Suchergebnisse

Background NOVA did this evaluation of the National Pollen Forecast Service on commission from the Norwegian Asthma and Allergy Association (NAAF) and the Norwegian Directorate of Health from August 2017 thru May 2018. Several studies indicate that allergies and hypersensitivity have become more widespread (Meld. St. 19, (2014- 2015) - Report to the Storting (white paper) on public health). Asthma is the most dramatic and most frequently mentioned of all illnesses due to allergic reactions. In the year 2000, it was the most frequent cause of hospitalization of Norwegian children (Carlsen 2001). In a cross-sectional study among children, aged 7-14 in a Northern Norwegian region in 2008, the incidence of self-reported asthma was 18 percent (Meld. St. 19, 2014-2015). According to the whitepaper on Public Health, several studies show that the lifetime incidence of hay fever (rhinitt) is about 25 percent among school aged children and 30 percent among youth in puberty (Meld. St.19, 2014-2015). Although the National Pollen Forecast Service in Norway started about 1975, it had still not been evaluated. The Norwegian Asthma and Allergy Association (NAAF) has continuously operated the service. It is of importance for people of all ages that the National Pollen Forecast Service is optimal. Allergic reactions to pollen from Alder, Hazelnut, Salix, Birch, Grass, and Common mugwart and some other plants and substances (e.g. dust) affect all age groups and, are overall a significant public health problem. If untreated such allergies can cause absence from kindergarten, school and workplaces, worsen other illnesses, and trigger asthma. For many of those with severe pollen allergies, reduced participation in school and work life activities will also cause reduced learning, ability to work and work-satisfaction. Topics in this report The main topics in this report are: The current Pollen Forecast Service and its usefulness for different groups of users. Collection and analysis of pollen, usefulness in other areas Expertise in Norway, Sweden and Denmark Suggestions for future developments in the collection and use of pollen data. Design and Methods The assignment was carried out using several types of evaluation and research methods. One method has been a literature study, the second implementation of an online survey among users of the pollen alert and the third method has been interviews with health professionals and other experts. Main findings A review of former studies is described in chapter 3, they are in the list of references at the end of this report. Several articles describe newer measurement methods, number of pollen traps in regional areas or large cities and, studies of user-feedback about their ailments during the pollen season. One article illustrates the difficulties the British healthcare system has handling pollen allergies, especially among the youth population. The literature review also refers to several articles regarding the efforts to get a better understanding of the effects of the daily pollen alerts for different groups of users, within and outside Europe. Some studies also include more automatized and semi-automatic ways of measuring pollen (especially in Germany and some other European countries). In Europe, there has been a lot of research and trials of different systems for pollen-notification and user assessments of various types of apps. Parts of this literature can be of substantial importance when planning the future of Norwegian pollen alerts and may possibly also be useful in the development of Scandinavian pollen forecast services. Both the literature that discusses user experiences and the literature on modern automated methods may be of interest in this regard. The online survey (in Chapter 4) invited a random sample of 5000 subscribers to the Norwegian Pollen Forecast Service's mailing list to participate in the survey, which had both open-ended questions and questions with fixed reply categories. We received 570 responses. Although this is a low response rate, that does not permit decisive conclusions, the responses especially from the open-ended questions gave useful information. Two out of three respondents were women. All age groups 18 and older were among the respondents and in general, they had a high level of education. Many respondents were long time users of the service, almost a fourth had used the services for more than a decade. Essentially the users are pleased with the Pollen Forecast Service. They use it often; many use it once or more a week during the pollen season. In response to the question: if the pollen Forecast Service he /she used had helped in regards to reducing their ailments, almost 45 per cent answered yes. About 40 percent answered somewhat, and a relatively small share, 12 percent answered no. The users had many and useful suggestions for further development and improvements of the service. One important input is that they wish there were more pollen traps/metering stations. Relatively many say that the alert does not always match what they experience in their home areas. This may be due to both the fact that there are not enough metering stations in our long country with climatic variations, and that many are not aware of the delays in analysis of samples from the pollen traps (due to delayed mail service). The main findings from the interviews are discussed in chapter 5. There were 24 semi-structured half-hour interviews with healthcare personnel and other experts. Sixteen interviews were with healthcare personnel, five were with Norwegian experts, two with foreign experts, and one informant was a user of the services. The main impression from the interviews is that the healthcare professionals, the Norwegian experts and the individual user are very pleased with the Norwegian pollen alert service. The Norwegian experts gave information about the Norwegian forecast service during the interview. The Norwegian pollen alert system has been run by the NAAF since it started in 1975, although there has been an increase in the number of traps and types of pollen they report. Today the Norwegian pollen forecasts are based on information from 12 traps located in 12 different regions that they send alerts for. Samples from the whole country are analyzed at a laboratory at NTNU (a university in central Norway) and the pollen researchers there prepare the forecast for the coming days. Thereafter, they produce daily statistics for each trap. In 2006, the Norwegian Directorate of Health began to contribute financially to the pollen alert service. In 2013, the Pollen Forecast Service was included in the National Budget, but the annual allotted amount in has remained the same from 2013 -2017. Norway uses the same type of traps that are used in other European countries. Since the same type of pollen traps are used in European countries and the pollen samples are analyzed in comparable ways, cross national studies on the importance of pollen forecasts for allergy sufferers can be conducted. Informants, among both experts and the health professionals, have suggestions for service improvements. An increase from the 12 pollen traps used today is desirable, since Norway is a vast country with meteorological and topological challenges. Some believe that if patients had better knowledge about the pollen alerts and used them more actively, some could be spared the additional suffering they go through because they do not use the alerts systematically enough. Several also acknowledge the importance of communication between doctors / nurses and patients and that it could be improved regarding pollen forecasts. The Danish pollen forecast system resembles the Norwegian; a national asthma and allergy association runs the service and they receive financial support from public health authorities. The association also has a webpage that publishes the pollen forecast amongst other topics. Denmark has two pollen traps, one in Copenhagen and one in Jutland. The trap in Jutland is partially automized, it has a motorized microscope that is monitored remotely. There is no need to mail the samples to Copenhagen to analyze them. Samples from both traps are collected and analyzed the same day and are made public simultaneously. The Danes also would like more pollen traps, preferably five; one in each of Denmark's five regions. The Swedish service is organized in a different way than the Norwegian service. The Swedish asthma and allergy association does not run the Swedish service, even though it is partially government funded. The Swedish pollen alert system is managed by a laboratory at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, which is a government agency. There are 20 pollen traps in Sweden and collection of data from them is divided between three laboratories. The traps and the laboratories are funded in various manners by different levels of public authorities (national, regional and municipal). There is a website that has the forecasts from all of the Swedish pollen traps, gives information about an app, the three laboratories that monitor the pollen traps and how funding is organized. The Swedish asthma and allergy association has a policy document with suggestions on how to develop and secure future Swedish pollen alerts. Among their suggestions is an increase in the number of Swedish pollen traps to 25. Implications and recommendations Although Norway has had pollen forecasts since 1975, the service has never been through an external evaluation before. A significant majority of the service users, health care professionals and other experts we have been in touch with, are pleased with the current pollen alert service in Norway. However, they also state that there are ways to improve the services. There is a clear desire to increase the number of pollen traps. Norway has 12 pollen traps, and the number has been the same for several years. In Sweden, which this project was to include briefly, there are currently 20 pollen traps. The Swedish asthma and allergy association's policy memorandum from 2017, states that they want to increase the number of traps to 25. Chapters 4, 5 and 6 argue that there currently are not enough pollen traps in Norway. The reasons why there should be an increase of 5-6 pollen traps in Norway are explained. According to the experts we interviewed 18 pollen traps would require three research positions. My recommendation is to continue analyzing the samples at one laboratory, as it is done now. The analysis is done at the biology department of a university (NTNU), where they have two experienced researchers doing the job. Since NAAF has so much experience in running the service, and has accumulated a lot of user experience, it seems appropriate that the organization should continue to be the responsible body in this field. The Norwegian, Swedish and Danish pollen researchers expect that monitoring the pollen traps will be automized within a foreseeable future, as mentioned they have already started in Denmark. Based on the views presented in chapters 4 and 5 in this report, we recommend that Norway should have 20-25 pollen traps, at the latest within a 4-5-year period. An expert group should perhaps examine the need for additional pollen traps in the coming years. Continuing current research on automization of pollen traps and using satellite-data of vegetation is deemed important. Projects of that type should be continued. Another important issue assessed in this evaluation is the itemization of the Pollen Forecast Service in the national budget. Keeping the allocation of funds for the Pollen Forecast Service in the national budget has advantages; it would ensure the continuation of this important service targeting a major health problem. The results in this report also show that the NAAF are pleased that the forecast service is in the national budget. However, they are less satisfied with the lack of price adjustments since the Pollen Forecast Service was included in the National Budget in 2013. Thus, in terms of real value, there has been a reduction in the funding. We have made some comparisons with Sweden where public support of the services is divided in various ways and in addition, they have contributions from volunteers and private funders. Our assessment is that the Swedish organization of the service is less predictable and manageable than what is considered desirable for the Norwegian Pollen Forecast Service. Informants, both in the online-survey and interviews wanted quicker alerts from the sampling. As it is now, the samples are often more than a day old by the time they reach the laboratory at NTNU for analysis. This is because the analysis of samples from the 12 Norwegian pollen traps is done manually. In Denmark, the results are made public without this delay, because they have automated traps. Other European countries have tested a similar system. The experts we interviewed assumed within a few years there will be more electronic treatment of samples. Norway has more pollen traps than Denmark, and should test such methods and gain experience with acquiring results quicker. Several informants are requesting forecasts with a longer time span than the current two-day forecast. Since weather forecasts span several days, they believe it should be possible for pollen forecasts as well. Bearing in mind that it is advisable for allergy sufferers to start taking their medication about a week before expected exposure, subscribers of email- alerts and health personnel want forecasts that cover a longer period. There is, as shown in the report, a bit of research about pollen alert systems and circumstances that influence pollen alerts. Assessment of available research and suggesting areas in need of more research were to be part of the evaluation. Based on information from our informants and the review of existing international research, there are indications are that one pollen trap is insufficient in populated cities to capture another likely problem with varia­tions in pollen within cities in addition to high air pollution. An area for further research is pollen in larger city environments (larger cities in a Scandinavian context). It is of importance to public health to acquire more knowledge about the development of pollen and pollution (pollution can enhance the allergic reactions to pollen for people with allergies) in areas with large populations. There is some uncertainty and probably some disagreement among health personnel regarding at what age children and youth are capable of using pollen alerts (e.g. the pollen app) and administering their own medication. It is important to gain more knowledge about whether children and youth use the pollen alerts and if they get the alerts. It may also be worth finding out if the use of, and usefulness of pollen alerts varies with other characteristics such as education, social background and immigrant background. Research that can show how climate change influences future pollen dispersion in the Scandinavian countries is also important. In this regard, research regarding the prevalence and dispersion of ragweed pollen in Scandinavia should be monitored and if necessary initiated. As of today, one assumes that the plant does not survive Norwegian winters, but the plant is found in both Denmark and southern Sweden. In Germany, Hungary, France and Switzerland pollen from ragweed is a major cause of allergy suffering and the experts we interviewed believe that a warmer climate will allow the plant to spread northward to a greater extent in the years to come. ; Pollenvarslingstjenesten ble etablert her i landet rundt 1975. Dette er første gang tjenesten blir evaluert. Målet med evalueringen er å få vite mer om hvilken nytteverdi varslingstjenesten har i dag, og om mulighetene framover for best mulig å forebygge utvikling og forverring av pollenallergier og astma. NOVA foretok en litteraturstudie av relevant forskning i flere land, en nettundersøkelse blant 570 brukere av pollenvarslingen i Norge og intervjuet helsepersonell og eksperter. Mange er fornøyd med dagens pollenvarslingstjeneste. Men evalueringen viser behov for flere pollenfeller, raskere innsamling av data, samt mer forskning, blant annet knyttet opp mot klimaendringene. Evalueringsundersøkelsen er utført som et oppdrag for Norges Astma- og Allergiforbund (NAAF) og Helsedirektoratet.

