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In the twentieth century the state has become a self-reproducing machine, which has only recently been exposed to criticism. The state plays a peculiar role, both patrimonial & modernizing, in Latin American nations, of which Mexico offers an example. The state founded by the PRI party has grown strong while weakening the society in which it operates, creating parallel bureaucracies of politicians & administrators/technocrats. This state's two bureaucracies are run respectively on personal & technical patterns. Mexico has not undergone genuine modernization, due partly to attempts to adopt patterns of modernity from other countries rather than developing them indigenously. W. H. Stoddard.

Managing Migration in Italy and the United States shows how the development of gatekeeping in the United States and Italy laid the groundwork for immigration restriction worldwide at the turn of the twentieth century. The volume brings together European and American scholars, many for the first time, effectively crossing national and disciplinary boundaries. Using archives on both sides of the Atlantic, the authors explore the rise of immigration restriction and the attendant growth of the bureaucracy to regulate migration through the lens of migration studies, transnational history, and diplomatic and international history. The essays contribute to recent scholarship on the global repercussions of immigration restriction and the complex web of interactions created by limits on mobility. Managing Migration brings to light Italy's important role in the establishment of international border controls promoted by the United States and expands the chronology of restriction from its origins to the present

This Element comprehensively scrutinizes the key issue of the accountability of policy-makers in democratic governance. The electoral punishment of the incumbents, parliamentary control of the government, and sanctions in the case of administrative misconduct or negligence are the most visible manifestations of accountability in politics. However, the phenomenon is much more complex, and fully understanding such a multifaceted object requires bridging bodies of work that usually remain disjointed. This Element assesses the effectiveness of vertical accountability through elections and how interinstitutional accountability operates in checks-and-balances systems, along with the growing role of the courts. It evaluates how the accountability of the bureaucracy has been affected by managerial reforms and different governance transformations. It also scrutinizes to what extent mediatization and policy failure boost accountability, before zooming in on the feelings and reactions of those who are held accountable. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

In this Element we build on our previous work conceptualizing a craft learning model for governing police discretion. We envision a model for harnessing patrol officers' craft knowledge and skills, learned through experience handling similar street-level encounters over time, to the development of standards for evaluating the quality of their decision-making. To clarify the logic of this model and its potential for police reform, we situate it within the context of other systems of discretion control, including law, bureaucracy, science, and the community. We also consider obstacles. We conclude that police organizations need to balance the different strategies for channeling and controlling discretion toward the goal of advancing more transparent and principled decision-making. The challenge is finding a balance that helps prevent arbitrary, pernicious, or uncompromising uses of police authority, but that also empowers and rewards officers for using the skills of perception and resourcefulness that contribute to wise judgment.

What is an organizational ombuds? -- Why should an organization establish an ombuds office? -- What should organizations consider in creating and operating an ombuds program? -- What is ombuds' confidentiality and how does it work? -- Fraud and compliance -- Concerns over suspected misconduct -- Sexual harassment/discrimination/misconduct -- Other types of unfair treatment -- Middle managers -- Senior management -- Union issues -- New hires -- Difficult bosses -- Difficult employees/coworker conflict -- Relationship and reputation issues -- Retaining talent -- Helping people exit gracefully -- Formal channels as part of the problem -- Working cooperatively with formal channels -- Navigating the bureaucracy -- Risk management -- Gaps in communications, policies, and expectations -- Facilitation/mediation -- High impact cases/potential litigation/ threat to organizational reputation -- Imminent threat of serious harm (breaking confidentiality) -- permission given to make disclosure (breaking confidentiality) -- Reports to senior management/identifying trends and systemic issues -- Not wanting to be a whistleblower -- Federal agencies -- Cross cultural issues -- Undergraduate issues -- Graduate student, post doc, fellow, and resident issues -- Faculty issues.

Part 1: Introduction -- Critical State Theory In The Global South -- Part 2: Theoretical And Methodological Preliminaries -- Materialist Theory And The State In Peripheral/Post-Colonial Societies -- Stategraphy. A Social Anthropological Approach To The State -- Ethics Of Doing Critical Research On The State In The Global South -- Part 3: Materialist State Theoretical Analysis -- State Theoy Of The Semi-Periphery As State Theory Of Deficit. The Example Of Modern Turkey -- Materialist State Theory. An Example Of Analyzing The State At The Periphery -- Part 4: Analyzing The State With Critical Realist Perspectives -- Abe Shinzō's Neoliberal Nationalism. A Discourse Of Transcendence -- Resource Frontiers And Indigenous Mobilization In Myanmar. A Critical Realist Approach To Empirical Research In The 'Global South' Rainer -- Part 5: Ethnographical And Postcolonial Approaches To State And Statehood -- Moral Appreciation. Caring For Post-Socialist Cows In Contemporary Serbia -- Latin America. The Refounding Of The State -- Ethnography Of The State In Plurinational Bolivia. Indigenous Knowledge, Clientelism And Decolonizing Bureaucracy.

Ingenious Trade recovers the intricate stories of the young women who came to London in the late seventeenth century to earn their own living, most often with the needle, and the mistresses who set up shops and supervised their apprenticeships. Tracking women through city archives, it reveals the extent and complexity of their contracts, training and skills, from adolescence to old age. In contrast to the informal, unstructured and marginalised aspects of women's work, this book uses legal records and guild archives to reconstruct women's negotiations with city regulations and bureaucracy. It shows single women, wives and widows establishing themselves in guilds both alongside and separate to men, in a network that extended from elites to paupers and around the country. Through an intensive and creative archival reconstruction, Laura Gowing recovers the significance of apprenticeship in the lives of girls and women, and puts women's work at the heart of the revolution in worldly goods.

