Suchergebnisse

Die personelle Einkommensverteilung beantwortet die Frage, wie das Einkommen einer Volkswirtschaft auf einzelne Personen oder Gruppen (z.B. Privathaushalte) verteilt ist. Bei der Interpretation der verfügbaren Daten ist die unterschiedliche Verwendung des Begriffs 'Einkommen' zu beachten, weil in den verschiedenen Untersuchungen zwischen Bruttoeinkommen, Einkünften, zu versteuerndem Einkommen und Nettoeinkommen oder verfügbarem Einkommen unterschieden werden muss. Die Einkommensverteilung beschreibt die Verteilung des laufenden Ergebnisses des Wirtschaftsprozesses nach Einkommensarten und Kategorien von Wirtschaftseinheiten. Die beiden Grundformen sind die Funktionelle und die personelle Einkommensverteilung. Die funktionelle Verteilung erfasst – in makroökonomischer Betrachtungsweise – die Einkommensanteile der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Faktorgruppen (Arbeit, Kapital) und setzt z.B. den Faktor Arbeit ins Verhältnis zum volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamteinkommen (Lohnquote). Die personelle Verteilung (Querverteilung) setzt die Höhe der Einkünfte der einzelnen Wirtschaftseinheiten in Beziehung zu der Anzahl der Personen, denen dieses Einkommen (möglicherweise auch aus mehreren Einkommensquellen) zugeflossen ist. Dabei werden die die Wirtschaftseinheiten nach der Höhe ihres Einkommens geordnet und zu Einkommensklassen zusammengefasst. In die verfügbaren Einkommen der privaten Haushalte fließen gewöhnlich mehrere Einkommensarten aus verschiedenen Quellen - Einkommen aus unselbständiger Arbeit, aus selbständiger Tätigkeit, aus Vermögen sowie aus laufenden Übertragungen (z.B. Rente, Pension, Arbeitslosengeld, Sozialhilfe, Kinder- und Erziehungsgeld) nach Abzug von Steuern, Sozialbeiträgen sowie Zinsen auf Konsumentenkredite – ein. Darüber hinaus ist zu beachten, dass neben dem Haupteinkommensbezieher häufig auch weitere Haushaltsmitglieder Einkommen beziehen.
Mit Einnahmen von Wirtschaftseinheiten (Personen, private Haushalte) beschäftigen sich viele Statistiken (u.a. Verdienststatistiken, die Steuerstatistiken, die Mikrozensuserhebungen, die Wirtschaftsrechnungen privater Haushalte). Diese Statistiken betrachten das Thema 'Einnahmen' unter verschiedenen Blickwinkeln und bedienen sich darüber hinaus einer abweichenden Terminologie. Eine unmittelbare Vergleichbarkeit ist damit nicht gegeben. Das Statistische Bundesamt ermittelt in zahlreichen Untersuchungen, die in regelmäßigen Abständen wiederholt werden, das Einkommen der Bevölkerung. Namentlich sind dies die alle fünf Jahre gezogene Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe (EVS) und die Laufenden Wirtschaftrechnungen (LWR), die in den übrigen Jahren erstellt werden. Hinzu kommt die vierjährliche Verdienststrukturerhebung (bis 2006 in unregelmäßigen Abständen als Gehalts- und Lohnstrukturerhebung, kurz GLS). Monatliche Einkommen über 18.000 € bleiben dabei unberücksichtigt. Die in Zusammenarbeit mit den Ländern alle drei Jahre erstellte Lohn- und Einkommensteuerstatistik als Vollerhebung erfasst auch Einkommen über 18.000 Euro.
Die IAB-Beschäftigtenstichprobe (IABS) der Bundesagentur für Arbeit besteht seit 1975 und veröffentlicht auch Mikrodatensätze, die regionale Daten beinhalten. Die Datensätze enthalten Studien auf Basis von Tagesverdiensten von Vollzeitbeschäftigten. Selbstständige, Beamte, Teilzeit- und Niedriglohnbeschäftigte werden bei der IABS nicht erfasst. Das Sozio-oekonomische Panel (SOEP) ist eine Panel-Befragung, die seit 1984 vom Deutschen Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung durchgeführt wird. Es publiziert Stundenlöhne von Arbeitnehmern aller Gruppen und ergänzt diese mit zahlreichen sozioökonomischen Detailinformationen.
In den vorliegenden Übersichten zur Einkommensverteilung sind die Ergebnisse der Lohn- und der Einkommensteuerstatistik sowie des Mikrozensus berücksichtigt.