NOTICIAS / NEWS ("Transfer", 2016) 1) CONGRESOS / CONFERENCES: 1. Languages & the Media – Agile Mediascapes: Personalising the Future, Hotel Radisson Blu, Berlín, 2-4 Nov. 2016 www.languages-media.com 2. Third Chinese Drama Translation Colloquium Newcastle University, UK, 28-19 Junio 2016. www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/about/events/item/drama-translation-colloquium 3. 16th Annual Portsmouth Translation Conference – Translation & Interpreting: Learning beyond the Comfort Zone, University of Portsmouth, UK, 5 Nov. 2016. www.port.ac.uk/translation/events/conference 4. 3rd International Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting & Translation (NPIT3) Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Suiza
5-7 Mayo 2016. www.zhaw.ch/linguistics/npit3 5. 3rd Postgraduate Symposium – Cultural Translation: In Theory and as Practice. University of Nottingham, UK, 18 Mayo 2016. Contact: uontranslation2016@gmail.com 6. 3rd Taboo Conference – Taboo Humo(u)r: Language, Culture, Society, and the Media, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona) 20-21 Sep. 2016.
https://portal.upf.edu/web/taco 7. Postgraduate Conference on Translation and Multilingualism Lancaster University, UK, 22 Abril 2016. Contacto: c.baker@lancaster.ac.uk 8. Translation and Minority University of Ottawa (Canadá), 11-12 Nov. 2016. Contacto: rtana014@uottawa.ca 9. Translation as Communication, (Re-)narration and (Trans-)creation Università di Palermo (Italia), 10 Mayo 2016 www.unipa.it/dipartimenti/dipartimentoscienzeumanistiche/convegni/translation 10. From Legal Translation to Jurilinguistics: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Language and Law, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla,
27-28 Oct. 2016. www.tinyurl.com/jurilinguistics 11. Third International Conference on Research into the Didactics of Translation. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 7-8 Julio 2016 http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/content/second-circular-1 12. EST Congress – Expanding the Boundaries or Strengthening the Bases: Should Translation Studies Explore Visual Representation? Aarhus University (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016 http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/panels/18-expanding-the-boundaries-or-strengthening-the-bases-should-translation-studies-explore-visual-representation/ 13. Tourism across Cultures: Accessibility in Tourist Communication Università di Salento, Lecce (Italia). 25-27 Feb. 2016 http://unisalento.wix.com/tourism 14. Translation and Interpreting Studies at the Crossroad: A Dialogue between Process-oriented and Sociological Approaches – The Fourth Durham Postgraduate Colloquium on Translation Studies Durham University, UK. 30 Abril – 1 Mayo 2016. www.dur.ac.uk/cim 15. Translation and Interpreting: Convergence, Contact, Interaction Università di Trieste (Italia), 26-28 Mayo 2016 http://transint2016.weebly.com 16. 7th International Symposium for Young Researchers in Translation, Interpreting, Intercultural Studies and East Asian Studies. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1 Julio 2016. http://pagines.uab.cat/simposi/en 17. Translation Education in a New Age The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China 15-16 Abril 2016. Contact: Claire Zhou (clairezhou@cuhk.edu.cn) 18. Audiovisual Translation: Dubbing and Subtitling in the Central European Context, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra (Eslovaquia). 15-17 Junio 2016. https://avtnitraconference.wordpress.com 19. Cervantes, Shakespeare, and the Golden Age of Drama Madrid, 17-21 Oct. 2016 http://aedean.org/wp-content/uploads/Call-for-papers.pdf 20. 3rd International Conference Languaging Diversity – Language/s and Power. Università di Macerata (Italia), 3-5 Marzo 2016 http://studiumanistici.unimc.it/en/research/conferences/languaging-diversity 21. Congreso Internacional de Traducción Especializada (EnTRetextos) Universidad de Valencia, 27-29 Abril 2016 http://congresos.adeituv.es/entretextos 22. Translation & Quality 2016: Corpora & Quality Université Charles de Gaulle Lille 3 (Francia), 5 Feb. 2016 http://traduction2016.sciencesconf.org/?lang=en 23. New forms of feedback and assessment in translation and interpreting training and industry. 8th EST Congress – Translation Studies: Moving Boundaries, Aarhus University (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016. www.bcom.au.dk/est2016 24. Intermedia 2016 – Conference on Audiovisual Translation University of Lodz (Polonia), 14-16 Abril 2016 http://intermedia.uni.lodz.pl 25. New Technologies and Translation Université d'Algiers (Argelia). 23-24 Feb. 2016 Contacto: newtech.trans.algiers@gmail.com 26. Circulation of Academic Thought - Rethinking Methods in the Study of Scientific Translation. 11 - 12 Dec. 2015, University of Graz (Austria).https://translationswissenschaft.uni-graz.at/de/itat/veranstaltungen/circulation-of-academic-thought 27. The 7th Asian Translation Traditions Conference Monash University, Malaysia Campus, 26-30 Sep. 2016. http://future.arts.monash.edu/asiantranslation7 28. "Translation policy: connecting concepts and writing history" 8th EST Congress – Translation Studies: Moving Boundaries Aarhus University (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016 http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/panels/13-translation-policy-connecting-concepts-and-writing-history 29. International Conference – Sound / Writing: On Homophonic Translation. Université de Paris (Francia), 17-19 Nov. 2016 www.fabula.org/actualites/sound-writing-on-homophonic-translationinternational-conference-paris-november-17-19-2016_71295.php 30. Third Hermeneutics and Translation Studies Symposium – Translational Hermeneutics as a Research Paradigm Technische Hochschule, Colonia (Alemania), 30 Junio-1 Julio 2016 www.phenhermcommresearch.de/index.php/conferences 31. II International Conference on Economic Financial and Institutional Translation. Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (Canadá), 17-18 Agosto 2016. www.uqtr.ca/ICEBFIT 32. International Congress - liLETRAd 2016-Cátedra LILETRAD. Literature Languages Translation, Universidad de Sevilla, 6-8 Julio 2016. https://congresoliletrad.wordpress.com 33. Transmediations! Communication across Media Borders Linnæus University, Växjö (Suecia), 13–15 Oct. 2016 http://lnu.se/lnuc/linnaeus-university-centre-for-intermedial-and-multimodal-studies-/events/conferences/transmediations?l=en 34. Translation Education in a New Age, 15-16 Abril 2016. School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen. Contacto: chansinwai@cuhk.edu.cn 35. Translation and Time: Exploring the Temporal Dimension of Cross-cultural Transfer, 8-10 Diciembre 2016. Departamento de Traducción, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Contacto: translation-and-time@cuhk.edu.hk. 36. Du jeu dans la langue. Traduire les jeux de mots / Loose in Translation. Translating Wordplay, 23-24 Marzo 2017, Université de Lille (France) https://www.univ-lille3.fr/recherche/actualites/agenda-de-la-recherche/?type=1&id=1271. Contacto: traduirejdm@univ-lille3.fr, julie.charles@univ-lille3.fr 37. Translation and Translanguaging across Disciplines. EST Congress 2016 "Translation Studies: Moving Boundaries", European Society for Translation Studies, Aarhus (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016 http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/panels/12-translation-and-translanguaging-across-disciplines/ Contacto: nune.ayvazyan@urv.cat; mariagd@blanquerna.url.edu; sara.laviosa@uniba.it http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/submission/ 38. Beyond linguistic plurality: The trajectories of multilingualism in Translation. An international conference organized jointly by Bogaziçi University, Department of Translation and Interpreting Studies, and Research Group on Translation and Transcultural Contact, York University, Bogaziçi University, 1-12 Mayo 2016. Contacto: sehnaz.tahir@boun.edu.tr, MGuzman@glendon.yorku.ca 39. "Professional and Academic Discourse: an interdisciplinary perspective". XXXIV IConferencia Internacional de la Sociedad Española de Lingüística Aplicada (AESLA), 14-16 Abril 2016. Interuniversity Institute for Applied Modern Languages (IULMA) / Universidad de Alicante. http://web.ua.es/aesla2016. Contacto: antonia.montes@ua.es. 2) CURSOS, SEMINARIOS, POSGRADOS / COURSES, SEMINARS, MASTERS: 1. Seminario: Breaking News for French>English and English>French Translators King's College Cambridge, UK, 8-10 Agosto 2016 Contacto: translateincambridge@iti.org.uk 2. Curso on-line: Setting Up as a Freelance Translator Enero – Marzo 2016. Institute of Translation & Interpreting, UK https://gallery.mailchimp.com/58e5d23248ce9f10c161ba86d/files/Application_Form_SUFT_2016.pdf?utm_source=SUFT+December+Emailer&utm_campaign=11fdfe0453-Setting_Up_as_a_Freelance_Translator12_7_2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6ef4829e50-11fdfe0453-25128325 3. Curso: Using Interpreters for Intercultural Communication and Other Purposes (COM397CE) http://darkallyredesign.com/what-we-do/using-interpreters-for-intercultural-communication 4. Workshop: How to Write and Publish Your Scholarly Paper In cooperation with the European Association of Science Editors (EASE) New Bulgarian University, Sofia (Bulgaria), 21-23 Marzo 2016 www.facebook.com/events/1511610889167645 http://esnbu.org/data/files/resources/ease-nbu-seminar-march-2016-fees.pdf 5. Posgrado: II Postgraduate Course on Spanish Law Taught in English "Global study". Universidad Internacional de Andalucía / Colegio de Abogados de Málaga. www.unia.es/cursos/guias/4431_english.pdf 3) CURSOS DE VERANO / SUMMER COURSES: 1. STRIDON – Translation Studies Doctoral and Teacher Training Summer School, Piran (Eslovenia), 27 Junio – 8 Julio 2016 www.prevajalstvo.net/doctoral-summer-school 2. Training in Translation Pedagogy Program School of Translation and Interpretation, University of Ottawa (Canadá), 4-29 Julio 2016. https://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs 3. 2016 Nida School of Translation Studies. Translation, Ecology and Entanglement, San Pellegrino University Foundation, Misano Adriatico, Rimini (Italia), 30 Mayo – 10 Junio 2016. http://nsts.fusp.it/Nida-Schools/NSTS-2016 4. TTPP - Intensive Summer Program in Translation Pedagogy University of Ottawa (Canadá), 4-29 Julio 2016. http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs-2016/ttpp 5. CETRA Summer School 2016. 28th Research Summer School University of Leuven, campus Antwerp (Bélgica), 22 Agosto – 2 Sep. 2016. Contacto: cetra@kuleuven.be. http://www.arts.kuleuven.be/cetra 4) LIBROS / BOOKS: 1. Varela Salinas, María-José & Bernd Meyer (eds.) 2016. Translating and Interpreting Healthcare Discourses / Traducir e interpretar en el ámbito sanitario. Berlín : Frank & Timme. www.frank-timme.de/verlag/verlagsprogramm/buch/verlagsprogramm/bd-79-maria-jose-varela-salinasbernd-meyer-eds-translating-and-interpreting-healthcare-disc/backPID/transued-arbeiten-zur-theorie-und-praxis-des-uebersetzens-und-dolmetschens-1.html 2. Ordóñez López, Pilar and José Antonio Sabio Pinilla (ed.) 2015. Historiografía de la traducción en el espacio ibérico. Textos contemporáneos. Madrid: Ediciones de Castilla-La Mancha. www.unebook.es/libro/historiografia-de-latraduccion-en-el-espacio-iberico_50162 3. Bartoll, Eduard. 2015. Introducción a la traducción audiovisual. Barcelona: Editorial UOC. www.editorialuoc.cat/introduccion-a-la-traduccion-audiovisual 4. Rica Peromingo, Juan Pedro & Jorge Braga Riera. 