Suchergebnisse

Over the years, this author has been involved in the 'Chinese school of International Relations (IR)' debate. In this article I try to reflect on these discussions or debates from which some insights can be retrieved to inform future research and further growth of a Chinese School of IR. Should a Chinese school be set as the goal? If so, how should this be pursued? This debate and the relevant efforts have proved to be a promising movement in the Chinese IR community, demonstrating that a Chinese school of IR is inevitable and it actually is evolving. A theory is a generalization or cluster of generalizations. This article argues that from the 'Tsinghua approach', a 'moral realism' has sprung up. Qin Yaqin's theorizing is centered around relationality and has been productive. A theory of symbiosis in the world community is being developed by a group of Shanghai-based scholars, and a 'symbiosis school' has grown up. Overall, four distinct theories of Chinese origins, i.e., relational theory, moral realism, tianxia theory and gongsheng/symbiotic theory, have appeared. Thus, IR theory-building in China in the first two decades of the 21st century has rendered the question 'why there is no IR theory in China' obsolete. (Pac Rev/GIGA)

The article is devoted to the study of the constitutional principle of the constitutional principle of the freedom of contract for contractual relations between energy distribution organizations and consumers of electric energy in retail electricity markets. Doctrinal approaches to understanding constitutional principles, their relationship and mutual influence, which are the basis of the study of the question posed in the study, are considered. The authors' conclusions are based on analysis: legislation on electricity, in terms of regulation of legal relations in retail electricity markets; Energy distribution regimes; the design of power supply contracts and electricity purchases; imperative provisions of the electricity legislation in contractual relations. As a result, it is concluded that the doctrinal principles of contract freedom in retail electricity markets, when contracting the purchase and sale of electricity and energy supply, operate in two of its manifestations, both in full and taking into account the necessary restrictions (features, exemptions) related, first of all, to the constitutional principle of the social state.

Die südostasiatische ASEAN-Gruppe scheint sich auf einer ungebrochenen Erfolgsschiene zu bewegen, während Lateinamerika bestenfalls die Talsohle einer Entwicklung erreicht hat. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt, daß es für Lateinamerika nicht nur Bilanzposten auf der Sollseite, sondern auch solche auf der Habenseite gibt, die Handlungspotentiale enthalten, die man für die kommenden Jahre nicht unterschätzen sollte. Diskutiert werden drei Gesichtspunkte, von denen der Autor glaubt, daß sie in einem besonderen Maße für die gegenwärtigen Diskussionen um die Zukunft Lateinamerikas wie Südostasiens relevant sind: Erscheinungsbild und Natur des jeweiligen Regionalismus, die vorherrschenden Leitvorstellungen von Entwicklung und die praktizierten Formen der Einbindung in das internationale System. (ICE2)

International regulation of shipping and unmanned vessels / Professors S Baughen and A Tettenborn -- International law of the sea and autonomous cargo 'vessels' / Dr Youri van Logchem -- Autonomous ships and private law issues / Professors Barış Soyer and Andrew M Tettenborn -- Unmanned vessels and international conventions for the carriage of goods by sea / Professor Simon Baughen -- Cyber risks, autonomous operations and risk perceptions : is a new liability paradigm required? / Associate Professor George Leloudas -- Product liability : autonomous ships / Associate Professor Roderick Bagshaw -- Maritime autonomous surface ships : marine insurance response to risks / Peter MacDonald Eggers QC -- The future of autonomous shipping - the regulatory challenge / Professor Barış Soyer.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors and Authors -- Editors -- Authors -- Chapter 1: International Policy Perspectives on Change in Teacher Education -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Teacher Education Policy Change -- 1.3 Policy and 'Insider' Perspectives -- 1.4 The Structure of the Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Collective Agency-Promoting Leadership in Finnish Teacher Education -- 2.1 Introduction: Importance of Leadership in Teacher Education -- 2.2 Theoretical Outlines: Promoting Shared Leadership Practices Through Agency -- 2.3 Teacher Education in Finland -- 2.4 Methodological Considerations -- 2.4.1 The Context of the Study -- 2.4.2 Leadership Practices in the Department -- 2.5 Data Collection and Analysis -- 2.6 Findings -- 2.6.1 Creating Collective Leadership Practices -- 2.6.2 Enhancing the Professional Agency of Staff -- 2.6.3 Building Leaders' Collective Agency -- 2.7 Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- Chapter 3: An Insider Look at the Implications of 'Partnership' Policy for Teacher Educators' Professional Learning: An Australian Perspective -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Teacher Educators: A Profession or Occupational Group? -- 3.3 The Janus-Faced Profession: The Problem for Teacher Educators and Their Professional Learning -- 3.4 The Study -- 3.4.1 The Australian Teacher Education 'Partnership' Policy Context: Document Analysis -- 3.4.2 Teacher Educators: Partnerships and Professional Learning -- 3.4.3 Teacher Educator's Identity and Professional Learning in Partnership Work -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: An Exploration of Teacher Educator Identities Within an Irish Context of Reform -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Discourses of Identity and Teacher Educators' Identities -- 4.3 Irish Social and Policy Landscape: Seismic Shifts.

The research purpose was to investigate factors that affect Sales of International Solar Mini-Grids in Tanzania Mainland. The motivation for the study was because there was evidence of a decline in sales of International Solar Mini-Grids in Mwanza, Dar es Salaam, and Arusha regions. The study used a sample size of 70 respondents, a cross-section survey, primary data, and secondary data. The study used the mixed methods research design. Multiple linear regression was employed in quantitative data analysis with the aid of SPSS. Thematic analysis was conducted to derive themes from the qualitative data and information obtained was utilized to supplement the quantitative data. The study revealed that government policies, more specifically energy policy, significantly affect sales of International Solar Mini-Grids in Tanzania Mainland. In addition, the regulatory framework, particularly tariff, significantly affects sales of International Solar Mini-Grids. Also, customers' purchasing tendencies were significantly affecting the sales of International Solar Mini-Grids. The findings imply that ignoring the factors affecting sales of International Solar Mini-Grids in Tanzania Mainland might worsen the power sector and solar Mini-Grids sustainability. This work recommends that to foster the sales of International Solar Mini-Grids, the government should have a suitable energy policy and regulatory framework geared to enhance the marketability of electricity and enhance customer purchase. The study contributes to knowledge by offering empirical evidence on renewable energy that will be of paramount importance to other renewable energy stakeholders.

The fall of the Berlin Wall has fundamentally changed Europe, and this
has come about in a surprisingly peaceful way. However, the events of
1989–1991 have not produced a new and stable order. Conflicts have erupted
in many parts of the former Soviet Union, in particular in Eastern Europe
and Central Asia. Tensions between the former superpowers have been replaced
by a large number of local conflicts, i.e. civil wars. After analysing the
characteristics of these internal armed conflicts, the author discusses the
responses of existing international humanitarian law to the humanitarian
issues they raise. The different measures capable of strengthening the
respect for the rules are of particular importance. Recent events show,
however, that the use of military force may not necessarily be the
appropriate reaction to violations of humanitarian law, in particular if the
number of casualties and the material damage caused by such intervention are
likely to be disproportionately high. A durable international order cannot
be built on force, but only on dialogue and mutual respect.