Verzeichnis der Tabellen:

A. Ergebnis der Lohnsteuerstatistik
A.01 Schichtung der Bruttojahreslöhne und -gehälter, Lohnsteuerstatistik (1950-2006)

B. Ergebnis der Einkommensteuerstatistik
B.01 Schichtung der Jahreseinkünfte, Einkommensteuerstatistik (1950-2006)

C. Ergebnis des Mikrozensus
C.01 Schichtung der Nettomonatseinkommen , Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus (1962-2001)
C.02a Erwerbstätige insgesamt nach Nettoeinkommensgruppen im Früheren Bundesgebiet (1962 - 1989)
C.02b Erwerbstätige insgesamt nach Nettoeinkommensgruppen, Früheres Bundesgebiet, Deutschland, Neue Länder und Berlin- Ost (1982-2001)
C. 02c Erwerbstätige insgesamt nach monatlichem Nettoeinkommen, Deutschland (2002-2014)
C.03a Erwerbstätige Männer nach monatlichem Nettoeinkommen im Früheren Bundesgebiet (1962-1989)
C.03b Erwerbstätige Männer nach monatlichem Nettoeinkommen, Früheres Bundesgebiet, Deutschland, Neue Länder und Berlin- Ost (1982-2001)
C.03c Erwerbstätige Männer nach monatlichem Nettoeinkommen, Deutschland (2002-2014)
C.04a Erwerbstätige Frauen nach monatlichem Nettoeinkommen im Früheren Bundesgebiet (1962-1989)
C.04b Erwerbstätige Frauen nach monatlichem Nettoeinkommen im Früheren Bundesgebiet, Deutschland, in den Neuen Ländern und Berlin- Ost (1982-2001)
C.04c Erwerbstätige Frauen nach monatlichem Nettoeinkommen, Deutschland (2002-2014)

In recent years, in many countries around the world the role of society in political decision making quickly strengthened, and the population is increasingly affects the position of the state leaders. For countries pretending to have the support of its policies in other regions, public diplomacy is an essential tool. Today, public diplomacy is regularly used in various conflicts, one of which is the civil war in Syria. Media, Internet, social networks and other tools are used daily to cover the events and create the necessary views of the population in different countries. At the beginning of the article the reasons for the outbreak of the war are discussed from the standpoints of the main actors - the current Syrian government and its opposition, as well as their allies and enemies. The causes of the conflict are essential for further evaluation of the evs, so diametrically opposite points of view of the main actors of the events are analyzed in the material. Then we consider the coverage of the war, because period of direct military action is important to assess the behavior of its members. Among the most important and controversial topics covered by the international media in the conflict, are the use of prohibited weapons, killing of civilians, a violation of international agreements. Determination of the prospects of civil war in Syria is also critical when planning further action by all these events. To get the necessary public support, the parties are trying to have different interpretation of further scenarios. Much depends on this: whether the country's population supports the direction of further assistance or troops, how residents of other countries would react to a further continuation of the conflict, or how the representatives of international organizations would answer the question about the legitimacy of any move. The formation of public opinion in different countries aimed at obtaining approval of its policy on the part of the population and the necessary support for further action. Each of the parties to the conflict, using its own and is making significant opportunities attempts to provide the necessary coverage of the events in this war. Analyzing numerous publications, photos and videos, largely specially rigged to achieve the desired result, it is difficult to say about the objective picture of what is happening, but it is an indisputable fact of enormous human sacrifices, millions of people who have fled their country and the destroyed country in the heart of the Middle East.

Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist die Veränderung der Struktur der personellen Einkom-mensverteilung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Grundlage der Analyse sind die vom Statistischen Bundesamt erhobenen Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichproben (EVS) der Jahre 1962/63, 1969, 1973, 1978 sowie 1983. Um zwischen Alters-, Perioden- und Ko-horteneffekten differenzieren zu können, wurden die Daten der einzelnen Querschnittser-hebungen verkettet und mit Hilfe der so gebildeten Zeitreihen, sogenannten "Repeated Cross-Section"-Daten (RCS-Daten), die Entwicklung und Strukturveränderungen der Ein-kommen geburtskohortenspezifisch untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß die Struktur der Einkommen während der jeweiligen Zeit der Erwerbstätigkeit, d. h. bis zum 60. Lebensjahr, relativ beständig bleibt. Erst der Übergang in die Nacherwerbsphase führt zu einem Bedeutungswandel: die "Einkommen aus öffentlichen Transferzahlungen" werden zu einer relevanten Einkunftsart. Verursacht wird dies vor allem durch Leistungen aus staatlichen Alterssicherungssystemen. Eine analoge Zunahme der Bedeutung von "Einkünften aus Vermögen" im Alter, wie sie z. T. in der ökonomischen Theorie sowie von Sozialpolitikern unterstellt wird, kann nicht bestätigt werden. Zusätzlich zu den, getrennt für die Ein- und Zweipersonenhaushalte durchgeführten Analysen wurde ein Vergleich der Wohlstandspositionen zwischen diesen beiden Haushaltsgrößen mittels Äquivalenzeinkommenswerten vorgenommen. Als grundlegendes Resultat ergibt sich, daß die Zweipersonenhaushalte im Hinblick auf die "ausgabefähigen Einkommen und Einnahmen" grundsätzlich eine höhere Position als die Einpersonenhaushalte innehaben. Darüber hinaus wurden ansatzweise die mit einer Haushaltsänderung einhergehenden Einkommensveränderungen untersucht. Hierbei zeigt sich, daß der Übergang von einem "Zweipersonen-Durchschnittshaushalt" mit einer männlichen Bezugsperson zu einem "Einpersonen-Durchschnittshaushalt" mit einer verwitweten Frau als Bezugsperson zu einer erheblichen Verringerung der Wohlstandsposition der verwitweten Frau führt. ; The subject of the analysis is the changing structure of the personal income distribution in the Federal Republic of Germany. In this context the authors use as database the Income and Consumption Surveys (ICS) of the German Federal Statistics Office 1962/63, 1969, 1973, 1978 and 1983. To distinguish between age, period and cohort effects the repeated cross-section data was concatenated for cohorts each covering five years of birth (1914 to 1918, 1919 to 1923 and 1924 to 1928). The analysis shows, that the structure of household income is relatively stable over time in the context of occupational activity up to the 60th year of households head life. After that, the official transfers turn to be of growing importance for the households. This is mainly caused by the statutory old-age pensions. An analogous growing of income from assets, which is partly assumed in the micro-economic theory and by some social politicians, cannot be identified. Additionally we compare the welfare position of one-person households with the position of two-person households. To do this, so-called equivalence incomes are estimated. It can be shown that the welfare position of the larger households with regard to the "available incomes and receipts" is higher. Further the change of incomes, which is caused by a change of the household structure, is analysed. In a modelled proceeding it can be shown, that the welfare position of widows decreases considerably, after the death of the male head of a two person household.