2015. Herramientas y técnicas para la traducción inglés-español. Madrid: Babélica. www.escolarymayo.com/libro.php?libro=7004107&menu=7001002&submenu=7002029 5. Le Disez, Jean-Yves. 2015. F.A.C.T. Une méthode pour traduire de l'anglais au français. París: Ellipses. www.editions-ellipses.fr/product_info.php?cPath=386&products_id=10601 6. Baker, Mona (ed.) 2015. Translating Dissent: Voices from and with the Egyptian Revolution. Londres: Routledge. www.tandf.net/books/details/9781138929876 7. Gallego Hernández, Daniel (ed.) 2015. Current Approaches to Business and Institutional Translation / Enfoques actuales en traducción económica e institucional. Berna: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/86140/datasheet_431656.pdf 8. Vasilakakos, Mary. 2015. A Training Handbook for Health and Medical Interpreters in Australia. www.interpreterrevalidationtraining.com/books-and-resources.html 9. Jankowska, Anna & Agnieszka Szarkowska (eds) 2015. New Points of View on Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility. Oxford: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=83114 10. Baer, Brian James (2015). Translation and the Making of Modern Russian Literature, Londres: Bloomsbury. Translation and the Making of Modern Russian Literature is the inaugural book in a new Translation Studies series: Bloomsbury's "Literatures, Cultures, Translation." 11. Camps, Assumpta. 2016. La traducción en la creación del canon poético (Recepción de la poesía italiana en el ámbito hispánico en la primera mitad del siglo XX). Berna: Peter Lang. 5) REVISTAS / JOURNALS: 1. JoSTrans, The Journal of Specialised Translation, nº especial sobre Translation & the Profession, Vol. 25, Enero 2016. www.jostrans.org 2. Translation and Interpreting – Nº especial sobre Community Interpreting: Mapping the Present for the Future www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint. 3. inTRAlinea – Nº especial sobre New Insights into Specialised Translation. www.intralinea.org/specials/new_insights 4. Linguistica Antverpiensia NS-Themes in Translation Studies, 2015 issue, Towards a Genetics of Translation. https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be/index.php/LANS-TTS/issue/view/16 5. Quaderns de Filologia, Nº especial sobre Traducción y Censura: Nuevas Perspectivas, Vol. 20, 2015. https://ojs.uv.es/index.php/qdfed/issue/view/577 6. The Translator – Nº especial sobre Food and Translation, Translation and Food, 2015, 21(3). www.tandfonline.com/eprint/ryqJewJUDKZ6m2YM4IaR/full 7. Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E, 2015, 2 www.cttl.org/cttl-e-2015.html 8. Dragoman Journal of Translation Studies. www.dragoman-journal.org 9. Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E. Edición especial sobre Translation Studies Curricula Across Countries and Cultures. www.cttl.org 10. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Nº especial sobre Translation Policies and Minority Languages: Theory, Methods and Case Studies http://fouces.webs.uvigo.es/CallForPapersIJSLTranslationPolicies.pdf 11. Nº especial de The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 11(2) – Employability and the Translation Curriculum www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1750399X.2015.1103092 12. InTRAlinea. Nº especial sobre Building Bridges between Film Studies and Translation Studies www.intralinea.org/news/item/cfp_building_bridges_between_film_studies_and_translation_studies 13. Nº especial de TranscUlturAl: Comics, BD & Manga in translation/en traduction https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/TC/announcement/view/290 14. The Journal of Translation Studies 2015, 16(4) Nº especial sobre Translator and Interpreter Training in East Asia Contacto: Won Jun Nam: wjnam@hufs.ac.kr, wonjun_nam@daum.net 15. TRANS Revista de Traductología, 19(2), 2015. www.trans.uma.es/trans_19.2.html 16. Between, 9, 2015 – Censura e auto-censura http://ojs.unica.it/index.php/between/index 17. Translation Studies, Nº especial sobre Translingualism & Transculturality in Russian Contexts of Translation http://explore.tandfonline.com/cfp/ah/rtrs-cfp3 18. Translation & Interpreting, 7:3, 2016 www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint/issue/view/38 19. "The translation profession: Centres and peripheries" The Journal of Specialised Translation (Jostrans), Nº. 25, Enero 2016. The Journal of Translation Studies is a joint publication of the Department of Translation of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Chinese University Press. Contact: jts.tra@cuhk.edu.hk, james@arts.cuhk.edu.hk 19. Nuevo artículo: "The Invisibility of the African Interpreter" por Jeanne Garane, Translation: a transdisciplinary journal http://translation.fusp.it/. Contact: siri.nergaard@gmail.com.

European legal systems have long encompassed the concept of the "general clause", particularly in contract and labor law. The general clause includes unwritten legal norms such as good faith and public morality, and these principles are duly incorporated in the process of construing civil and labor contracts. While the general clause itself is formally absent in common law systems, its principles have found their way into modern British and American law. Two primary examples include the doctrines of good faith and unconscionability. In a broader sense, the idea of introducing rather indeterminate legal norms to be construed and interpreted by judges appears to be well‑ suited to a common law system. However, as applied to American labor law, the very indeterminacy of these terms has had rather negative effects on the rights of employees and the labor unions that represent them. Specifically, this article examines the good faith requirement in collective bargaining under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) and the doctrine of unconscionability in employment arbitration agreements, and concludes that they both should be supplemented by more definite standards in order to effectively protect employees. ; Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania ; Charles Szymanski – Lecturer and professor of law at the Faculty of Law of the Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, Lithuania. Practicing lawyer and professor of law in the United States of America. His scientific interests focus on European, international and comparative labor law as well as on the Alternative Dispute Resolution. ; Charles Szymanski – wykładowca i profesor na Wydziale Prawa Uniwersytetu Witolda Wielkiego w Kownie, prawnik praktyk i profesor prawa w Stanach Zjednoczonych. 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This edited collection is a result of the scientific project Identities of Serbian Music Within the Local and Global Framework: Traditions, Changes, Challenges (No. 177004, 2011–2019), funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, and implemented by the Institute of Musicology SASA (Belgrade, Serbia). It is also a result of work on the bilateral project carried out by the Center for International Relations (Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana) and the Institute of Musicology SASA (Belgrade, Serbia) entitled Music as a Means of Cultural Diplomacy of Small Transition Countries: The Cases of Slovenia and Serbia (with financial support of ARRS). The process of its publishing was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. ; Culture and cultural artefacts have been an important instrument of establishing and maintaining political relations between different peoples and states since the emergence of diplomatic practice in the 17th century, and some authors date this practice as far back as the period of ancient civilizations. Despite the long history of using culture for different political purposes and interests, particularly in relation to bonding peoples and states or increasing their influence, it was not until the creation of nation-states and, above all, the development of modern mass media such as widespread newspapers and journals, and regional and national radio and TV stations that this practice flourished and gained prominence. Therefore, it is no coincidence that researchers of this topic mainly on the last two centuries, particularly the Cold War era as one of the peak moments when it comes to creatively employing cultural products to achieve an array of nationally and internationally oriented political goals. Apart from revealing how diverse cultural actions contributed to the promotion of the countries of both the Western and the Eastern Bloc, along with their dominant values and ideology, a large number of studies published in the recent decades have also served to indirectly point to the necessity of thorough examination of the cultural part of foreign policy making and international relations, to providing it a stronger theoretical foundation and to the importance of including in the analyses different cases from different periods. Academics active in this area emphasize the need for greater clarity in defining key concepts and classificatory schemes in the analysis of cultural segments of international relations. For instance, Ang, Isar Ray and Mar highlight the popularity and, at the same time, the obscurity of the concept of cultural diplomacy, which has been given a dominant place in debates starting from the beginning of the 21st century. As these authors observe, the semantic field of this term has "broadened considerably over the years," making it applicable to "pretty much any practice that is related to purposeful cultural cooperation between nations or group of nations." This tendency not only contributed to a blurring of the lines between the concept of cultural diplomacy and other concepts that evolved prior to its expansion, including international cultural relations, public diplomacy and soft power, but also undermined the efforts to create a more coherent approach to the research of cultural phenomena in the domain of international relations. The issue is exacerbated by the heterogeneous disciplinary framing of this topic. Although it is mainly explored in the areas of political sciences and history, interest in researching the phenomenon also appears in other fields, including sociology, art history, musicology, ethnomusicology, etc. Apart from the fact that uncritical use of the concept of cultural diplomacy has made it "a floating signifier," an even more challenging consequence, in our opinion, is the inability to properly link the research results to already produced knowledge on the one hand and on the other to systematically compare cases from different historical and geopolitical settings. Notwithstanding certain difficulties that manifest in exploring the cultural part of international relations in the recent decades, the abundant and steadily growing collection of studies created after the fall of the Berlin Wall indicates that researchers are recognizing the importance and relevance of this topic along with its multifaceted potential. It is the potential that this research area offers for a broader and more nuanced understanding of the sphere of international affairs, along with capturing the complexities of the process of constructing a national culture and national cultural policy-making, that served as the primary motive for the preparation of this collection. Another very important aspect was that cultural phenomena have been on the margin in the research of the foreign policies of countries of Southeast Europe—including the countries that belonged to the Eastern Bloc—and have not been given much attention in discussions. Moreover, the presence of music in the conducting of international relations of the peoples and states of this part of Europe in modern history is almost completely neglected in existing publications. Encouraged by the growing interest in the