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Existing understandings of democratization are reassessed. International & regional determinants that have affected democratization in Latin America & in Eastern & Southern Europe since the early 1980s are studied. After delineating democratization as a long-term & open-ended process, five overlapping components of democratization in the post-Cold War era are then highlighted: the transitional objective of augmenting political inclusion; the formation of democratic institutions; the creation of social foundations required to support democratization; reaching international agreement about the normative basis for democratic political systems; & the peoples realization of political sovereignty. Even though the involvement of international organizations is a necessary component of democracy promotion, it is demonstrated that international agreements alone (eg, the creation of United Nations transitional administrations) are generally insufficient to produce democratic systems in transitional states. Several theoretical propositions that informed Cold War era thinking about democratization in post-conflict or post-colonial nations are reconsidered, eg, whether democratic governments should be perceived as augmenting peoples liberty or guaranteeing their security. J. W. Parker

Contiene: The fight against tuberculosis in the Army / A. Colard, P. Spehl.-- Págs. 1004-1007.-- The antituberculosis campaign in the army

Contiene: Ferric alum for the purification of water / A. de Vasconcellos Cruz.-- Págs. 1055-1057.-- The purification of water in the field

We live today in the first global system of sovereign states in history, encompassing all of the world's polities, peoples, religions and civilizations. Christian Reus-Smit presents a new account of how this system came to be, one in which struggles for individual rights play a central role. The international system expanded from its original European core in five great waves, each involving the fragmentation of one or more empires into a host of successor sovereign states. In the most important, associated with the Westphalian settlement, the independence of Latin America, and post-1945 decolonization, the mobilization of new ideas about individual rights challenged imperial legitimacy, and when empires failed to recognize these new rights, subject peoples sought sovereign independence. Combining theoretical innovation with detailed historical case studies, this book advances a new understanding of human rights and world politics, with individual rights deeply implicated in the making of the global sovereign order

"This paper examines the impact of government-sponsored venture capitalists (GVCs) on the success of enterprises. Using international enterprise-level data, we identify a surprising non-monotonicity in the effect of GVC on the likelihood of exit via initial public offerings (IPOs) or third party acquisitions. Enterprises that receive funding from both private venture capitalists (PVCs) and GVCs outperform benchmark enterprises financed purely by private venture capitalists if only a moderate fraction of funding comes from GVCs. However, enterprises underperform if a large fraction of funding comes from GVCs. Instrumental variable regressions suggest that endogeneity in the form of unobservable selection effects cannot account for these effects of GVC financing. The underperformance result appears to be largely driven by investments made in times when private venture capital is abundant. The outperformance result applies only to venture capital firms that are supported but not owned outright by governments"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

This article presents a review of recent studies that estimate the trade effects of foreign aid. It also provides new results obtained using panel data techniques to estimate the direct effects of aid on international trade accounting for countries' participation in free trade agreements, and the indirect effects that aid exerts on income through trade. A structural gravity model of trade augmented with aid and free trade agreement variables is estimated for a cross-section of 33 donor countries and 125 recipient countries over the period 1995 to 2016. In a second step, the indirect effect of aid on income is estimated using a control function approach and instrumental variable techniques. The main results indicate that development aid has a robust direct effect on donor exports (the effect on recipient exports, however, is not robust). It also has an indirect positive effect on income levels in the recipient countries. The effects are heterogeneous and vary by region.

This paper begins with a look into the emergence of global public goods in a globalizing world and argues for the potential of Municipal International Cooperation (MIC) as an effective vehicle for rectifying the under-provision of global public goods. It continues with a review of the evolution, tools and issues of MIC. Next is an investigation of the conceptual evolution of 'sustainable development' as a powerful catchword in current MIC programs and some exemplary cases of MIC in pursuit of sustainable development. Finally, the paper ends with a discussion about the need for an MIC approach to East Asian Sustainable Governance in the years ahead. Our motto, therefore, perhaps should be "Cities of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your slums, your poverty and your military expendability." On this note of modest long-run optimism, I had better conclude for fear that the pessimism of short-run catches up with us first.