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Bangladesh stands out as the shining new example in South Asia of a poor country achieving impressive gains in gender equality. Between 1971 and 2004, Bangladesh halved its fertility rates. In much of the country today, girls' secondary school attendance exceeds that of boys. The gender gap in infant mortality has been closed. The scholarly work that came out of the micro credit revolution is based on large and unique data sets and high quality ethnographic work and has set a high bar for evidence-based policy proposals. Beyond a doubt, Bangladesh has made great progress in achieving gender equality and enhancing the status of women. Its success in girls' education, reducing fertility and mortality and the famed microcredit revolution are some of the gains that set it apart from its neighbors and other countries of its income level. When young women and their families were asked what this meant for them and how their lives were different from their mothers', the unexpectedly common theme was "finding a voice" or "being able to speak" or "being listened to".

This book provides the first compilation of demographic research focused on transgender, nonbinary, and gender minority populations. It discusses the measurement and conceptualization challenges that shape demographic knowledge of these populations, including how we capture gender on surveys. It examines our current knowledge of demographic characteristics and health disparities and outcomes. Overall, this research demonstrates the increasing knowledge of gender variation at the population level. At the same time, it reveals the need for better survey questions, additional data, and inquiry into a broader subset of demographic questions for these populations as there is little understanding of fundamental demographic information, including migration or spatial distribution of transgender populations, fertility and household structure, labor market outcomes, or broader patterns of morbidity and mortality. The research set forth in this book lays the groundwork for a trans demography that would produce population-level knowledge of these populations and points researchers and policymakers toward needed areas of research, conceptualization, and data collection.

Greek women are severely affected by the on-going financial crisis. They deal with the effects of unemployment and they experience a marginalised position in the Greek labour market due to deep-rooted stereotypes which result in inequality of employment opportunities. Greece has ratified the CEDAW Convention 1979 which prohibits discrimination against women in occupation on the basis of gender. Greece has also transposed the EU Directives against the discrimination of women to ensure that several women's rights are protected. Although measures supplemented by national law, provide a framework for equality and protection of women's rights, Greek women, yet face barriers that hinder their participation in the workforce. Against those barriers, Greece should take positive measures to eliminate existing stereotypes and to empower women to participate in the economic life. Measures can be designed in the context of the Social Entrepreneurship Law 2011 with policies that promote female social entrepreneurship and women's employment in social enterprises. The participation of women in social entrepreneurship activities could generate employment opportunities that contribute to the elimination of existing barriers and effectively guarantee the realisation of the right to work for women in Greece.

In the most recent years of the migratory boom in Spain -with the arrival of more than five million migrants from the beginning of the twenty-first century-, Family Reunion has increased in volume despite the restrictive character of the corresponding legislation. Using the province of Barcelona as a sample, we will analyse the data from the Government SubDelegation in Barcelona for the period 2004-2008, when 109,863 Family Reunion sponsorship requests were registered. Results clearly show the differential gender-based migratory strategies as one of the most important issues to understand Family Reunion patterns among different nationalities. Restrictive policies are apparently alien to the migratory dynamics and the gender logic prevalent in Family Reunion processes. Rather than limiting the inflows, they have had an impact on the characteristics of the reunited population. ; En els darrers anys del boom migratori a Espanya -amb l'arribada de més de cinc milions d'immigrants des del començament del segle XXI-, el reagrupament familiar ha augmentat en volum, tot i el caràcter restrictiu de la legislació vigent. Per analitzar el tema s'utilitza, com exemple, les dades de la Subdelegació del Govern de Barcelona, per al període 2004- 2008 (es van enregistrar 109.863 sol·licituds de reagrupament familiar). Els resultats mostren clarament les diferents estratègies migratòries segons gènere, essent un dels aspectes més importants per entendre els patrons diferencials del reagrupament familiar, per nacionalitats. Les polítiques restrictives són aparentment alienes a les dinàmiques migratòries i a la lògica de gènere prevalent en aquests processos de reagrupament i s'observa que, en lloc de limitar les entrades, han tingut un impacte en les característiques de la població reagrupada. ; En los últimos años del boom migratorio en España -con la llegada de más de cinco millones de inmigrantes desde el inicio del siglo XXI-, la reagrupación familiar ha aumentado en volumen, a pesar del carácter restrictivo de la legislación vigente. Para analizar el tema se utiliza, como ejemplo, los datos de la Subdelegación del Gobierno de Barcelona, para el periodo 2004-2008 (se registraron 109.863 solicitudes de reagrupación familiar). Los resultados muestran claramente las diferentes estrategias migratorias según género, siendo uno de los aspectos más importantes para entender los patrones diferenciales de reagrupación familiar, por nacionalidades. Las políticas restrictivas son aparentemente ajenas a las dinámicas migratorias y a la lógica de género prevaleciente en estos procesos de reagrupación y se observa que, en lugar de limitar las entradas, han tenido un impacto en las características de la población reagrupada.