examination of the role of music in the sphere of international affairs from the 17th century on, which has become evident in the last decade, and intrigued by the possibilities it brings for gaining new insights into cultural and musical phenomena both in the national and international context, we decided to gather scholars from different fields (history, musicology) from Southeast and Central Europe who are familiar with different historical periods. The intended focus was the era of nation-states, particularly from the 18th to 20th century, but above all after World War I. In geographical terms, we focused on the peoples and countries of Southeast Europe, particularly those that were part of former Yugoslavia, together with parts of Central Europe that belonged to the Eastern Bloc (Czechoslovakia). The main aim was not to give final and axiomatic answers to issues concerning the employment of music and musical activities in international relations in the given period and geopolitical settings, but to point to the diversity of interconnections between the spheres of music, culture, international relations and politics as well as their outcomes. Our starting point was the assumption that culture serves as one of the sources for international relations, and that its relevance is determined by the historical circumstances and dominant tendencies in the national and international settings (development of states' cultural sphere, their economic and political power, power relations on the international scene, etc.). Apart from that, it is also important to create a clear conceptual distinction between the more general contexts of the use of culture and music in the sphere of international affairs, where not only the state and its bodies but also non-state actors have a crucial contribution (international cultural relations) through formal and informal occasions, and the more specific contexts where the primary role is statecraft (cultural diplomacy). As a result, fourteen studies were prepared and divided into three sections. The first part, entitled "Diplomacy Behind the Scenes: Musicians' Contact With the Diplomatic Sphere" comprises of three chapters focusing on different phenomena—the intensive political and intellectual networking of a circle of 18th-century Croatian diplomats, composers and polymaths (Luka and Miho Sorkočević, Julije Bajamonti and Ruđer Bošković) with their European fellows and the resulting intercultural exchanges (Ivana Tomić Ferić); the influence of the political and diplomatic engagement of the Serbian Metropolitan in the Habsburg Monarchy, Josif Rajačić, in creating the project of Serbian national music (Vesna Peno and Goran Vasin); the particularities of the diplomatic career of one of the most notable 20th-century Serbian and Yugoslav music scholars, Petar Bingulac (Ratomir Milikić). Besides revealing previously less known or completely unknown facts, these studies indicate the relevance of considering different types of international contacts of individuals and groups in the process of establishing national (and regional) policies, as well as highlight the role of cultural and social capital in the activities of state diplomats. The second part, entitled "Reflections of Foreign Policies in National Music Spheres," contains six chapters dedicated to discussing how the established foreign policies of selected states, including interwar Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, and post-WWII Romania and Czechoslovakia, affected music production, distribution, consumption and research. Among other issues, attention was given to the power struggles between Great Britain and the Third Reich in the 1930s and the way they manifested in the musical life of Belgrade, at the time the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Ranka Gašić); the influence of Yugoslavia's political alliance with France between the two world wars on the cultural and music production of some of the most prestigious artistic circles in Belgrade (Srđan Atanasovski); the Yugoslav–Bulgarian diplomatic disputes after the Great War over the territory and peoples of Vardar Macedonia and their impact on the research of the folk music of that region (Ivana Vesić), as well as the outcomes of rapprochement between the two countries after 1937 in the domain of cultural exchange (Stefanka Georgieva). Moreover, this section presents the different stages of foreign policy of Communist Romania from 1948 to 1989 and how they marked music production and distribution in this country along with the reception of foreign musical works (Florinela Popa); the effects of the political turn in Czechoslovakia in 1948 and its adherence to the policies of the Eastern Bloc on the transforming the dominant views on music aesthetics, poetics and national music production (Lenka Křupková). These chapters convincingly point to the significance of power relations in the international arena in the shaping of (national) cultural and music spheres, as well as the existence of a correlation between activities in the national and international settings, and the resulting necessity of simultaneously observing two different levels—national and international—due to their close intertwining. The third part, entitled "Music as a Means of Cultural Diplomacy," consists of five chapters offering a detailed insight into the strategies and programming of cultural cooperation and exchange of socialist Yugoslavia in different phases of its existence. Among other issues, the chapters explore how cultural and musical activities abroad followed the efforts of Yugoslav authorities to establish closer ties with certain countries, to promote Yugoslavia's achievements, values and ideology, and to counter negative representations. Apart from the in-depth scrutiny of Yugoslav foreign policy towards France (Aleksandra Kolaković) and Finland (Maja Vasiljević), where the general tendencies and turns were brought to light through the extent and prestige of the cultural and musical undertakings prepared, another very comprehensive and illuminative study is the examination of how international tours of professional folk dance ensembles were employed for the purpose of realizing the country's various political goals in the international framework (Ivan Hofman), as well as the study on the tours of popular bands and folk music performers (Julijana Papazova). The Yugoslav political shift in the late 1940s and its ramifications particularly in connection to exporting its musical products and accomplishments to the Western Bloc were also thoroughly examined (Biljana Milanović).

Ein leistungsstarkes, international wettbewerbsfähiges Innovationssystem setzt voraus, dass Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft ihre Kräfte in neuartigen Innovationsprozessen vereinen, um gemeinsam Lösungen zu entwickeln, die nur im Zusammenwirken ihrer unterschiedlichen Perspektiven, Kompetenzen und Ressourcen möglich werden. Dieses Innovationsparadigma entwickelte sich erst im Laufe des letzten Jahrzehnts, ist heute auf deutscher und europäischer Ebene jedoch bereits prägend für die politische Steuerung des Innovationsgeschehens. Es gründet auf den heute gesteigerten Leistungsanforderungen an Forschung und Innovation, deren Güte sich nicht mehr alleine an Erkenntnisgewinn und Neuartigkeit bemisst, sondern zunehmend an ihrem weitreichenderen Nutzen. Forschung und Innovation sollen durch effektiven Wissens- und Technologietransfer die Wirtschaft stärken, mit disruptivem Potenzial und gleichsam auf verantwortliche Weise gesellschaftsrelevante Fragestellungen adressieren, transformativen Wandel anstoßen und damit zur Lösung der großen gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen beitragen. Der Schlüssel, um all diesen Ansprüchen gerecht zu werden – darin stimmen politische Steuerungskonzepte und die Innovationsforschung überein –, heißt Kollaboration. Dem theoretischen Modell der Quadruple Helix folgend, sollen Akteure aus Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft im Zusammenspiel ihrer jeweiligen Stärken eine neue Qualität in Forschung und Innovation erzielen. In der Praxis bedeuten der Einbezug neuer Akteure in das Innovationsgeschehen und die Weiterentwicklung traditioneller organisationaler Innovationskonzepte hin zu einer kollaborativen Logik jedoch eine fundamentale Veränderung der Innovationsziele, der Innovationspraktiken und damit auch der Rolle jedes einzelnen Akteurs im Gefüge des Innovationssystems. Für diesen Transformationsprozess liefern weder der politische noch der wissenschaftliche Diskurs, die sich vor allem auf die Ebene des Innovationssystems beziehen, konkrete Ansatzpunkte, an denen sich die Akteure aus Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft orientieren können. Welche Rolle können und sollen Forschungseinrichtungen, Unternehmen, Start-ups, Ministerien oder Bürgerinnen und Bürger heute und zukünftig in den neuen, kollaborativen Innovationsprozessen einnehmen? An dieser Frage setzt die vorliegende Dissertation an. Ihr Ziel ist es, ein tiefgehendes Verständnis dafür zu schaffen, in welcher Weise die zahlreichen und heterogenen Akteure in kollaborativen Innovationsprozessen nach dem Modell der Quadruple Helix zusammenwirken. Dazu wird das kollaborative Innovationshandeln unter einer Geschäftsmodell-Perspektive betrachtet: Mittels einer qualitativen empirischen Analyse von 17 Quadruple-Helix-Netzwerken wird zum einen erforscht, in welcher Architektur aus funktionalen Rollen die 184 in den Netzwerken involvierten Akteure zusammenwirken, um einen Innovationsmehrwert im Sinne der eingangs dargestellten neuen Leistungsanforderungen zu erzielen. Zum anderen wird untersucht, welche Ertragsmodelle die einzelnen Akteure zur Übernahme ihrer jeweiligen Rolle incentivieren. Durch einen neuen, für diese Arbeit eigens entwickelten methodischen Ansatz der empirisch begründeten Typenbildung gelingt es erstmals, 25 typische Rollen und deren Ertragsmodelle zu beschreiben und damit aufzuzeigen, wie kollaborative Forschungs- und Innovationsprozesse auf Akteurs-Ebene funktionieren. Dies bildet den empirischen Kern der Dissertation. In drei daran anschließenden empirischen Studien wird das Verständnis bezüglich des Geschäftsmodells kollaborativer Innovation weiter vertieft: Mit einem Blick in unterschiedliche, auf Forschung und Entwicklung ausgerichtete Unternehmen und Forschungseinrichtungen untersucht die erste Studie, inwieweit das kollaborative Innovationsparadigma aus Innovationsforschung und Innovationspolitik bereits Eingang in die Innovationspraxis gefunden hat. