Suchergebnisse

Cet article constitue la version longue d'une communication libre donnée lors du XXe Congrès international d'études byzantines, qui s'est tenu à Paris en 2001. ; International audience ; The attempts at reunion of the Roman and Orthodox Churches, from the antecedents of the Council of Lyons (1274) to the Council of Florence (1439), have brought forth an abundant historical literature characterised for a long time by the confessional commitment of its authors in Western as well as Eastern Europe. Historical interpretations of the Union have been heavily influenced by the various politico-religious contexts in which they were produced, following closely the evolution of the relations between Rome and Orthodoxy down to the Ecumenism of the second half of the twentieth century. Recent studies aim at a more global consideration of the question, beyond its strictly religious significance: focus is more and more placed on the nature of the reception of the Union in Byzantium and on the conflicts that it has provoked within Greek society. ; Les tentatives de réunion des Églises romaine et orthodoxe, depuis les antécédents du concile de Lyon (1274) jusqu'au concile de Florence (1439), ont fourni une abondante littérature historique, longtemps marquée par l'engagement confessionnel de ses auteurs, en Occident comme en Europe orientale. Les interprétations historiques de l'Union ont été très influencées par les divers contextes politico-religieux dans lesquels elles étaient émises, suivant de très près l'évolution des relations entre Rome et l'orthodoxie, jusqu'à l'oecuménisme de la deuxième moitié du 20e siècle. Les recherches récentes visent à prendre en compte la question de manière plus globale, au-delà de sa signification strictement religieuse : l'accent est de plus en plus mis sur la réception de l'Union à Byzance et sur les conflits qu'elle a déclenchés à l'intérieur de la société grecque.

The author presents an article dedicated to the forty-fifth anniversary of Vladivostok State Medical University where he surveys its activities and prospects for the future. Moreover, the scientist cites data about the teaching, methodical, scientific and medical work of the University, then marks the positive tendencies towards specialists' and scientists' training, the international cooperation expansion. Furthermore, the priority directions for the system of open-ended higher education are formulated by the author, and the dynamics and trends of the renewal of the material and technical basis of the institution, the updating of publications and the quality of methodical equipment of the educational process are shown as well. The scientist places high emphasis on the social sphere and prophylactic direction of the university work and bounds up the prospects for the further development of Vladivostok State Medical University with more outright realization of the principle of the economy and management priority over the politics. ; The author presents an article dedicated to the forty-fifth anniversary of Vladivostok State Medical University where he surveys its activities and prospects for the future. Moreover, the scientist cites data about the teaching, methodical, scientific and medical work of the University, then marks the positive tendencies towards specialists' and scientists' training, the international cooperation expansion. Furthermore, the priority directions for the system of open-ended higher education are formulated by the author, and the dynamics and trends of the renewal of the material and technical basis of the institution, the updating of publications and the quality of methodical equipment of the educational process are shown as well. The scientist places high emphasis on the social sphere and prophylactic direction of the university work and bounds up the prospects for the further development of Vladivostok State Medical University with more outright realization of the principle of the economy and management priority over the politics.

The result of the Bologna Process, "The European Higher Education Area" including Research and Lifelong Learning is on the point of becoming concrete reality for the signatory countries of the European Cultural Convention. The autors retrace the major steps since the period just after the war, the growth taking place over the last few years and the increasing amount of apparently independent measures whose aggregation constitues a solid base guaranteed by diverse international organizations. They investigate the apparent adhesion that this process inspires and clearly show its almost total lack of legitimacy since its aims, at no moment, have ever been determined by democratic procedures. By indentifying the chief initiators they show that the process derives its force from the scope and strength of the network that supports it, a network that drives it by the emulation it inspires among its members. They underline its impact on the systems of education in other parts of the world. ; Aboutissement du processus de Bologne, "l'espace européen de l'enseignement supérieur, de la recherche et de l'apprentissage tout au long de la vie" est sur le point de devenir réalité pour les pays signataires de la Convention culturelle européenne. Les auteurs retracent ses grandes étapes depuis l'immédiat après-guerre, l'accélération des dernières années et l'empilement de mesures, apparemment indépendantes, dont l'agrégation constitue un socle solide garanti par diverses organisations internationales. Ils interrogent l'adhésion apparente que suscite ce processus et mettent en évidence sa faible légitimité puisqu'à aucun moment ses objectifs n'ont fait l'objet d'une délibération démocratique.En identifiant ses grands initiateurs, ils montrent qu'il tire sa force de de l'étendue et de la puissance du réseau qui le soutient et qui lui donne sa dynamique par l'émulation qu'il provoque entre ses membres. Ils soulignent son impact sur les systèmes éducatifs des autres régions du monde.