Die Anzahl allgemeiner Bevölkerungsumfragen in Österreich hat seit den 1980er-Jahren kontinuierlich zugenommen und eine Dauerbeobachtung der Werte, Einstellungen und sozialen Struktur der österreichischen Wohnbevölkerung ermöglicht. Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie sich diese Umfragen in den letzten vierzig Jahren verändert haben, welche methodischen Anpassungen während der Covid-19-Krise notwendig waren und wie sie von den Forschenden wichtiger österreichischer Umfrageprogramme, u. a. dem European Social Survey, dem Sozialen Survey Österreich und der European Values Study, umgesetzt wurden. Es zeigt sich, dass in den letzten Jahren eine teilweise Abkehr von etablierten Standards wie der Zufallsstichprobe und dem persönlichen Interview stattgefunden hat, aber kein einheitliches Vorgehen erkennbar ist. Ein neuer Standard für allgemeine Bevölkerungsumfragen ist aktuell nicht zu identifizieren.

Implementing innovations in surveys often results in uncertainty concerning how different design decisions will affect key performance indicators such as response rates, nonresponse bias, or survey costs. Thus, responsive survey designs have been developed to better cope with such situations. In the present study, we propose a responsive survey design that relies on experimentation in the earlier phases of the survey to decide between different design choices of which - prior to data collection - their impact on performance indicators is uncertain. We applied this design to the European Values Study 2017/2018 in Germany that advanced its general social survey-type design away from the traditional face-to-face mode to self-administered modes. These design changes resulted in uncertainty as to how different incentive strategies and mode choice sequences would affect response rates, nonresponse bias, and survey costs. We illustrate the application and operation of the proposed responsive survey design, as well as an efficiency issue that accompanies it. We also compare the performance of the responsive survey design to a traditional survey design that would have kept all design characteristics static during the field period.

It has been hypothesized that the capacity of universal basic income (UBI) to attract wider public support is impaired by the strength of productivist cultural norms and values, common to the majority of develope societies. The paper contributes to literature on attitudes towards UBI by empirically investigating this hypothesis from a multi-level cross-national perspective, using the European Social Survey (ESS) Round 8 data on UBI support for 23 countries. It seeks to determine whether and to what extent the strength of cultural productivism can explain cross-national variation in public support for the implementation of UBI. Two main findings are reported. First, the results demonstrate that the public are less susceptible to supporting UBI in countries where average employment commitment is higher. Second, the results show that, even though employment commitment is a strong predictor of cross-national variation in the public support for UBI, the effect is surpassed and explained by GDP, which itself is negatively related to the outcome. The study argues that the capacity of UBI to appeal to the general public is limited by the prosperity of post-industrial societies, rather than by the cultural attachment of their populations to paid work.

The study focuses on understanding the association between parental socio-economic status (SES) and the likelihood of women experiencing a first birth while single, and identifying societal factors that influence this association in 18 North American and European societies. Previous research has shown that single motherhood occurs disproportionately among those from with lower a lower parental SES. The study assesses whether this is caused by parental SES differences in the risk of single women experiencing a first conception leading to a live birth or by parental SES differences in how likely women are to enter a union during pregnancy. Additionally, an assessment is made of whether cross-national differences in these associations can be explained by a country's access to family planning, norms regarding family formation, and economic inequality. Across countries, a negative gradient of parental SES was found on the likelihood of single women to experience a first pregnancy. The negative gradient was stronger in countries with better access to family planning. In some countries, the negative gradient of parental SES was aggravated during pregnancy because women from lower parental SES were less likely to enter a union. This was mostly found in societies with less conservative norms regarding marriage. The results suggest that certain developments in Western societies may increase socio-economic differentials in family demography.