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass organisationale Logiken das Innovationshandeln in den untersuchten Unternehmen und Forschungseinrichtungen weiterhin prägen. Jedoch besteht ein deutliches Bewusstsein für die eingeschränkte Leistungsfähigkeit derartiger Innovationsprozesse sowie für die Mehrwerte kollaborativer Ansätze. Aus dem Bestreben, die Wettbewerbs- und Zukunftsfähigkeit der eigenen Organisation zu sichern, resultiert ein hohes Interesse – insbesondere der Unternehmen – an kollaborativer Innovation. Dieses Interesse mündet in der Praxis jedoch in ein Phänomen, welches in der Studie als neue lineare Innovationsprozesse bezeichnet und bezüglich seines Innovationsmehrwertes kritisch reflektiert wird. Die zweite Studie analysiert die Rolle der Gesellschaft als neustes der vier Teilsysteme der Quadruple Helix und beleuchtet vor allem das kontroverse Rollenverhältnis zwischen wissenschaftlichen Expertinnen und Experten und außerwissenschaftlichen, gesellschaftlichen Akteuren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auf, dass das gesellschaftliche Bedürfnis nach Partizipation in Forschung und Innovation nicht als Wunsch nach deren Demokratisierung fehlinterpretiert werden sollte. Stattdessen erhoffen sich die befragten gesellschaftlichen Akteure den bidirektionalen Dialog mit Expertinnen und Experten aus Wissenschaft und Forschung über mögliche und wünschbare Zukünfte. Sich selbst sehen sie dabei in der Rolle eines "gesellschaftlichen Sensors". Die Studie trägt durch die Klärung der durch die Gesellschaft in kollaborativen Innovationsprozessen favorisierten Rolle dazu bei, Abwehrhaltungen gegen partizipative Ansätze – insbesondere auf Seiten der Wissenschaft – zu verringern. Mit einer Typologie von gesellschaftlichen Teilnehmenden kollaborativer Prozesse gibt sie darüber hinaus Hinweise zur Gestaltung geeigneter Ertragsmodelle für den Einbezug der Zivilgesellschaft in Forschung und Innovation. In der dritten Studie werden die Herausforderungen und Potenziale des neuen Innovationsparadigmas für Forschungseinrichtungen beleuchtet, die traditionell als zentraler Akteur des Forschungs- und Innovationsgeschehens fungierten. In der Analyse zeigt sich, dass sich Universitäten und Forschungsorganisationen bereits in unterschiedlichen Rollen in kollaborative Innovationsprozesse einbringen. Jedoch wird auch deutlich, dass heute heterogene Akteure des Innovationssystems Funktionen im Innovationsprozess übernehmen, die vormals alleine den Forschungseinrichtungen vorbehalten waren. In Konkurrenz mit außerwissenschaftlichen Wissensquellen wächst der Druck auf die etablierten Forschungseinrichtungen, ihr eigenes Geschäftsmodell für Forschung und Innovation weiterzuentwickeln und in kollaborativen Prozessen auch neue Rollen zu übernehmen. Die starre Logik des Wissenschaftssystems und das Fehlen für kollaborative Innovationsprozesse geeigneter Ertragsmodelle, die sich an den Relevanzen der Forschung orientieren, führen jedoch dazu, dass der Sprung von bilateralen Push- und Pull-Kooperationen zu Quadruple-Helix-Kollaborationen für Forschungseinrichtungen eine große Herausforderung darstellt. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung verweisen auf mögliche neue Rollen für Universitäten und Forschungsorganisationen, deren künftige Übernahme ein Potenzial für die Qualität kollaborativer Innovation und die Leistungsfähigkeit des Innovationssystems darstellt. Durch ihren hohen empirischen Gehalt schafft die vorliegende Arbeit ein Verständnis für das Geschäftsmodell kollaborativer Forschung und Innovation und liefert Erkenntnisse über die Akteurs-Ebene der Quadruple Helix, die deutlich über bisherige wissenschaftliche Arbeiten hinausgehen. Die Analyse und Beschreibung des Zusammenspiels heterogener Rollen veranschaulicht die Funktionsweise kollaborativer Innovationsprozesse und weist gleichzeitig auf deren Herausforderungen hin. Damit leistet die vorliegende Dissertation einen entscheidenden Beitrag, um das theoretische Quadruple-Helix-Modell zu einem empirischen Modell weiterzuentwickeln. Aus den empirischen Ergebnissen werden Implikationen für Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft abgeleitet, die aufzeigen, wie eine kollaborative Geschäftsmodell-Logik zukünftig nicht nur theoretisch, sondern praktisch im deutschen Innovationssystem verankert werden kann. Mit einem wissenschaftlich fundierten Tool zur Analyse und Gestaltung von Innovationsnetzwerken, wird die Innovationspraxis darin unterstützt, ihrem kollaborativen Innovationshandeln zukünftig eine reflektierte Geschäftsmodell-Logik zugrunde zu legen und alle relevanten Potenziale des Innovationssystems auszuschöpfen. ; An effective, internationally competitive innovation system depends on novel innovation processes through which academic research, business, government and society combine their respective perspectives, expertise and resources in the joint development of solutions that would not have come about otherwise. Despite only having arisen in the course of the past decade, this innovation paradigm is already shaping not only German but also European innovation policy. This is in keeping with the increased demands placed on research and innovation, the value of which is no longer measured purely in terms of knowledge gain and technological novelty, but rather in terms of broader impact. Research and innovation are expected to strengthen the economy through effective knowledge and technology transfer, to harness disruptive potential in addressing socially relevant issues while doing so responsibly, and to instigate transformative change, thus helping to solve major societal challenges. The key to meeting all of these demands – and here research policy and innovation research are in agreement – is collaboration. In accordance with the theoretical Quadruple Helix model, the interplay of the respective strengths of academic, business, government and societal actors should improve the overall quality of research and innovation. In practice, the involvement of new actors and the move away from traditional organisation-centric approaches towards a collaborative understanding of innovation entail certain fundamental changes – to the goals of innovation, to the ways innovation is realised in practice, and to the roles of individual actors within the innovation system. Yet when it comes to this transformation process, specific practical guidance for academic, business, government and societal actors is conspicuously absent from policy and academic discourse, both of which primarily deal with innovation systems at the macro level. In these new, collaborative innovation processes, what roles can and should be taken up by research institutions, start-ups and other companies, government departments and members of the public, both now and in the future? This question forms the starting point of this dissertation, which aims to establish a deeper understanding of the ways in which the numerous heterogeneous actors involved in collaborative innovation processes cooperate in accordance with the Quadruple Helix model. To this end, collaborative innovation practices are examined from a business model perspective. A qualitative empirical analysis of 17 Quadruple Helix networks is used to identify the architecture of functional roles via which the 184 involved actors aim to meet the aforementioned current demands placed on innovation, as well as the profit models that incentivise individual actors to take up their respective roles. A new method of empirically grounded typology construction, specially developed for this project, makes it possible to describe 25 typical roles and their accompanying profit models, and thus to demonstrate for the first time how collaborative research and innovation processes function on actor level. This forms the empirical core of the dissertation. Three subsequent empirical studies provide an even deeper understanding of the business model underlying collaborative innovation. Looking at various research and development-oriented companies and research institutions, the first study examines the extent to which the collaborative innovation paradigm has made its way from innovation research and policy into innovation practice. The findings clearly show that within the investigated companies and research institutions, innovation processes are still shaped by organisation-centric principles. At the same time, there is a marked awareness of the limited efficacy of such innovation processes, and of the value that can instead be created via collaborative approaches. Respondents' desire to ensure the competitiveness and future viability of their respective organisations can be seen to result in a pronounced interest in collaborative innovation, especially on the part of the companies that form part of the study. Nonetheless, in practice this has given rise to what can be called new linear innovation processes, which are likely to be of limited benefit with respect to the creation of new value within innovation. The second study analyses the role of society as the newest of the four subsystems of the Quadruple Helix, looking in particular at the controversial distribution of roles between experts from the academic sector on the one hand, and non-specialist societal actors on the other. The findings indicate that the societal sector's desire to participate in research and innovation should not be misinterpreted as a wish for these processes to be democratised. Instead, the societal actors who took part in the study express an interest in bidirectional dialogue regarding possible and desirable futures with experts from the field of academic research. In this kind of exchange, they see their own role as that of "societal sensor", reflecting and giving voice to society's needs and ethical concerns with respect to innovation. In thus clarifying the preferred role of societal actors in collaborative innovation processes, this study should help diminish resistance to participatory approaches, especially on the part of academic actors. Moreover, the resultant typology of societal participants in collaborative processes can aid in the creation of appropriate profit models for the inclusion of civil society in research and innovation. In the third study, the focus falls on challenges and opportunities the above-mentioned new innovation paradigm holds for research institutions, which have traditionally occupied a central position in research and innovation. The analysis reveals that universities and research organisations have been contributing to collaborative innovation processes in a variety of roles. At the same time it becomes clear that current innovation systems see a range of heterogeneous actors performing functions that were previously the exclusive domain of research institutions. Given that they are now competing with sources of knowledge from outside the academic sector, established research institutions find themselves under increasing pressure to rethink their research and innovation business models and to take up new roles in collaborative processes. However, due to the rigid nature of the academic system and a lack of suitable incentive models for collaboration that take the realities of said system into account, the leap from bilateral push-pull cooperation to Quadruple Helix-collaboration poses a significant challenge for research institutions. Nonetheless, the study's findings point towards potential new roles through which universities and research organisations could in future contribute to improved collaborative innovation, and thus to the establishment of a more effective innovation system. Thanks to its extensive empirical basis, this dissertation is able to construct an understanding of the business model underlying collaborative research and innovation, and to attain insights into Quadruple Helix systems at actor level that far exceed the state of research on the topic. The presented analysis and description of the interplay between heterogeneous roles illustrate how collaborative innovation processes function, while simultaneously highlighting the challenges these processes entail – thus constituting an important contribution towards further development of the theoretical Quadruple Helix model into an empirical model. The implications of the empirical findings for academic research, business, government and society show how in future, collaborative innovation strategies can be not only theoretically but above all practically embedded in the German innovation system. Lastly, the scientifically sound tool for analysing and shaping innovation networks presented herein can aid the establishment of well-founded business model principles to govern future collaborative innovation processes, which would in turn make it possible to harness the full potential of the innovation system.

