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"Information Technology and the Teaching of History shows how information technology is currently contributing to, and bringing about changes in, the way history is taught and learned. The international selection of the contributions shows that these phenomena are not restricted to just one country. The impact of information technology on history curricula is explored in depth in one section of the book, whilst other sections focus on classroom activities and issues, on the development of software for history and on the relevance of current information technology developments. But the question which lies at the heart of it all remains that of how information technology can enhance the teacher's ability to offer situations in which learners can form and develop a real understanding of the nature of historical processes, and the ways in which they can be studied."--Jacket

During the last few months of 1997, vast areas of South-east Asia were choked by air pollution caused by smoke arising from massive forest fires in Indonesia. Thick smoke blanketed not only Indonesian territory, but significant transboundary pollution was also caused to several neighbouring States, primarily Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore.1The problem was caused largely by the indiscriminate use of fire in the clearing of land by large-scale plantation owners and timber concessionaires on Indonesian territory. Land-clearing by government-sponsored transmigration programmes also involved significant burning. To lesser extents, small-scale "slash-and-burn" agricultural practices were implicated as well.2The problem was exacerbated by the onset of severe droughts associated with the El Nino climatic phenomenon and the presence of combustible peat bogs in several parts of the sprawling Indonesian archipelago.

For every definable term in international law there are clear cases and fuzzy cases. Everyone accepts that the term "state" applies to Paraguay, Poland, Portugal and over a hundred other clear cases, but does it apply to Puerto Rico, Western Samoa, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, Gibraltar, or the Vatican City? The word "treaty" has thousands of clear applications, but does it apply to an exchange of faxes between two governments or a handshake between two diplomats at a cocktail party? In addition to ambiguities of this kind, international law is replete with deliberately created ambiguities. One of the most interesting situations in recent years that illustrates in several important ways the role of deliberate ambiguity in international law is the Two China Problem.

Progressive governments in poor countries fear that if they undertake measures to enhance real wages and working conditions, rising labor costs would cause wealthier countries to import from and invest elsewhere. Yet if the world trading system were designed to facilitate or even reward measures to promote labor standards, poor countries could undertake them without fear. In this book, Christian Barry and Sanjay G. Reddy propose ways in which the international trading system can support poor countries in promoting the well-being of their peoples. Reforms to the trading system can lessen the collective-action problem among poor countries, increasing their freedom to pursue policy that better serves the interests of their people. Incorporating the right kind of linkage between trading opportunities and the promotion of labor standards could empower countries, allowing them greater effective sovereignty and enabling them to improve the circumstances of the less advantaged. Barry and Reddy demonstrate how linkage can be made acceptable to all players, and they carefully defend these ideas against those who might initially disagree. Their volume is accessible to general readers but draws on sophisticated economic and philosophical arguments and includes responses from leading labor activists, economists, and philosophers, including Kyle Bagwell, Robert Goodin, Rohini Hensman, and Roberto Mangabeira Unger.

pt. I. Introduction -- Knowledge, networks and power : The Uppsala School of international business -- pt. II. The internationalization process of the firm -- Experiential knowledge and cost in the internationalization process -- A note on the criticisms against the internationalization process model -- The concept of learning in the Uppsala internationalization process : a critical review -- Internationalisation in industrial systems : a network approach -- Business networks and cooperation in international business relationships -- The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited : from liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership -- Network knowledge and business-relationship value in the foreign market -- Division headquarters go abroad : a step in the internationalization of the multinational-corporation -- pt. III. The multinational corporation -- Headquarters knowledge of subsidiary network contexts in the multinational corporation -- Rationality vs ignorance : the role of MNE headquarters in subsidiaries' innovation processes -- Internal embeddedness, headquarters involvement, and innovation importance in multinational enterprises -- The strategic impact of external networks : subsidiary performance and competence development in the multinational corporation -- Competence development through business relationships or competitive environment? : subsidiary impact on MNC competitive advantage -- Cultural distance or cultural positions? analysing the effect of culture on the HQ-subsidiary relationship -- Balancing subsidiary influence in the federative MNC : a business network view -- Quo vadis? the entry into new technologies in advanced foreign subsidiaries of the multinational enterprise -- Hymer's analysis of the multinational organization : power retention and the demise of the federative

KEY ISSUESContext: Swift corrective measures were instrumental in putting the program back on track and placing the fiscal outlook on a sounder footing in the run-up to the 2015 elections.Program: The Executive Board approved the three-year arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) on January 27, 2012, with a total access of 39 percent of quota (SDR 30 million). The first, second and third reviews were completed on July 27, 2012, February 14, 2013, and September 6, 2013, respectively. For the fourth review, all performance criteria were observed, aided by the adoption of significant

KEY ISSUES:With growth projected at just over 1 percent in 2014, recovery from the stagnation of 2012?13 is proving slow, as in much of Europe. Healthy private balance sheets and integration with Germany dampened the impact of the crisis. However, despite its resilience the economy has been losing competitiveness due to higher labor cost and lower productivity growths than peer countries. The government has taken measures to close the wage gap, but the economy also needs to become more productive and adaptable through deeper product and labor market reforms. Low rates of employment further pen

KEY ISSUESContext. Cameroonâ??s macroeconomic outlook and risks have deteriorated slightly sincethe Article IV consultation in 2013. Economic activity has remained strong and inflation subdued, but the fiscal position has worsened; public debt has been rising at a less sustainable pace; government deposits have dwindled; and payment delays have continued. The anticipated growth path may not suffice to reach upper-middle-income country status by 2035.Focus of the consultation and risks. The overarching policy issue remains unchanged: how to set Cameroon on a higher growth path, while mitigating

Report showing 2 years of ILCA's activities in the humid zones of West Africa; stresses on the productivity of sheep & goats and trypanotolerant cattle production in the area; discusses the establishment of the first alley farming to alleviate nutritional stress of animals, and the first workshop on small ruminant production systems.