Buildings in the United States are responsible for more than 40% of the primary energy and 70% of electricity usage and greatly in CO2 emission by about 39%, more than any other sector including transportation and industry sectors. This energy consumption is expected to grow mainly due to increasing trends in new buildings construction. Rising energy prices alongside with energy independencies, limited resources, and climate change have made the current situation even worse. An Energy Efficient (EE) building is able to reduce the heating and cooling load significantly compared with a code compliant building. Furthermore, integrating renewable energy sources in the building energy portfolio could drive the building's grid reliance further down. Such buildings that are able to passively save and actively produce energy are called Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB). Despite all new energy efficient technologies, reaching NZEB is challenging due to high first cost of super-efficient measures and renewable energy sources as well as integration of the newly on-site generated electricity to the grid. Achieving NZEB without looking at its surrounding environment may result in sub-optimal solutions. Currently, 95% of American households own a car, and with the help of newly introduced Vehicle to Home (V2H) technologies, building, vehicle, renewable energy sources, and ecological environment can work together as a techno-ecological system to fulfill the requirement of an NZEB ecosystem.Due to the great flexibility of electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in interacting with the power grid, they will play a significant role in the future of the power system. In a large scale, an organized fleet of EVs can be considered as reliable and flexible power storage for a set of building blocks or in a smaller scale, individual EV owners can use their own vehicles as a source of power alongside with other sources of power. To this end, V2H technologies can utilize idle EV battery power as an electricity storage tool to mitigate fluctuations in renewable electric power supply, to provide electricity for the building during the peak time, and to help in supplying electricity during emergency situation and power outage. V2H is said to be the solution to a successful integration of renewables and at the same time maintaining the integrity of the grid. This happens through depleting the stored power in the battery of EV and then charging the battery when the demand is low, using the electricity provided by grid or renewables. Government incentives can play an important role in employing this technology by buying out the high first time cost request. According to Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. residential utility customers consume 29.95 kWh electricity on average per household-day. With the current technology, EV batteries could store up to 30 kWh electricity. As a result, even for a code compliant house, a family could use EV battery as a source of energy for one normal day operation. For an energy efficient home, there could even be a surplus of energy that could be transferred to the grid. In summary, Achieving NZEB is facing various obstacles and removing these barriers require a more holistic view on a greater system and environment, where a building interacts with on-site renewable energy sources, EV, and its surrounded ecological environment.This dissertation aims to utilize the application of Vehicle to Home technology to reach NZEB by developing two new models in two phases; the macro based excel model (NZEB-VBA) and agent based model (NZEB-ABM). Using these two models, homeowners can calculate the savings through implementing abovementioned technologies which can be considered as a motivation to move toward greener buildings. In the first step, an optimization analysis is performed first to select the best design alternatives for an energy-efficient building under the relevant economic and environmental constraints. Next, solar photovoltaic sources are used to supply the building's remaining energy demand and thereby minimize the building's grid reliance. Finally, Vehicle to Home technology is coupled with the renewable energy source as a substitute for power from the grid. The whole algorithm for this process will be running in the visual basic environment.In the second phase of the study, the focus is more on the dynamic interaction of different components of the system with each other. Although the general procedure is the same, the modeling will take place in a different environment. Showing the status of different parts of the system at any specific time, changing the values of different parameters of the system and observing the results, and investigating the impact of each parameter's on overall behavior of the system are among the advantages of the agent based model. Having real time data can greatly enhance the capabilities of this system. The results indicate that, with the help of energy-efficient design features and a properly developed algorithm to draw electricity from EV and solar energy, it is possible to reduce the required electricity from the power grid by 59% when compared to a standard energy-efficient building and by as much as 90% when compared to a typical code-compliant building. This thereby reduces the electricity cost by 1.55 times the cost of the conventional method of drawing grid electricity. This savings can compensate the installation costs of solar panels and other technologies necessary for a Net Zero Energy Building. In the last phase of the study, a regional analysis will be performed to investigate the effect of different weather conditions, traffic situation and driving behavior on the behavior of this system. ; 2016-12-01 ; Ph.D. ; Engineering and Computer Science, Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering ; Doctoral ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