The security implications of the end of the Cold War took longer to be appreciated in East Asia than in Europe, but by the mid-1990s loomed large. The two distinctively Japanese dimensions to the debate are the future of the US-Japan Security Treaty (whose abrogation was urged by prominent American voices in the pages of Foreign Affairs in 1995), and the closely-related questions of Japan's own military posture, including its future contribution to the United Nations (on which it aspired to a permanent Security Council seat). The debate on revision of the constitution of 1946 entered a new phase as a result of the changed international circumstances of the 1990s. Whereas in the established Cold War debate on constitutional revision, 'conservatives' favoured a more central role to the emperor and overt state possession of military forces, and the Socialist and Communist parties clung to a strict 'defend the constitution' line (often interpreted to mean unarmed neutrality), after 1990 attention focused on the need for Japan to maximise its contribution to the construction of a New World Order, and on whether the existing constitutional arrangements were appropriate or needed revision to that end. Rethinking on both 'conservative' and 'socialist' sides was profound and for the first time a narrow majority in public opinion surveys came to favour revision. The document which follows was written by a group of prominent Japanese scholars of law, history and politics, who attempt to recast the traditional 'constitutional defence' position in such a way as to develop a positive, while distinctively 'pacifist' vision for Japan. Their formula calls for Japan to adopt a 'Basic Peace Law' to complement the constitution, and to play a greatly expanded international role, involving a gradual renegotiation of the US-Japan Security Treaty. It was published in 1993 and 1994 in the monthly journal Sekai, published by the Iwanami publishing group, and is here presented in English translation for the first time.

A partir d'une perspective néo-institutionnelle, des stratégies et des politiques internationales dérivées de l'approche New Public Management et son application dans les réformes administratives de deuxième génération réalisées en Amérique Latine pendant la dernière décennie sont analysées de façon critique. La gestion stratégique de l'entreprise colombienne Télécom est plus particulièrement étudiée afin d'évaluer la crise qui a provoqué sa liquidation. Les limitations de la nouvelle entreprise Colombiana de Telecomunicaciones S.A. E.S.P. Telecom sont également analysées, évaluant les implications du compor-tement dynamique du secteur des télécommunications. L' article propose enfin des stratégies clés et des consignes d'organisation pour la consolidation et la compétitivité de la nouvelle entreprise. ; Desde una perspectiva neoinstitucional, en este artículo se analizan críticamente estrategias y políticas internacionales derivadas del enfoque New Public Management y su aplicación en las reformas administrativas de segunda generación realizadas en América Latina durante la última década. En particular se estudia la gestión estratégica de la empresa colombiana Telecom para evaluar la crisis que la llevó a su liquidación. También se examinan las limitaciones de la nueva empresa Colombia de Telecomunicaciones S.A. ESP, Telecom, estimando las implicaciones del comportamiento dinámico del sector telecomunicaciones. Finalmente el artículo propone estrategias clave y pautas de organización para la consolidación y competitividad de la nueva empresa. ; International strategies and policies deriving from the New Public Management approach are critically analyzed from a neo-institutional stance. Their application in second-generation administrative reform in Latin-America during the last decade is also looked at. The Colombian company Telecom's strategic management is particularly studied so that the crisis which led to its liquidation can be evaluated. The new Colombiana de Telecomunicaciones S.A. E.S.P. Telecom company's limitations are also looked at, evaluating the implications of the telecommunication sector's dynamic behaviour. The article proposes key organisation strategies and guidelines for consolidating the new company and its competitivity.