У статті розглянуто розвиток вітчизняного законодавства у сфері економічних відносин, що викликає змістовні та структурні трансформації в системі права, а отже, і право, і законодавство є органічно пов'язаними. Як наслідок, виникають структурні новоутворення в системі законодавства. Установлено, що саме з урахуванням системності у визначенні основних та другорядних аспектів нормативно-правового забезпечення функціонування економічної системи можна вести мову про високу ефективність правового регулювання світової економічної системи. Обґрунтовано, що незважаючи на складний ієрархічний характер відносин в економічній системі, що тяжіє до безперервної спеціалізації її складових, забезпечення взаємодії усіх елементів структури та вихід її функціонування на задані загальні параметри вимагає створення цілісної, взаємопов'язаної системи законодавчого та правового забезпечення в адекватному для такого масштабу проблеми форматі ; В статье проанализированы динамичное развитие законодательства в сфере экономических отношений, что вызывает содержательные и структурные трансформации в системе права, а, следовательно, и право, и законодательство являються органически связанными. Как следствие, возникают структурные новообразования в системе законодательства. Установлено, что именно с учетом системности в определении основных и второстепенных аспектов нормативно-правового обеспечения функционирования экономической системы можно говорить о высокой эффективности правового регулирования мировой экономической системы. Обосновано, что несмотря на сложный иерархический характер отношений в экономической системе, которая тяготеет к непрерывной специализации ее составляющих, обеспечение взаимодействия всех элементов структуры и выход ее функционирования на заданные параметры требует создания целостной, взаимосвязанной структурной системы законодательного и правового обеспечения в адекватном для нее масштабе.// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "plaw.nlu.edu.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e ; The article analyzes the dynamic development of legislation in the field of economic relations is matched to structural transformation in the law, and therefore the law, and legislation is organically linked. Аs a consequence, become structurally tumors in the legal system as a key emerging trend of improving its evolyutsinuvannya. In this sense, the normative legal provision of economic relations – is a complete standalone system, it is appropriate to determine as the only legal complex object. It is established that it is considering systematic in identifying major and minor aspects of the legal functioning of the economic system we can talk about high efficiency of legal regulation of the global economic system. Proved that despite the complex hierarchical nature of relations in the economic system that tends to continuing specialization of its components, ensuring the interaction of all elements of the structure and output of its operation to set general parameters requires an integrative, holistic, coherent with the legal system and legal support in adequate to the problem of this magnitude format.Now the scientific legal literature began to explore some categorical concepts, some substantive mechanisms for the enhancement of the conceptual level that can be regarded as approval beliefs and understanding of the separation of such jurisprudence as Economic Law of Ukraine [1–11]. The rich have paid attention to this issue and scientists of Kharkiv Donetsk schools of law, namely:, D. V. Zadyhaylo, D. D. Zadyhaylo, V. S. Milash, V. A. Ustymenko and others. Also, this perspective was a range of scientific interests of Kiev and Odessa schools, namely A. M. Vinnik, O. P. Podtserkovnyy, V. S. Shcherbina and others. In the former Soviet Union it examined: A. Alpatov, G. Velyanovskyy, G. Balsevich, M. Odintsov, V. Tambovtsev and others. However, scientists have not paid sufficient attention, and the very conceptual analysis of the category of «economic rights» as a separate legal phenomenon, that conceptual device was left outside the research, also identified and place of the term «economic law» in the legal space as required result Sociodynamics the mechanism legislation. However, usually focuses on individual fragments relationship functioning economic system creating categorical apparatus required for each. It should be added that often because of certain circumstances their views do not correspond to modern realities, because the dynamics of economic relations for ten years - big time. In view of the above it can be stated that the question of integrative processes of legislation on economic issues, the impact of international standards on the process of modernization of national economic legislation and determine their role in it as a whole are not defined.Consideration of this issue is caused by lack of conceptual apparatus legislation Ukraine of terms such as «economic system» and «economic law». In addition, the domestic legislation is not developed a mechanism to ensure the development of the latter, which operates successfully operates a modern legal systems of the world. Given this, we can state that the need to adapt Ukrainian legal doctrine to the European legal system is in the legal functioning of the economic system of our country, because the design of economic law as a science and discipline will solve the problem of mismatch economic and legal point of view, a holistic concept relations state of law and Economics. Emphasize that while this gap is not eliminated, that remain unsettled some legal aspects of the existing conceptual mechanism of legal support economic system is inadequate. In addition, should agree on the basic provisions of legislation on regulation of relevant relations with foreign countries, to achieve the level of economic indicators sought legal opinion and national general our country.The article is the rationale for the legislative and legal consolidation of the concept of «economic law» as a structural system neoplasms legislation and establishing a comprehensive nature of the institution as a whole legal complex object in the legal system and functional state's influence on him.Axiomatic is provision for a close dialectical relationship between economic and legal systems. Even in the XVIII century, Adam Smith (author of «The Wealth of Nations» and the phrase «life, liberty and property») pondered the economic consequences of the establishment «of mercantile laws». Along with Smith and other philosophers saw the relationship between economics and law. On this occasion expressed their thoughts and «father of communism» – Karl Marx. However, in today's issue of legal compliance to ensure economic relations existing forms of their implementation is complex and multifaceted and has a corresponding character. First of all, this is due to globalization of economic processes, the growing role and importance of public international economic law and private international law in the establishment and regulation of foreign economic relations, which play a large share in the global and national GDP. Thus, the emerging global economic right, which may be partly represented the concept LEX mercantoria. However, in internal legislation of the update is kompleknyh a number of industries that are designed to overcome industry barriers to legal provision of economic relations.The fact is of course that the relationships that are part of the category of «economic system» extremely ambitious and go beyond their own business, tax, natural resource and other sectors zakonodastva. An important factor marker while solving the problem of inter-sectoral barriers is the need for clear and understandable state of economic, including industrial or agricultural policy. Clearly, implementation of this policy occurs within the array of relations in the economic system, and therefore includes a comprehensive, systemic use of state-legal means of influencing the behavior of economic relations, in particular economic entities, local communities, employees, investors, consumers etc.Thus it is necessary a certain legal unification of the whole arsenal of different-legal instruments. Yes, this formulation of questions, answers attempt to form such a category as an economic right - the integrative result of independent development of its industry components.1. The economic system is a complex set of social relations of production that ensure economic activities on certain principles of coordination between the participants and subjects of economy in the dominant way to distribute the results of its operations, determining the degree of efficiency of the national economy. Thus, the economic system as a whole set of economic relations should be represented as a single object of legal regulation, because it is a sign of «whole nature» of the latter, which is inherent in any system, its operation logically implies the interaction of all elements by « self-regulation «of all systemically important ties between these elements and therefore obligatory to talk about the development of a single legal model for organizing economic relations in general.2. In modern terms of structuring the legal system and legislation are distributed between the individual sectors. Some of them are homogeneous by private law or public-legal nature, such as the civil law or the finance law, the while law others are complex the hospodarske law, the agricultural law, the environmental (natural resource) law. However, the structure of the said areas of the economic law as a separate category is not saying.3. The need for the formation of just such regulatory structural macro grounded weight increasing economic sphere as integral object of social management-for: 1) implementation of a unified economic policy; 2) the macroeconomic state regulation; 3) external influences on the national economy due to the implementation of the economic policy of other states, international economic organizations, the impact kon'yuktury foreign markets; 4) the need to implement (incentives) universal properties of the national economy as such. For example – providing innovative character of economic development, the introduction of alternative energy as the dominant source of energy, the implementation of restructuring the national economy, overcoming depression and economic degradation regions and so on.4. The possibility and feasibility of forming such superkompleksu the right to an economic right may also grounded bute legal and technical aspects of constitutional and legal support: 1) although fragmented, but overall the nature of the constitutional and legal regulation of economic relations; 2) fixation general legal economic values - objects of constitutional and legal regulation (economic security, constitutional economic order, economic diversity, etc.); 3) if the text of the Basic Law and the common values of the components overall, defining of competence load state authorities, in particular: a) the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on objects of legal regulation referred to in Article 92 of the Constitution of Ukraine, namely the use of natural resources, the exclusive ( maritime) economic zone and the continental shelf, the space exploration organization and operation of energy, transportation and communications, the legal regime of property rights, legal principles and guarantees of entrepreneurship, rules of competition and antitrust rules, principles of foreign relations, foreign trade, customs, etc. ; b) The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine - the functions of the Government to ensure the functioning of the economic system listed in Article 116 of the Constitution of Ukraine, for example, develops and implements national programs of economic, scientific, technical, social and cultural development of Ukraine, ensures equal conditions of development of all forms of ownership; carries out management of state property in accordance with law; c) general economic content and nature of the competence of certain public authorities such as the NBU, AMC and others.