The COVID-19 pandemic is posing a threat to people all across the globe. According to traditional literature, threat perceptions induce anti-immigrant sentiments, as ingroup identity and self-interest are strengthened at the expense of the outgroup. In this study, we investigate whether the COVID-19 pandemic indeed increases anti-immigrant sentiments, or that this type of threat elicits other or no group related responses. We also look at whether such responses are expressed more strongly among specific subgroups in Dutch society. To do so, we use unique longitudinal panel data based on the European Values Study 2017, with a repeated measure in May 2020, during the national 'intelligent lockdown' in the Netherlands. Based on structural equation modeling, we demonstrate that anti-immigrant sentiments have not increased due to (perceived threat of) the COVID-19 pandemic. In fact, negative opinions towards immigrants decreased between 2017 and 2020 in the Netherlands, for which we provide alternative explanations. Although some subgroups do experience more threat than others due to the coronavirus, such as women, first generation immigrants, and the elderly, this does not lead to more negative feelings towards outgroups. Whether this is due to the fact that individuals feel threatened by everyone, regardless of group membership, should be explored in future research.

The main purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between religiosity and gender traditionalism in a secular and Muslim country, Turkey. Based on previous research and perspectives several hypotheses were developed to test. A joint data, which is collected by European Value Survey and World Value Survey from Turkey in 2018, was used for analysis. A series of models of linear logistic regression was created to test the effect of each predictor variable on traditional gender beliefs. The results indicated that subjective religiosity and given importance to religion were strongly, significantly, and positively associated with gender traditionalism while prayer practice showed a slight and positive effect on gender traditionalism. Implications of the study were discussed and concluded, limitations were identified for future work.

Oxford COVID-19 Database (OxCOVID19 Database) is a comprehensive source of information related to the COVID-19 pandemic. This relational database contains time-series data on epidemiology, government responses, mobility, weather and more across time and space for all countries at the national level, and for more than 50 countries at the regional level. It is curated from a variety of (wherever available) official sources. Its purpose is to facilitate the analysis of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus and to assess the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the impact of the pandemic. Our database is a freely available, daily updated tool that provides unified and granular information across geographical regions.

This article empirically explores the interplay between the secular, post-Lutheran majority culture and Muslim immigrants in Sweden. It presents the ambiguous role of religion in the country's mainstream discourse, the othering of religion that is characteristic to this, and the expectations of Muslims to be strongly religious that follows as its consequence. Four results of a web-panel survey with Swedes of Muslim and Christian family background are then presented: (1) Both groups largely distance themselves from their own religious heritage - the Muslims do this in a more definite way; (2) the Muslim respondents have more secular values and identities than the Christians; (3) contrary expectations, Christian respondents show more affinity to their religious heritage than the Muslims do to theirs; and (4) the fusion between the groups is prominent. The article concludes that equating religious family heritage with religious identity is precipitous in the case of Swedish Muslims.

Abstract
Why did Poland not join the Eurozone despite being integrated economically and dependent on investments and trade with existing Eurozone countries? The reluctance of its government seems puzzling taking into consideration Polish economic exposure to Eurozone countries as well as its commitment to switch to the euro stemming from EU treaties. The Polish governmental position on Eurozone accession demonstrates that monetary integration is not only an economic and legal issue, but it also results from political decisions of individual governments. This paper argues that a complementary understanding of the position of the Polish government on Eurozone accession is possible by looking at domestic ideas and interests. For this aim, the societal approach to governmental preference formation is employed. It focuses on the influence of domestic ideas (value-based collective expectations of voters) and interests (cost-benefit calculations of lobby groups) on governmental positions. In applying the societal approach, this paper has two goals: first, to show that the Polish governments' reluctance to join the Eurozone stems from domestic societal pressures (value-based ideas and material interests) and, second, to specify the conditions for either ideas' or interests' individual bearing on the government's preference.