Terrains effectués dans le cadre d'une CIFRE, puis d'une allocation de la Mission du patrimoine ethnologique. soutenance initialement prévue en 2002 (date inscrite sur la couverture) ; This thesis examines the symbolic dimensions belonging to the politics of cultural and patrimonial tourism. It is founded on multisited investigations (the city and the village of Touraine, as well the Congress of Tourism). The research is also based on the study of institutional and promotional literature at the local, national, European and international levels. Since cultural tourism is already marginal from a financial standpoint and even its own idiom is too restrictive, it can not embody the complex trends in tourism. Consequently, I do not consider cultural tourism to be a sector of tourism but rather an institutional concept and I question its semantic success. The doctrine of cultural tourism instituted by international institutions is presented as the good influx, opposed to mass tourism. For professionals in the fields of culture and tourism, cultural tourism conventions and exhibitions constitute a commonplace for producing and diffusing communication standards and exposure. In order to attract tourism, the communities create networks, rename their territory, adapt History, and manufacture identifying images. My thesis demonstrates that the politics of cultural tourism are driven by recognition using an alterity, effective by virtue of its abstractness. The alterity of tourism is artificial and normative as the identities represented. However, some people manage to poach the images produced to invent their community. This research also evokes the ambiguous relations between tourism and ethnography. Ultimately, I suggest enlightening this blind spot in order to redeem a political anthropology of tourism. ; Cette thèse examine les dimensions symboliques des politiques de tourisme culturel et patrimonial. Elle est fondée sur des enquêtes multisites (ville et village de Touraine, salons et congrès de tourisme) et sur ...

See also: "The modal share of public transport in cities around the world: an analysis of the UITP database on urban transport systems in 100 cities around the world/Iragaël Joly; Sophie Masson; Roman Petiot [Research Report]. — 2003'. The study presented in this article is based on the database set up by the International Union of Public Transport (UITP), The Millenium Cities Database. This database provides an overview of urban transport systems in 100 agglomerations. The data cover, among others, demography, urban structure, transport networks, mobility, environmental effects, etc. The analysis makes it possible, as a first step, to develop a number of agglomeration profiles, which leads to a marked divide between "European mobility" and "American mobility". Secondly, it explores possible relationships between the market share of public transport and, on the one hand, geographical and economic conditions, on the other hand, the characteristics and performance of transport systems. As a third step, an econometric approach makes it possible to test the statistical validity of previously identified relationships. ; The determining factors in the modal part of public transport in 100 towns around the world. - A survey introduced in this article draws upon the database assembled by the UITP (International Association of Public Transport), « The Millennium Cities Database ». This database provides an overview of urban transport systems in 100 urban areas. The data concerns among other things demographic factors, urban structure, transport networks, mobility and environmental effects, etc. The analysis of this information makes it possible to draw up several profiles of urban areas, highlighting a marked division between a « European-style mobility » and an « American-style mobility ». It subsequently explores the possible relationships between the market share of public transport systems and considers on the one hand the geographical and economic conditions, and on the other hand the characteristics and performance ...

Cet article constitue la version longue d'une communication libre donnée lors du XXe Congrès international d'études byzantines, qui s'est tenu à Paris en 2001. ; International audience ; The attempts at reunion of the Roman and Orthodox Churches, from the antecedents of the Council of Lyons (1274) to the Council of Florence (1439), have brought forth an abundant historical literature characterised for a long time by the confessional commitment of its authors in Western as well as Eastern Europe. Historical interpretations of the Union have been heavily influenced by the various politico-religious contexts in which they were produced, following closely the evolution of the relations between Rome and Orthodoxy down to the Ecumenism of the second half of the twentieth century. Recent studies aim at a more global consideration of the question, beyond its strictly religious significance: focus is more and more placed on the nature of the reception of the Union in Byzantium and on the conflicts that it has provoked within Greek society. ; Les tentatives de réunion des Églises romaine et orthodoxe, depuis les antécédents du concile de Lyon (1274) jusqu'au concile de Florence (1439), ont fourni une abondante littérature historique, longtemps marquée par l'engagement confessionnel de ses auteurs, en Occident comme en Europe orientale. Les interprétations historiques de l'Union ont été très influencées par les divers contextes politico-religieux dans lesquels elles étaient émises, suivant de très près l'évolution des relations entre Rome et l'orthodoxie, jusqu'à l'oecuménisme de la deuxième moitié du 20e siècle. Les recherches récentes visent à prendre en compte la question de manière plus globale, au-delà de sa signification strictement religieuse : l'accent est de plus en plus mis sur la réception de l'Union à Byzance et sur les conflits qu'elle a déclenchés à l'intérieur de la société grecque.