1) Congreso/Congress: University of Rome "Roma Tre" (Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures and Cultures). International Conference: Terms and Terminology in the European Context, 23-24 October 2014 (Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures and Cultures, Via del Valco San Paolo, 19, Rome – ITALY). For queries regarding the congress please contact: ttec.roma3@gmail.com 2) Congreso/Congress: "XI Congreso Traducción, Texto e Interferencias" (UNIA, Baeza) Call for papers until 30 June 2014: http://www.uco.es/congresotraduccion/index.php?sec=home 3) Taller/Workshop: 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology, CompuTerm 2014, COLING 2014 Workshop, 23rd or 24th August 2014, Dublin, Ireland, http://perso.limsi.fr/hamon/Computerm2014/ Submissions should follow the COLING 2014 instruction for authors (http://www.coling-2014.org/call-for-papers.php) and be formatted using the COLING 2014 stylefiles for latex, MS Word or LibreOffice (http://www.coling-2014.org/doc/coling2014.zip), with blind review and not exceeding 8 pages plus two extra pages for references. The PDF files will be submitted electronically at https://www.softconf.com/coling2014/WS-9/ 4) Congreso/Congress: 34th TRANSLATOR'S WEEK, 1st INTERNATIONAL TRANSLATION SYMPOSIUM (SIT), São Paulo State University (Unesp), September 22-26, 2014, São José do Rio Preto (Brazil). The official languages of the event are Portuguese, Spanish, English, Italian and French. Contact: Angélica (Comisión Organizadora), angelica@ibilce.unesp.br 5) Congreso/Congress: Cardiff University Postgraduate Conference, 27 May 14: "The Translator: Competence, Credentials, Creativity". Keynote speaker: Professor Theo Hermans (UCL).The event is kindly supported by the University Graduate College and the European School of Languages, Politics and Translation. For queries, please contact the.translator.pg.conference@gmail.com. 6) Congreso/Congress: International Conference, 3rd T&R (Theories & Realities in Translation & wRiting) Forum. Organized by the University of Western Brittany, Brest (FRANCE), in collaboration with KU Leuven/Thomas More (Campus Antwerpen, BELGIUM), with the support of AFFUMT (Association française des formations universitaires aux métiers de la traduction) and the participation of Università Suor Orsola Benincasa (Naples, ITALY): "Traduire/écrire la science aujourd'hui - Translating/Writing Science Today" Please submit an abstract of approximately 300 words by 15 June 2014 to Jean-Yves Le Disez (jean-yves.ledisez@univ-brest.fr, Joanna Thornborrow joanna.thornborrow@univ-brest.fr and Winibert Segers (Winibert.Segers@kuleuven.be). For more information on previous events and the forthcoming conference : http://www.univ-brest.fr/TR, http://www.lessius.eu/TNR 7) Congreso/Congress: "The International Conference of Journals and Translation", Jinan University, Guangzhou, CHINA, on 28-29 June 2014. The conference is hosted by the School of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, CHINA. The official languages of the conference are English and Chinese. Contact information: Yan, Fangming(颜方明86-13751750040; Li, Zhiyu(李知宇86-13824451625. 8) Congreso/Conference: PACTE Group is organising two events on the subject of the didactics of translation. These events will be held at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (SPAIN) in July 2014. SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH INTO THE DIDACTICS OF TRANSLATION (8-9 July 2014). SECOND SPECIALIST SEMINAR ON THE DIDACTICS OF TRANSLATION (7 July 2014). Further information about the conference and the seminar: http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/content/didtrad-2014 9) Simposio/Symposium: "Translation in Music" Symposium, held on 25-26 May 2014, and co-organized by the European School of Languages, Politics and Translation (Cardiff University). Please see the following website for details: www.cardiff.ac.uk/music/translationinmusic 10) Revistas/Journals: "The Journal of Intercultural Communication and Mediation", "CULTUS Journal" www.cultusjournal.com Next Issue: Cultus7 : "Transcreation and the Professions" Call for papers (Issue 7, 2014): 9th June. Submission info at: www.cultusjournal.com Contact: David Katan, Interlinguistic Mediation/Translation and Interpretation Department of Humanities, University of the Salento (Lecce), via Taranto 35 - 73100 Lecce (ITALY), tel.+39 0832/294111. 11) Revistas/Journals: Invitation for Submissions (Vol. 3, 2014): Translation Spaces: A multidisciplinary, multimedia, and multilingual journal of translation, published annually by John Benjamins Publishing Company. Please consult our guidelines, and submit all manuscripts through the online submission and manuscript tracking site, indicating for which track and Board member the manuscript is to be addressed: (1) Translation, Globalization, and Communication Technology (Frank Austermühl); (2) Translation, Information, Culture, and Society (Gregory M. Shreve); (3) Translation, Government, Law and Policy (Michael Geist); (4) Translation, Computation, and Information (Sharon O'Brien); (5) Translation and Entertainment (Minako O'Hagan); (6) Translation, Commerce, and Economy (Keiran J. Dunne); and (7) Translation as an Object of Study (Ricardo Muñoz Martín). 12) Revistas/Journals: PR for Linguistica The editorial board of the peer reviewed journal Linguistica Antverpiensia NS-Themes in Translation Studies is happy to announce the launch of its new Open Journal format. LANS-TTS published 11 annual issues devoted to current themes in Translation Studies between 2002 and 2012, and will continue to publish annually on selected TS themes, but in open access, and can be downloaded from: ‪https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be Its first digital issue is entitled "Research models and methods in legal translation". It has been guest edited by Łucja Biel (University of Warsaw, POLAND) & Jan Engberg (Aarhus University, DENMARK). 13) Revistas/Journals: CALL FOR PAPERS The Yearbook of Phraseology would like to invite you to submit papers on the relationship between phraseology and translation. The Yearbook of Phraseology is published by Mouton de Gruyter (Berlin, Boston) and has already been indexed by many scientific databases. It has recently been added to the MLA International Bibliography. Our editorial board includes reknown linguists such as Dmitrij Dobrovol'kij (Moscow), Christiane Fellbaum (Princeton), Sylviane Granger (Louvain), Wolfgang Mieder (Vermont), Alison Wray (Cardiff) and others. We have also been able to rely on international experts for reviewing our submissions: Igor Mel'cuk, Doug Biber, Uli Heid, Barbara Wotjak, etc. The web page of the journal is: http://www.degruyter.com/view/serial/42771 For more information, please contact: Dr. Jean-Pierre Colson (Institut Marie Haps / Université catholique de Louvain), Yearbook of Phraseology / Editor. 14) Libros/Books: Peter Lang Oxford invites proposals for the book series: New Trends in Translation Studies (www.peterlang.com?newtrans). Series Editor: Jorge Díaz-Cintas (Director), Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London (UK). Advisory Board: Susan Bassnett, University of Warwick, UK Lynne Bowker, University of Ottawa, Canada Frederic Chaume, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain Aline Remael, Artesis University College Antwerp, Belgium This series is based at the Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London (www.ucl.ac.uk/centras). For more information, please contact Dr. Laurel Plapp, Commissioning Editor, Peter Lang Oxford, 52 St Giles, Oxford OX1 3LU (UK). Email: l.plapp@peterlang.com. Tel: 01865 514160. 15) Libros/Books: New book: Transfiction. Research into the realities of translation fiction, edited by Klaus Kaindl & Karlhienz Spitzl, Series: Benjamins Translation Library
(BTL 110), ISSN: 0929-7316 16) Libros/Books: New book on classical Chinese literature and translation: CHAN, KELLY K.Y.: Ambivalence in poetry: Zhu Shuzhen, a classical Chinese poetess? http://www.amazon.com/Ambivalence-poetry-Shuzhen-classical-Chinese/dp/3639700791 17) Libros/Books: Nueva publicación de TRAMA: MARTÍ FERRIOL, JOSÉ LUIS: El método de traducción: doblaje y subtitulación frente a frente www.tenda.uji.es/pls/www/!GCPPA00.GCPPR0002?lg=CA&isbn=978-84-8021-940-2 18) Libros/Books: Piotr de Bończa Bukowski & Magda Heydel (Eds.), Anthology of Polish Translation Studies, published in Kraków (POLAND). For further details : http://www.wuj.pl/page,produkt,prodid,2184,strona,Polska_mysl_przekladoznawcza,katid,126.html. 19) Libros/Books: Nuevo libro: Nicolas Froeliger: Les noces de l'analogique et du numérique, París: Les Belles Lettres, 2014. 20) Libros/Books: New book on the reception of Italian Literature in Spain: CAMPS, Assumpta (2014). Traducción y recepción de la literatura italiana en España. Barcelona: Edicions UB. 21) Libros/Books: New book on the reception of Italian Literature in Spain: CAMPS, Assumpta (2014). Italia en la prensa periódica durante el franquismo. Barcelona: Edicions UB. 22) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: EMUNI Ibn Tibbon Translation Studies Summer School, June 2014. Application is now open for the Ibn Tibbon Translation Studies Doctoral and Teacher Training Summer School, organized by University of Ljubljana (Slovenia), Boğaziçi University (Turkey), University of Turku and University of East Finland (Finland), University of Granada (Spain), and to be held at the University of Granada (Spain) in June 2014. The School is open to doctoral students, teachers of translation at the MA level, and other academics and professionals who are involved in research in Translation Studies. For more information, please visit: http://www.prevajalstvo.net/emuni-doctoral-summer-school http://tradinter.ugr.es/pages/emuni Or contact: emuni_summerschool@ugr.es 23) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: Intensive Summer Course in Translation Technology, held by the Centre for Translation Studies at UCL, London (UK), in August 2014. This is open to professionals and teachers as well as students. Application deadline: 23rd May 2014 For more information, visit : www.ucl.ac.uk/centras/prof-courses/summer-translation/translation-tech-intensive To apply for a place, email Lindsay Bywood: lindsay.bywood.13@ucl.ac.uk 24) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: The Nida School of Translation Studies 2014 Call for participants: The Nida School of Translation Studies ,2014
May 26 – June 6, 2014
San Pellegrino University Foundation Campus
Misano Adriatico (Rimini), Italy

"Translation as Interpretation"
This year marks the Nida School's eighth year of advancing research and providing specialized training in translation studies through a transdisciplinary approach that incorporates a focus on religious discourse. NSTS is seeking engaged scholars and qualified professionals looking to expand their skills, engage with peers, and explore the interface of practice and cutting edge theory. The NSTS 2014 Associate Application form may be found here: https://secure.jotform.us/mhemenway/nsts2014app. For more information on the 2014 session or to apply, go to http://nsts.fusp.it/nida-schools/nsts-2014, or contact Dr. Roy E. Ciampa at roy.ciampa@fusp.it. 25) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: POSTCOLONIAL TRANSLATION STUDIES AND BEYOND: RESEARCHING TRANSLATION IN AFRICA - SUMMER SCHOOL FOR TRANSLATION STUDIES IN AFRICA The Departments of Linguistics and Language Practice at the University of the Free State, Afrikaans and Dutch at the University of Stellenbosch and Literature and Language at the University of Zambia, in cooperation with IATIS, are presenting the Third Summer School for Translation Studies (SSTSA) in Africa from 18 to 22 August 2014. The hosts are the University of Zambia in Lusaka. SSTSA 2014 will be followed by a regional conference hosted by IATIS at the same venue on 23 and 24 August 2014. For participants to SSTSA 2014, entry to the conference is free, provided they read a paper. For detailed information and registration forms, visit the website of the Summer School at: http://www.ufs.ac.za/SSTSA.

