helps us look at the process of social transformation and of recognition, if any, of human rights within the post-Soviet context. It also helps us in developing appropriate academic models of cultural recognition and of the acknowledgement of collective religious rights.

We thank the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013/ERC consolidator grant GCGXC grant agreement no 614779) and ERAIB (Grant no. 031A338A) and H2020-MSCA-IF-2014 Grant no. 659399 for generous financial support. ; Marrying synthetic biology with synthetic chemistry provides a powerful approach toward natural product diversification, combining the best of both worlds: expediency and synthetic capability of biogenic pathways and chemical diversity enabled by organic synthesis. Biosynthetic pathway engineering can be employed to insert a chemically orthogonal tag into a complex natural scaffold affording the possibility of site-selective modification without employing protecting group strategies. Here we show that, by installing a sufficiently reactive handle (e.g., a C-Br bond) and developing compatible mild aqueous chemistries, synchronous biosynthesis of the tagged metabolite and its subsequent chemical modification in living culture can be achieved. This approach can potentially enable many new applications: for example, assay of directed evolution of enzymes catalyzing halo-metabolite biosynthesis in living cells or generating and following the fate of tagged metabolites and biomolecules in living systems. We report synthetic biological access to new-to-nature bromo-metabolites and the concomitant biorthogonal cross-coupling of halo-metabolites in living cultures. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

This research aims to apply and find out the characteristics of Problem-Based Instrumental Analysis of Chemistry Lab Work Learning Model (IACLLM) which is able to build the characters, improve the conceptual mastery and the ability of problem solving. The research using experimental quasy with 2 student groups of pre service chemistry teachers as the subjects of the research applied the treatment of problem-based IACLLM for the experimental class and lab work learning with standard lab work procedure in control class. Conceptual mastery was measured using essay test; problem solving skills were measured using assessment of problem solving reports, presentation of the results, and kit making products; whereas the emerged characters were observed during the learning process. The result of this research showed that problem-based IACLLM had open-ended problem characteristic, had produced local material kit, and characters were observed in every stage of problem-based learning model. The implementation of the model could improve the spectrometric and electrometric conceptual mastery, the problem solving skills on a very good level and also some characters were developing during learning process, including religious, discipline, honest, curious, creative, critical, cooperative, communicative, independent, and able to appreciate other people's opinions and achievements, leadership, democracy, and able to be thorough and careful, and hardworking.

Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) as a part of the national industrial sector has a critical influence in developing economic, social and political state of Indonesia. Therefore, the government has issued many policies, programs, and activities to enhance the development of SMEs. The absence of an online information system that shows the development of the SME cause the government has difficulty in overseeing the development of SMEs. Difficulties experienced by the government due to lack of information also in line with Law No. 3 of 2014 on Industry, precisely on Article 64 which stated that the industry is obligated to submit industry data that are accurate, complete, and timely periodically to the Minister, governors and regents/mayors. Therefore, the industry, in particular Small and Medium Enterprise (SME), requires a web-based information system that will be a tool that can be used by industry to facilitate the reporting of industrial activities. Therefore, this research aimed to develop a web- based information system for SMEs Sentra Textiles and textile products (TPT) in West Java. The system will contain information about the condition and position of SMEs Sentra Textiles and textile products (TPT) in Bandung, West Java. In addition to preparing an information system, this research will conduct an analysis of the current condition of SMEs to be taken into consideration in making the SME development strategy.Keywords: evaluation, monitoring, center, information systems

Increasing waste generation is synonymous with growing urbanization and human development which can be controlled by efficient and effective management. Some problems associated with waste management can be very severe, particularly in developing countries where technological know-how required for recycling human wastes and processing them into useful items, are inadequate. Consequently, poor waste management has constituted major hindrances to healthy living, environmental sustainability and development of tourism potentials. Ado-Ekiti, thecapital of Ekiti State, South West Nigeria, is used as a case study. This work examined the implication(s) of poor waste management on tourism development, with particular reference to its aesthetic values. Relying on both primary and secondary data, this research found out that certain mountains in the study area (witha specific focus on Okeyinmi also known as Okuta-gbokuta-ru), have been turned to refuse sites, public toilets and even to an abode of social miscreants. Lack of political will, unstable government policies among other factors; have prevented the development and optimal utilization of the city's tourism potentials. However, effective and efficient management of municipal domestic wastes would go a long way in thedevelopment of the tourism potentials of the city; improve its internally generated revenue; provide employment opportunities and income earnings for jobless youths; engender community participation in heritage management and ultimately, alleviate poverty and underdevelopment

The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) defines civil registration as the continuous, permanent, compulsory and universal recording of the occurrence and characteristics of vital events pertaining to the population, as provided through decree or regulation in accordance with the legal requirements in each country. Civil registration is the best source of vital statistics since it constitutes the collection of statistics on vital events in a lifetime of a person as well as relevant characteristics of the events themselves and of the person and persons concerned. A well-functioning Civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) system can significantly improve governance at national and subnational levels and can provide legal and protective advantages to individuals. CRVS system also has statistical advantages over censuses and sample surveys because it provides reliable disaggregated data at any geographical or administrative level, at a relatively low cost. To monitor and measure progress, the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators (IAEG-SDGs) was tasked with developing a global indicator framework. In addition to directly measuring the development and improvement of CRVS, data from complete and accurate CRVS systems can also provide information used to monitor other targets and indicators. CRVS systems in countries also play an important role in effecting progress in other SDG targets and indicators.