This open access book is about mismanagement of public agencies as a threat to life and limb. Collapsing bridges and buildings kill people and often leave many more injured. Such disasters do not happen out of the blue nor are they purely technical in nature since construction and maintenance are subject to safety regulation and enforcement by governmental agencies. This book analyses four relevant cases from Australia, New Zealand, the USA and Germany. Arguing that, while preventing disaster through public oversight is essentially easy, the difficult part for public officials and private contractors and consultants alike is to resist incentives that threaten professional skills and standards. Rather than stressing well-known pathologies of bureaucracy as a potential source of disaster, this book argues, learning for the sake of prevention should aim at neutralizing threats to integrity and strengthening a sense of responsibility among public officials

This open access book is about mismanagement of public agencies as a threat to life and limb. Collapsing bridges and buildings kill people and often leave many more injured. Such disasters do not happen out of the blue nor are they purely technical in nature since construction and maintenance are subject to safety regulation and enforcement by governmental agencies. This book analyses four relevant cases from Australia, New Zealand, the USA and Germany. Arguing that, while preventing disaster through public oversight is essentially easy, the difficult part for public officials and private contractors and consultants alike is to resist incentives that threaten professional skills and standards. Rather than stressing well-known pathologies of bureaucracy as a potential source of disaster, this book argues, learning for the sake of prevention should aim at neutralizing threats to integrity and strengthening a sense of responsibility among public officials.

Manners have long been a central concern of Thai society. Kings, aristocrats, prime ministers, monks, army generals, politicians, poets, novelists, journalists and teachers have produced a large corpus of literature that sets out models of appropriate behaviour. These include such things as how to stand, walk, sit, pay homage, prostrate oneself in the presence of high-status people, sleep, eat, manage bodily functions, dress, pay respect to superiors, deal with inferiors, socialize, and play. These modes of conduct have been taught or enforced by families, monasteries, court society, and, in the twentieth century, the state, through the education system, the bureaucracy, and the mass media. In this innovative new social history, based on Thai manners and etiquette manuals dating from the early nineteenth century to the late twentieth century, Patrick Jory presents the first ever history of manners in Thailand and challenges the idea of Western influence as the determinant of change in ideals of conduct.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- PART I: Introduction -- 1. Conflict: An Approach to the Study of Japan -- 2. Conflict and Its Accommodation: Omote-Ura and Uchi-Soto Relations -- PART II: Conflict in Interpersonal Relations: Individuals, Families, and Villages -- 3. Nonconfrontational Strategies for Management of Interpersonal Conflicts -- 4. Analysis of Conflict in a Television Home Drama -- 5. Spirit Possession and Village Conflict -- PART III: Conflict in Movements and Organizations: Labor, Education, and Women -- 6. Conflict and Its Resolution in Industrial Relations and Labor Law -- 7. Conflict in Institutional Environments: Politics in Education -- 8. Student Conflict -- 9 Status Conflict: The Rebellion of the Tea Pourers -- PART IV: Conflict in the Political Process: Parties, Bureaucracy, and Interest Groups -- 10. Conflict in the Diet: Toward Conflict Management in Parliamentary Politics -- 11. Policy Conflict and Its Resolution tvithin the Governmental System -- 12. Conflict over Government Authority and Markets: Japan's Rice Economy -- PART V: Conclusion -- 13. Conflict and Its Resolution in Postwar Japan -- Contributors -- Index

We need new governance solutions to help us improve public policies and services, solve complex societal problems, strengthen social communities and reinvigorate democracy. By changing how government engages with citizens and stakeholders, co-creation provides an attractive and feasible approach to governance that goes beyond the triptych of public bureaucracy, private markets and self-organized communities. Inspired by the successful use of co-creation for product and service design, this book outlines a broad vision of co-creation as a strategy of public governance. Through the construction of platforms and arenas to facilitate co-creation, this strategy can empower local communities, enhance broad-based participation, mobilize societal resources and spur public innovation while building ownership for bold solutions to pressing problems and challenges. The book details how to use co-creation to achieve goals. This exciting and innovative study combines theoretical argument with illustrative empirical examples, visionary thinking and practical recommendations.

While most scholarship on public administration in Latin America has taken an overtly legal approach, this handbook examines the subject from a political and public management perspective. In so doing, this handbook brings the study of public administration in Latin America more in line with studies conducted in other parts of the world, providing a basis for much more fruitful comparison. The handbook is divided into two parts. The first section contains chapters that explore a range of administrative systems in existence across Latin America, including the major representative types of public administration. The second portion of the book presents comparative examinations of important issues relating to public administration across the region, including accountability, public personnel management, policy coordination and the politics of bureaucracy. In providing an in-depth examination of public administration in contemporary Latin America, this handbook is a vital resource for scholars interested in the fields of public administration in both a Latin American and comparative context, as well as practitioners in government.

Nauru is often figured as an anomaly in the international order. This book offers a new account of Nauru's imperial history and examines its significance to the histories of international law. Drawing on theories of jurisdiction and bureaucracy, it reconstructs four shifts in Nauru's status - from German protectorate, to League of Nations C Mandate, to UN Trust Territory, to sovereign state - as a means of redescribing the transition from the nineteenth century imperial order to the twentieth century state system. The book argues that as international status shifts, imperial form accretes: as Nauru's status shifted, what occurred at the local level was a gradual process of bureaucratisation. Two conclusions emerge from this argument. The first is that imperial administration in Nauru produced the Republic's post-independence 'failures'. The second is that international recognition of sovereign status is best understood as marking a beginning, not an end, of the process of decolonisation.