The author presents an article dedicated to the forty-fifth anniversary of Vladivostok State Medical University where he surveys its activities and prospects for the future. Moreover, the scientist cites data about the teaching, methodical, scientific and medical work of the University, then marks the positive tendencies towards specialists' and scientists' training, the international cooperation expansion. Furthermore, the priority directions for the system of open-ended higher education are formulated by the author, and the dynamics and trends of the renewal of the material and technical basis of the institution, the updating of publications and the quality of methodical equipment of the educational process are shown as well. The scientist places high emphasis on the social sphere and prophylactic direction of the university work and bounds up the prospects for the further development of Vladivostok State Medical University with more outright realization of the principle of the economy and management priority over the politics. ; The author presents an article dedicated to the forty-fifth anniversary of Vladivostok State Medical University where he surveys its activities and prospects for the future. Moreover, the scientist cites data about the teaching, methodical, scientific and medical work of the University, then marks the positive tendencies towards specialists' and scientists' training, the international cooperation expansion. Furthermore, the priority directions for the system of open-ended higher education are formulated by the author, and the dynamics and trends of the renewal of the material and technical basis of the institution, the updating of publications and the quality of methodical equipment of the educational process are shown as well. The scientist places high emphasis on the social sphere and prophylactic direction of the university work and bounds up the prospects for the further development of Vladivostok State Medical University with more outright realization of the principle of the economy and management priority over the politics.

Terrains effectués dans le cadre d'une CIFRE, puis d'une allocation de la Mission du patrimoine ethnologique. soutenance initialement prévue en 2002 (date inscrite sur la couverture) ; This thesis examines the symbolic dimensions belonging to the politics of cultural and patrimonial tourism. It is founded on multisited investigations (the city and the village of Touraine, as well the Congress of Tourism). The research is also based on the study of institutional and promotional literature at the local, national, European and international levels. Since cultural tourism is already marginal from a financial standpoint and even its own idiom is too restrictive, it can not embody the complex trends in tourism. Consequently, I do not consider cultural tourism to be a sector of tourism but rather an institutional concept and I question its semantic success. The doctrine of cultural tourism instituted by international institutions is presented as the good influx, opposed to mass tourism. For professionals in the fields of culture and tourism, cultural tourism conventions and exhibitions constitute a commonplace for producing and diffusing communication standards and exposure. In order to attract tourism, the communities create networks, rename their territory, adapt History, and manufacture identifying images. My thesis demonstrates that the politics of cultural tourism are driven by recognition using an alterity, effective by virtue of its abstractness. The alterity of tourism is artificial and normative as the identities represented. However, some people manage to poach the images produced to invent their community. This research also evokes the ambiguous relations between tourism and ethnography. Ultimately, I suggest enlightening this blind spot in order to redeem a political anthropology of tourism. ; Cette thèse examine les dimensions symboliques des politiques de tourisme culturel et patrimonial. Elle est fondée sur des enquêtes multisites (ville et village de Touraine, salons et congrès de tourisme) et sur ...