Women and Gender Perspectives in the Military compares the integration of women, gender perspectives, and the women, peace, and security agenda into the armed forces of eight countries plus NATO and United Nations peacekeeping operations. This book brings a much-needed crossnational analysis of how militaries have or have not improved gender balance, what has worked and what has not, and who have been the agents for change. The country cases examined are Sweden, the Netherlands, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, Australia, and South Africa. Despite increased opportunities for women in the militaries of many countries and wider recognition of the value of including gender perspectives to enhance operational effectiveness, progress has encountered roadblocks even nearly twenty years after United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 kicked off the women, peace, and security agenda. Robert Egnell, Mayesha Alam, and the contributors to this volume conclude that there is no single model for change that can be applied to every country, but the comparative findings reveal many policy-relevant lessons while advancing scholarship about women and gendered perspectives in the military.

AbstractA large body of literature in political science documents differences between elected men and women in their substantive policy preferences, representation styles, and effectiveness as legislators. We know far less about whether female and male representatives respond differently to being held politically accountable for their decisions. Although it is a difficult concept to evaluate empirically with incumbents, this absence of research is nevertheless surprising considering the central role of accountability in legislative behavior and the nonelite evidence that women and men respond differently to attributions of accountability. I provide evidence for the existence of such an accountability gender gap in an experiment with 377 incumbent legislators in three countries, in which they were asked to choose between economic policy plans alternately presented as the status quo, with varying levels of implied task accountability. Elected women and men reacted significantly differently when the political accountability levels of the task increased: female politicians exhibited a stronger preference for policies presented as the status quo, whereas male politicians were more likely to abandon the status quo and favor change. This pattern is unique to politicians and is not observed in nonelites. I discuss processes that motivate this divergence and the implications for research on gender and political representation.

Die Autorin hinterfragt, was neu ist an den Strategien der Gleichstellungspolitik in Deutschland und zeigt, dass der hohe Anspruch wohl nicht in jedem Fall erfüllt wird. Sie betrachtet im Weiteren Managing Diversity und Gender Mainstreaming nicht nur als Instrumente der Gleichstellungspolitik, sondern auch als Bestandteile der Professionalisierungsstrategie einer neuen Gruppe von Expertinnen, den Gender-Expertinnen. Diese sind, so die Autorin, bestrebt, u. a. auch durch rhetorische Modernisierung, die Öffentlichkeit in Ökonomie, Verwaltung und Politik davon zu überzeugen, dass ihr Spezialwissen dringend benötigt wird. (HoF/Bo)

Sex change that is carried out through a medical process or commonly called sex change surgery, invites pros and cons in the community. The purpose of this study is to formulate regulations regarding the formulation of legal provisions regarding sex change that can reflect justice, benefit, and legal certainty as well as support the welfare of Transgender and Ambiguous Genitalia sufferers. This research is a normative legal research with philosophical, legislative, conceptual,case and comparative approaches. The analysis technique uses descriptive, comparative, evaluative and argumentative techniques. The results of the study indicate that the formulation of legal provisions regarding gender change is the use of the phrase the right to live in physical and spiritual prosperity in the formulation of legal norms as a large group that can reach various things, and the prohibition against plastic surgery to change identity, except for patients who have received court decision.