Nowadays, hydrogen is increasingly being promoted as an alternative energy carrier for mobility and stationary fuel cell system applications. Yet, the challenge of developing a future commercial hydrogen economy still remains through the deployment of a viable hydrogen supply chain (HSC) and an increasing fuel cell vehicle market share, which allow to narrow the existing cost difference regarding the conventional fossil fuel vehicle market. In this work, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) market penetration from 2020 to 2050, as a substitute for internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in the French region of Midi-Pyrénées, is evaluated from a social and governmental perspective. To do so, two cost-benefit analyses (CBAs), each one regarding each point of view, have been conducted to determine whether the hydrogen mobility deployment increases enough the social welfare to compensate its costs and, therefore, should be implemented. The results found are sustained by a HSC deployment, performed previously through an optimization process, that adapts to the region and to the hydrogen needs estimated. These results show that in 2050 the costs are not fully compensated. Nevertheless, the fact of incorporating the externalities helps to finance an important proportion of these costs from 2020 to 2050, even being able to fully compensate them before 2070.

The teacher is most essential in the education field and he/she is the most important pillar in the development of schooling. Teaching aptitude of teacher is a significant issue in teaching and learning progress. The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between teacher effectiveness and teaching aptitude of teachers. The sample comprised one hundred secondary school teachers working in secondary schools of Bangalore South District selecting by simple random sampling technique. The Teaching Aptitude Scale developed by Dahiya and Singh (2004) and Teacher Effectiveness Scale (2006) developed & standardized by Umme Kulsum was utilized for data processing. The Pearson?s Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation, ?t? and F Test statistical procedures were applied to examine the formulated hypotheses. The correlation result shows significant relationship between Teacher Effectiveness and Teaching Aptitude of secondary school teachers and from ?t? and ?F? test statistical procedures gender and type of school management factors were influences on Effectiveness in Teaching. The female teachers had higher effectiveness in teaching than male teachers and private unaided school teachers had more effective when compared with teachers from private aided and government schools. The study suggests that there should be further focal point on developing aptitude skills among teachers through well supervised practices to improve their teacher effectiveness.

Awareness among people of reproductive age about the factors that influence fertility and reproductive outcomes, including medically assisted reproduction outcomes, is generally low. To improve awareness about the potentially modifiable factors that affect fertility and reproductive outcomes, 'Your Fertility', a fertility health promotion programme funded by the Australian Government, was established in 2011. This paper describes the development and evaluation of the reach of the Your Fertility programme from its inception in 2011 to June 2016. Systematically recorded outcomes for the programme's key focus areas and Google Analytics data were collated. Key achievements include developing and maintaining an internationally renowned website that experiences high growth and demand for fertility-related information; by 2016, over 5 million users had viewed more than 10 million webpages, and over 96,000 users had engaged in programme messages across social media. Programme messages have reached more than 4 million Australian social media users, and a potential audience of 150 million through media coverage across more than 320 media features. More than 4200 education and health professionals have completed online learning modules, and external partnerships have been established with 14 separate organizations. Data collected over 5 years indicate that the Your Fertility programme meets a need for targeted, evidence-based, accessible fertility-related information.

Objective: To provide an update on disability and outline potential barriers and facilitators for implementation of the World Health Organization Global Disability Action Plan (GDAP) in Pakistan. Methods: A 6-day workshop at the Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Islamabad facilitated by rehabilitation staff from Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia. Local healthcare professionals (n = 33) from medical rehabilitation facilities identified challenges in service provision, education and attitudes/approaches to people with disabilities, using consensus agreement for objectives listed in the GDAP. Results: Respondents agreed on the following challenges in implementing the GDAP: shortage of skilled work-force, fragmented healthcare system, poor coordination between acute and subacute healthcare sectors, limited health services infrastructure and funding, lack of disability data, poor legislation, lack of guidelines and accreditation standards, limited awareness/knowledge of disability, socio-cultural perceptions and geo-topographical issues. The main facilitators included: need for governing/leadership bodies, engagement of healthcare professionals and institutions using a multi-sectoral approach, new partnerships and strategic collaboration, provision of financial and technical assistance, future policy direction, research and development. Conclusion: The barriers to implementing the GDAP identified here highlight the emerging priorities and challenges in the development of rehabilitation medicine and GDAP implementation in a developing country. The GDAP summary actions were useful planning tools to improve access and strengthen rehabilitation services.

Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) continue to gain increased attention from the Nigerian government. However, since PPP adoption in the country not all have attained expected outcomes. The purpose of this chapter is to explore PPP implementation practices and implications on contractual expectations of partner organizations. A qualitative approach using data collected from 23 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders involved in a Road Partnership and in a Transport Partnership. Documentary evidence was also collected. The institutional nature of the PPP environment; bureaucratic practices in government institutions; disruptive actions of external actors and ineffective mitigation of project risks were main challenges faced in the implementation of the Road and Transport Partnerships. This study is based on the opinions and experiences of key stakeholders on PPP implementation practices in Nigeria, and this is most appropriate to elicit data richness. Partner organizations involved in infrastructure PPPs have the obligation to ensure that they are effectively implemented. If partnerships are poorly implemented, there is no reason to expect that the partnership objectives will be achieved, and this is likely to have a negative impact on the collaborative nature of partnership working in fulfilling the contractual obligations. This study is imperative to provide an understanding of challenges inherent in achieving partnership implementation goals in a developing economy. Findings will inform practices within the PPP policy area in the Nigerian context.