The word "desertification" was introduced in 1949 by the French scientist Aubreville in his report "Climats, forêts et désertification de l´Afrique tropicale". The concept, however, was discussed earlier by European and American scientists in terms of increased sand movements, desiccation, desert and Sahara encroachment and man made deserts. Desertification, at the beginning of last century, meant the spreading (expansion) of deserts or desert-like (non productive or very low productive) conditions from existing deserts into non-desert areas close to the desert margins. The symptoms of the phenomena were often related to sand movement and encroachment into oasis and desert margins. Aubreville also stated in 1949 that there are real deserts being born, under our very eyes, in the 700-1500 mm annual rainfall areas. One school favored the idea of a postglacial long term climate change (desiccation) as a major driving force causing desertification. Others stressed the importance of human impact. The human impact was expressed in terms of bad management of the natural resources including over cutting, overgrazing, over cultivation and misuse of water. Since then, different concepts of desertification have developed and been discussed over and over again by scientists, politicians and the international aid and development society. Important international events were UNCOD in Nairobi 1977, UNCED in Rio de Janeiro 1992 followed up by the UNCCD adopted in 1994 and entering into force in 1996. Mitigation approaches and control success or failure varies with concepts of causes and consequences. This is exemplified through a discussion of recent and relict desertification and mitigation cases in Europe, China and Africa. Conclusion: The causes, consequences and methods of control of desertification cannot be generalized but are site specific. Every site and case needs its own diagnosis, based on an integrated and systemic research approach, before the right cure can be identified and implemented.

The continued economic transformation in Hungary
has resulted in a considerable growth in
the traffic of goods with other
countries and therefore also a rise in transports. This has
stimulated the emergence of a cargo transport market, which features both Hungarian
companies that were subject to the process of
privatisation, or were
founded, over the last few
years, as well as companies in the transport sector from Western
Europe. They are all
operating in an uncertain market, as the general conditions have changed in different ways
over the last few years. This includes the transformation of the Central and Eastern European
states, deregulation and liberalisation of the We
stern European transport market within the
framework of the creation of
a EU domestic market and the
EU accession of Hungary in
20004.
The article focuses on how and why Western European forwarding agencies develop the new
markets of Eastern Europe under these changed competitive conditions, and what
consequences this has for the integration of the transport markets, i.e. if and how the still
nationally structured cargo transport markets can grow to form international markets.
It emphasises that, in addition
to the Hungarian transport market, a second cargo transport
market has emerged through the operation of multinational companies,
in which Hungarian
forwarding agencies are largely insignificant.
Due to their favourable cost structures,
Hungarians are only drawn on as subcontractors (freight carriers) for tran
sports, and they are
not called on for higher-quality services.
This market, which the international forwarding
agencies dominate, can however be described
as a European market. The sites of multinatio
nal production companies are integrated across
borders. It is the knowledge and skills of inte
rnationally operating forwarding agencies that
enables the integration of these sites to fo
rm a complex, fast-operating production system.

El autor focaliza el artículo en las relaciones entre los Estados Unidos y el Islam después de los atentados del 11 de setiembre, señalando la existencia de tres etapas diferentes en la crisis internacional a partir de los atentados de dicha fecha: la primera, "de la victimización a la búsqueda del consenso", seguida por la de "la de la ofensiva militar" y "la de la reconstrucción afgana bajo paraguas de los Estados Unidos". Por último, concluye que desaparecida la Unión Soviética, Estados Unidos ha necesitado redefinir la confrontación a su liderazgo en el escenario internacional. En su estrategia global, se ha planteado la posibilidad de que sean cuatro actores quiénes puedan desafiar el modelo de globalización actual: China, el Islam, los movimientos de resistencia global y el terrorismo global, personificado en Bin Laden. Sin duda el cuestionamiento del Islam a la hegemonía de los EE.UU. le da una nueva impronta a su estrategia hacia Medio Oriente. ; The author focalises the article on the relations between the United States and Islam after the attack of September 11th, pointing out three stages of the international crisis after this date: "the victimization and fight for consensus", "the military offensive" and "the reconstruction of Afghanistan under the American guidance". He gets to the conclusion that after the disappearance of the Soviet Union, the United States has been needing to redefine the confrontation of its leadership in the international scenery. The States in its global strategy, has thought in the possibility of four actors challenging the current global model "China, Islam and the resistance movements and global terrorism embodied in Bin Laden". And there is no doubt that the issues of Islam and the American hegemony give a new turn in the American strategy toward Middle East. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)

