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The article considers current status and trends of Russian-Chinese cooperation in the banking sector. Firstly, it examines scope of activities and main results of specialized inter-state mechanism of deepening inter-bank cooperation between Russia and China. Secondly, a detailed analysis of Chinese banking institutions' operations in the Russian market is given. The author points out that until now the main reasons for the Chinese banks' activities in the Russian market have political nature while purely commercial considerations are of secondary importance. The client base mainly consists of Chinese companies and enterprises doing their business in Russia. The revenues of Chinese banks here are primarily generated by interest income. Chinese banks demonstrate low-key approach to searching of new and expansion of existing areas of their business. There is no evidence of major expansion in investment and lending to local businesses, deepening work in the retail sector, etc. Chinese banks retain limited geographical presence in Russia. Thirdly, the scope and trends of Russian banks' activities in China are analyzed. The author explains extremely weak presence of Russian banks in China (including Hong Kong) and lack of dynamism in their operations in the local market. The key problems are singled out. Mostly, they are determined by the specifics of the Chinese banking sector functioning. In particular, tangible complexity persists in attracting funding from Chinese banks. The documentary operations (letters of credit, factoring) are not yet actively used in the work with the Chinese market. The commercial incentives to work with China remain small for the Russian banks. A general conclusion is drawn that in short term one should not expect any serious penetration of Russian banks into the PRC.

Aufgrund seiner kleinen Inseln und geographischen Lage an der Peripherie des asiatischen Kontinents hat sich Japan selbst vielfach als "kleiner Staat" gesehen, obwohl es immer wieder Kontroversen zu der Frage gab, ob Japan nun ein kleiner Staat oder eine Großmacht ist. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, diese im historischen Verlauf wechselnde Sichtweise der Japaner zu diskutieren und deren Bedeutung für den heutigen japanischen Pazifismus nach der Niederlage im zweiten Weltkrieg herauszuarbeiten. Die Schweiz, Schweden und Dänemark wurden zu Vorbildern neutraler Kleinstaaten. Man konzentriert sich auf wirtschaftliche und nicht auf militärische Entwicklung. Die Frage ist jedoch, ob das inzwischen zu einer wirtschaftlichen Großmacht gewordene Japan der Versuchung auf Dauer widerstehen kann, auch wieder zu einer militärischen Großmacht zu werden. (DÜI-Hlb)

Typescript. ; Series of memoranda addressed to "To the Several State Councils of Defense." Many include enclosures. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Latest issue consulted: No. 77 (December 3, 1917). ; Description based on: No. 1 (May 8, 1917); title from postscript.

Includes relationships between cities and suburbs, role of local fiscal policies in regional well-being, and a model for measuring benefit spillovers from policies; 1987-91; US.

Economic, political, strategic, and cultural factors that continue to influence the bilateral relationship; domestic and international factors in recent foreign policy fluctuations.

Water management of hydrological basins has been the source of low intensity conflicts, specially when shared by more than one state, due to the differentiated water and energy management perspectives, and relatively to isolated water auto-efficiency which every states tends to pursue in an isolated manner. Thus the author shall analyze and demonstrate the superiority of regional cooperation perspectives to the detriment of individual self-efficiency. Issues on the growing securitization of water resources in the political, social and environmental spheres are of growing importance in the cases of the Okavango and Incomati basin, and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP).

A summary of its activities in 1950 was released by the Organization for European Economic Cooperation in January 1951. During the first two years of its establishment, the report stated, OEEC had been essentially an instrument for the distribution of United States aid but then became increasingly an instrument of cooperation for the solution of European economic problems. In two years, European production had been restored, trade had almost entirely recovered and international financial stability was achieved. The establishment of a European Payments Union was considered one of the main achievements of OEEC during 1950.