The present study aims to identify the factors approaching and distancing users from the purchase of electric vehicles. The main objective is, therefore, to determine which characteristics - of the vehicle, the service and / or the external context - lead consumers to make the decision to buy or not buy this type of automobile. A qualitative analysis of 5 interviewed professional from the EV sector was conducted, followed by the analysis of 250 questionnaire target market's responses. The results predict that the Environmental Performance (EP), the Governmental Tax incentives and TCO (TAX_TCO) as well as the Maintenance cost reduction (MCR) EV's attributes are the greatest consumption Approaching factors. On the other hand, the Charging facilities availability (CFA), the Time cost of charging and the Driving experience (DE) are suggested as the attributes most distancing consumers from a purchase. Furthermore, other conclusions were drawn particularly concerning the significance of test-driving experiences and EVs. Moreover, findings also suggest that non-EV owners perceive greater autonomy for PHEVS than users who currently own an EV. Finally, key takeaways were drawn, aiming towards a greater EV's sales success rate, EV customer's satisfaction and an overall increase in demand and market share. ; O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar os fatores que aproximam e distanciam os consumidores da compra de veículos elétricos. O objetivo principal é, portanto, determinar quais as características - do veículo, do serviço e / ou do contexto externo - que levam o consumidor a tomar a decisão de comprar ou não este tipo de automóvel. Uma análise qualitativa a 5 profissionais do setor entrevistados foi primeiramente conduzida, seguida de uma análise quantitativa de 250 respostas a um questionário desenhado e proposto ao público em geral. Os resultados preveem que o Desempenho Ambiental, os incentivos fiscais governamentais e o custo total da posse, bem como a redução de custo de manutenção, são os atributos dos veículos elétricos que mais aproximam os consumidores da decisão final de compra. Por outro lado, a Disponibilidade de Instalações de Carregamento, o Custo do Tempo de Carregamento e a Experiência de Condução são apontados como os atributos que mais distanciam o consumidor de uma compra. Para além destas, outras conclusões foram tiradas, particularmente em relação à importância das experiências de test-drive. Mais ainda, os resultados obtidos também sugerem que os indivíduos que não são proprietários de veículos elétricos pontuam estes com maior autonomia do que os usuários que realmente possuem um. Foram assim traçadas conclusões ao nível empresarial, visando uma maior taxa de sucesso de vendas de Veículos elétricos, de satisfação de clientes de VE e um aumento geral na procura dos mesmos.

The growing importance of the Internet of Energy (IoE) brands the high-renewables electricity system a realistic scenario for the future electricity system market design. In general, the whole gist behind the IoE is developed upon a somewhat broader idea encompassing the so-called &ldquo ; Internet of Things&rdquo ; (IoT), which envisioned a plethora of household appliances, utensils, clothing, smart trackers, smart meters, and vehicles furnished with tiny devices. These devices would record all possible data from all those objects in real time and allow for a two-way exchange of information that makes it possible to optimize their use. IoT employs the Internet Protocol (IP) and the worldwide web (WWW) network for transferring information and data through various types of networks and gateways as well as sensor technologies. This paper presents an outline stemming from the implications of the high-renewables electric system that would employ the Internet of Energy (IoE). In doing so, it focuses on the implications that IoE brings into the high-renewables electricity market inhabited by smart homes, smart meters, electric vehicles, solar panels, and wind turbines, such as the peer-to-peer (P2P) energy exchange between prosumers, optimization of location of charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs), or the information and energy exchange in the smart grids. We show that such issues as compatibility, connection speed, and most notoriously, trust in IoE applications among households and consumers would play a decisive role in the transition to the high-renewables electricity systems of the 21st century. Our findings demonstrate that the decentralized approach to energy system effective control and operation that is offered by IoE is highly likely to become ubiquitous as early as 2030. Since it may be optimal that large-scale rollouts start in the early 2020s, some form of government incentives and funding (e.g. subsidies for installing wind turbines or solar panels or special feed-in-tariffs for buying renewable energy) may be needed for the energy market to make early progress in embracing more renewables and in reducing the costs of later investments. In addition, there might be some other alternative approaches aimed at facilitating this development. We show that the objective is to minimize the overall system cost, which consists of the system investment cost and the system operating cost, subject to CO2 emissions constraints and the operating constraints of generation units, network assets, and novel carbon-free technologies, which is quite cumbersome given the trend in consumption and the planned obsolescence. This can be done through increasing energy efficiency, developing demand side management strategies, and improving matching between supply and demand side, just to name a few possibilities.