This analysis of the social and political orientations of the Swedish humanitarian field, comprising here both NGOs active in humanitarian projects and the governmental Swedish International Cooperation Development Agency (SIDA), reveals once more the dominance of the Swedish social democratic model. This research is based on a selection of 23 humanitarian organizations from a survey of some 200 voluntary welfare organizations. A first review of the historical foundations of the nonprofit sector shows distinctive orientations followed by Swedish humanitarian NGOs. Indeed, the social democratic approach adopted by humanitarian NGOs has been created in opposition to the charity approach advocated mostly in Anglo-Saxon countries. The social democratic approach seeks to provide value-neutral and universal aid, in the sense of offering a decommodifying (i.e. non-governmental or public) alternative to the beneficiary. Though, the state is vested with the ultimate responsibility in this field. The relationship between governmental and non-governmental actors and their organizational structure, shows a synergy, a conjunction of views regarding the goals and humanitarian aid and development. In sum, this study brings to the front the welfare state's dominance and the social democratic ideology as dominant culture transcending the Swedish nonprofit organizational life. ; Die vorliegende Analyse sozialer und politischer Einstellungen im humanitären Sektor Schwedens, die die humanitären Organisationen wie auch die Swedish International Cooperation Development Agency (SIDA) einbezieht, enthüllt einmal mehr die Dominanz des sozialdemokratischen Modells Schwedens. Ausgehend von einer Auswahl von 23 humanitären Organisationen - bei einer Gesamtheit von etwa 200 nichtstaatlichen Organisationen -, zeigt ein erster Überblick hinsichtlich der historischen Entwicklung des Nonprofit Sektors auffällige Einstellungen im Bereich der humanitären NGOs. Der sozialdemokratische Ansatz selbst, der von den schwedischen Hilfsorganisationen verwendet wird, ist entwickelt worden in Abgrenzung zu dem Wohltätigkeitsansatz, der von den meisten angelsächsischen Staaten befürwortet wird. Der sozialdemokratische Ansatz zielt auf wertneutrale und universelle Hilfe im Sinne einer dekommodifizierenden (nicht-staatlichen oder öffentlichen) Alternativen für den Empfänger. Dem Staat wird somit die ultimative Verantwortung in diesem Bereich zugeschrieben. Betrachtet man die Beziehung zwischen staatlichen Akteuren und humanitären NGOs bzw. ihren organisatorischen Strukturen, zeigt sich ein Synergieeffekt in dem Sinne, dass wir ein Zusammentreffen von gemeinsamen Zielorientierungen im Feld der humanitären Hilfe und Entwicklungspolitik beobachten können. Zusammenfassend belegt diese Untersuchung die Dominanz des schwedischen Wohlfahrtsstaates und der sozialdemokratischen Ideologie, die in die Kultur der humanitären Organisationen hineinragen und diese wesentlich beeinflussen.

This paper discusses ways in which a system of Purchasing Power Parities defined at the NUTS-2 regional disaggregation could be developed, and what the implications could be for EU policy, particularly the evaluation of Structural Funds and the conclusions made thus far about regional convergence and development. Currently regional GDP in current prices is deflated using national purchasing power indices, mostly only derived from surveys undertaken in the capital cities of the Member States. For some Member States, the national PPP are corrected for price differences within the country, using spatial correction factors for individual price surveys, given these factors are provided by the countries. Clearly, therefore, for the majority of the countries, these estimates of regional GDP do not take any account of significant differences in cost of living within countries. This paper draws on the preliminary results of a research project being undertaken for Eurostat to examine options for deriving a system of regional prices. Much research has already been published at the level of international prices, partly through the International Comparison Programme (ICP), but little work has been carried out on inter-regional differences. The paper reviews briefly the theoretical and empirical literature on national PPPs. It then discusses key conceptual issues, including the problem of the difference between expenditure-based measures (used for national PPPs) versus the output-based procedure used to estimate regional GDP. A review of what data currently exists to inform estimates, particularly the detailed tables of consumer price indices (CPI), is followed by proposals for how a system of regional PPPs might be developed. This paper concludes with an examination of the potential implications of the work, how it could affect regional policy in the future and conclusions already made about regional development. Some stylised examples are used to show how adopting regional versus national prices could affect the results.