AbstractCatholic-Nationalism is one of the defining, and also exclusive, characteristics of the Military Junta that ruled Argentina between 1976 and 1983. Such patriotic messianic ideology strongly influenced the armed forces' weltanschauung and justified, according to them, their actions. But this messianic ideology has its origins at the beginning of the 20th century and the coming of the first military regime in 1930. In order to properly describe the catholic-nationalist aspect of the Junta's dictatorship it is imperative to explore its origins; evaluate the Junta's discourse and its ideology in power; examine the role of the Argentinean Catholic Church and finally to see how the crusade transformed into actual divine violence among the repressive methods chosen by the military. Introduction Religious fundamentalism is maybe one of the last qualities that would characterize the military dictatorship that governed Argentina between 1976 and 1983. Nevertheless, it is the catholic-nationalist ideology that gave the Junta its most distinctive feature. The armed forces were convinced that they had the holy mission to fight a crusade against the enemies of the catholic foundations of the nation. Argentina, for them, was founded with "the sword and the cross" and together both of them protected the national identity from alien ideas. In the case of the military Junta, the foreign ideology that threatened the country's traditions was communism. The latter was particularly dangerous because it was an atheist creed. God was an integral part of the history of Argentina; attacking him meant attacking the foundations of the country: the Church and the military. To understand how the messianic trope played a pivotal role in the Junta's regime it is essential to: first, explore the historical origins of the catholic-nationalist ideology in Argentina and how they defined the nation and its internal enemies; second, to describe how the Junta incorporated that ideology into its politics and how it perceived that it was fighting a holy crusade against communism; third, to portray the legitimizing role of the Argentinean Catholic Church of the Junta and its repressive methods, particularly noting how the clerics identified themselves with the armed forces' holy mission and how they saw them as the natural protector of the national religion; and fourth, to depict how the repressive mechanisms chosen by the Junta to suppress foreign ideologies and reorganize society around Christian values contained certain elements an symbols that would categorize them as forms of divine violence. The OriginsThe idea of Argentina being governed by a political regime based on "the sword and the cross" was not created on March the 24th 1976. Catholic and authoritarian Argentina was conceived in the late 1920s early 1930s; although it could also be trailed into the 1890s (1). The catholic-nationalist movement that sprung between those years was the combination of two different political currents: the clerical and the nationalistic. The former was born from the catholic struggle against liberalism and laicism. The clericals were against several State policies, which they regarded as anti-Catholic, like the establishment of a public, mandatory and secular education and the creation of civil marriage among others. Juan Manuel Estrada was one of the intellectual architects behind clericalism and the figure that would lead a catholic insurrection against the liberal government of Juarez Celman in July 1890 (2). The clericals viewed liberalism and the secular State in Argentina as a negation of the natural- ergo, Christian -order and opposing to the historical messianic mission of the Republic that dated since colonial times. Interestingly, the catholic movement opposed the nationalist and fascist factions of the 1920s because both did not, yet, recognize Argentina's Christian identity.The nationalists, on the other hand, were a product of the backlash against immigration; particularly against non-white immigrants and Europeans of anarchist, socialist and communist ideologies. Massive immigration and its social repercussions was, according to the nationalists, threatening to radically change Argentina's national identity. The latter was defined, by the nationalist intellectual Ricardo Rojas, by taking into account Argentina's anti-European colonial legacy. Argentina was conceived as a Republic, but not as a democratic one. Democracy was an alien –European- element being introduced by immigrants, just like Judaism and Communism also were. The nationalists blamed the liberal governments for the open migratory policy that was undermining the traditions and identity of the country. If nationalists were anti-liberal, antidemocratic, anticommunist and anti-Semite they still did not recognize Catholicism as the pivotal ingredient of being Argentine. It took the work of an ex-anarchist and ex-socialist to make that fusion possible.Leopoldo Lugones was Argentina's main intellectual between the 1910s and the 1920s. He was also responsible of defining argentine nationalism in fascist, dictatorial, militarist, and finally, catholic terms. Lugones considered that the fatherland (la patria) had been created by the sword (la espada). The military were the true fathers of the nation. Therefore, he viewed the armed forces as a sacred cast superior to the people. The military was in charge of assuring the order of the Republic. Such order had been challenged by democracy and, consequently, socialism. Both ideologies were not part of the national tradition and their supporters were regarded as foreign internal enemies. The armed forces, then, had the sacred duty to violently reinstall the traditional republican order. This violence -the effective use of the sword– was not only legitimate and necessary, but more importantly, it was sacred (3). This sacrosanct mission to defend the fatherland was thought to be a continuation from the Spanish imperial rule. Accordingly, the Argentine military had also the holy mission to defend the foundational Christian identity of the nation. Violence was more than sacred; it was holy.The further development of Catholic-nationalism would have to wait until the end of the first military authoritarian regime. Uriburu's dictatorship inaugurated a long term period of modern military dictatorships, with more or less democratic regimes in-between, which would last until 1983. General Uriburu was a strong nationalist that sympathized with Lugones and that had participated in the Catholic insurrection of 1890 (4). He believed in Argentina's republican origins but he regarded democracy as an alien ideology that was undermining the foundations of the nation. Torture, political prisoners and executions were the rule during the two years dictatorship (1930-32). The picana was used for the first time in those years, but it did not have the same divine symbolism that would have in the last Argentinean military regime. Uriburu's despise for democracy prompted him to fundamentally restructure the State's institutions by trying to establish a pseudo-fascist corporative regime. This nationalist revolution did not succeed and Uriburu had to eventually let civic authorities take control of the government (5).Uriburu's dictatorship embodied the prototype of a nationalist authoritarian regime with close ties to the catholic tradition (6). Nationalist clerics, like Gustavo Franceshi and Julio Meinvielle, were the main thinkers behind the maturity of the catholic-nationalist ideology, during the 1930s, by describing the pivotal role that the Argentinean Catholic Church should have in legitimizing the armed forces' divine mission to protect the religious-national foundations of the country. The nationalist clerics saw themselves as God's political representatives and it was their mission to sanctify the crusade against the liberal, and democratic, regime. From then on, Argentina, for the catholic-nationalists, was conceived to be founded in the cross (the Catholic Church) and the sword (the Armed Forces).The nationalist movement of the 1930s in Argentina has to be regarded in a broad international context and cannot be detached from Europe's experience with fascism and other extreme nationalisms of the time (7). Argentine nationalists were deeply influenced by Italian fascism and would actually see themselves as fascists but with a religious twist. The political leader of the movement was not an earthly figure. It was Christ himself. Only he could have a truly totalitarianweltanschauung. The military and the clergy were his vicars in Argentina. The Nazis had their volksgemeinschaft; the Italian fascists their civiltá; and the argentine nationalist their cristiandad. According to each case, those were their respective nation's pillars. In the two first cases, the content is sacred, but pagan. In the last one, the content is holy and religious. Finally, the Spanish Civil War played a pivotal role in the Argentina nationalists' imaginarium. They witnessed how the most Catholic nation of all, the one that for centuries had defended the cross with the sword and that had even brought Christianity to Argentina's shores, was now battling an internal crusade against an atheist, and therefore foreign, ideology. The experience of the Spanish Republic and the subsequent Civil War would last in the Argentinean nationalist military's and clergy's memories.Even if the catholic-nationalist movement was popular, from the late 30s on, among the armed forces, the clergy and some middle class and elite sectors, it would not have the expected influence in the following military regimes from 1943 until 1966 included. Everything changed with the coup of 1976. (1) See Rock, David; La Argentina autoritaria. Los nacionalistas, su historia y su influencia en la vida pública; Ariel; Buenos Aires; 1993; pp. 45-71. (2) See Ibid; pp. 52(3) See Finchelstein, Federico; La Argentina fascista. Los orígenes ideológicos de la dictadura; Sudamericana; Buenos Aires; 2010; pp. 33; and Finchelstein, Federico; Transatlantic Fascism. Ideology, Violence, and the Sacred in Argentina and Italy, 1919-1945; Duke University Press; 2010; pp.62-78.(4) See Rock, David; La Argentina autoritaria. Los nacionalistas, su historia y su influencia en la vida pública; Ariel; Buenos Aires; 1993; pp. 104.(5) Uriburu was not able to change the State's structure; however he sponsored the creation of fascist paramilitary groups like la Legión Cívica. See Finchelstein, Federico; La Argentina fascista. Los orígenes ideológicos de la dictadura; Sudamericana; Buenos Aires; 2010; pp. 41; Rock, David; La Argentina autoritaria. Los nacionalistas, su historia y su influencia en la vida pública; Ariel; Buenos Aires; 1993; pp. 109-115.(6) Uriburu's farewell speech clearly shows the catholic-nationalist ideology to which his regime belonged to. See Rock, David; La Argentina autoritaria. Los nacionalistas, su historia y su influencia en la vida pública; Ariel; Buenos Aires; 1993; pp. 109.(7) See Finchelstein, Federico; Transatlantic Fascism. Ideology, Violence, and the Sacred in Argentina and Italy, 1919-1945; Duke University Press; 2010. *Estudiante de Doctorado, New School for Social Research, New YorkMaestría en Estudios Internacionales, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos AiresÁrea de Especialización: Procesos de formación del Estado moderno, sociología de la guerra, terrorismo, genocidio, conflictos étnicos, nacionalismos y minorías.E-mail: guere469@newschool.edu

Author's introductionIssues surrounding what has variously been defined as 'global', 'international' or 'transnational' forms of 'organized crime' are a frequent staple of globalization crisis talk and are frequently used to justify the emergence and elaboration of transnational policing capacities. How well does this functional explanation account for these related sets of phenomena? What are the particular organizational and institutional characteristics of transnational policing institutions? What counts as transnational organised crime? How does the apparent dialectic between transnational organised crime and transnational policing relate to broader issues of global governance? How do the practices of transnational policing relate to the structure of global society more generally? Sociological questions about global crime and policing turn out to be fundamental questions about the nature of the world system.Author recommendsSheptycki, J. (ed.) 2000. Issues in Transnational Policing. London: Routledge, ISBN 0‐415‐19260‐9.This pioneering book opened up the sociology of transnational policing. The book contains chapters by leading scholars in the sociology of policing and is the first to consider the consequences of globalization specific to the institutions of policing. Chapters consider a number of important emerging issues in relation to transnational policing. The introduction attends to the definitions of the book's central terms: 'policing' and 'transnational'. It also provides a typology relating to the field of policing that has had major implications for the understanding of policing accountability under transnational conditions. The first chapter, by Les Johnston, considers the emergence of transnational private security, by mapping the global security market. Chapter two, by Jean‐Paul Brodeur, provides empirical insights into the workings of legal due process in complex transnational criminal enquiries raising questions about the accountability structures in the coming 'age of transnational high policing'. Chapter three, by Didier Bigo, traces the emergence of liaison officer networks across the European policing field. Frank Gregory charts the historical rise of private criminality as a matter of international concern in chapter four, while James Sheptycki undertakes a descriptive analysis of the global system for policing money in chapter five. In chapter six, Peter Manning considers various aspects of policing and technology under conditions of transnationalisation, paying some considerable attention to the policing of 'new social spaces'– that is the rise of so‐called 'cyberspace'. Chapter seven, by James Sheptycki, is a concluding chapter which considers the historical case of the 'international war on drugs' held to be the 'paradigm example of transnational policing'.Sheptycki, J. and A. Wardak (eds) 2004. Transnational and Comparative Criminology. London: Routledge, ISBN 978‐1‐904385‐05‐9.This book advocates that contemporary criminology be both transnational and comparative. The introduction describes the field of criminology by placing it in a global context. One key question is how academic criminologists can cope with the difficulties of cultural relativism in fostering a comparative and transnational view of the field. The book is broken into four sections. In the first, a variety of comparative studies are considered. Difficulties in measuring trends in comparative crime statistics across national jurisdictions, techniques for doing so and the interpretation of such data are all considered. The use of qualitative data in comparative studies is also considered. The authors advocate the combination of different types of data in a 'second best' approach to the interpretation of transnational and other types of crime. In the second section, a variety of 'area studies' are considered. These are: West Africa, Southern Africa, Singapore, China and Saudi Arabia. These chapters each offer extended transnational and comparative treatment of issues of crime, crime definition and crime control in their respective regions. Section 3 deals with specific transnational crime control issues that have been identified. Four separate chapters consider transnational organized crime, transnational white collar crime, transnational corruption in the EU and international sex‐trafficking in the EU. The final section considers transnational control responses to transnational crime and the book concludes with a chapter on reflexivity in the academic study of crime, crime definition and crime control.Goldsmith, A. and J. Sheptycki (eds) 2007. Crafting Transnational Policing. Oxford: Hart Publishing, ISBN‐10: 1841137766.The notion that police around the world share a distinctive outlook has been established, as has the assumption that police must co‐operate internationally if they are to respond effectively to the crime and insecurity associated with the transnational condition. Yet the possibility of developing a genuinely transnational policecraft seems negligible. It is possible to discuss in ideal terms such notions as transnational ethics, global social justice and the like but what, practically speaking, could be meant by a transnational constabulary ethic? Arguably, the situated nature of policing means that there is no such thing as a common transnational policecraft and hence no possibility of an overarching ethic for the constabulary. Liberal democratic theories of policing are also ill‐adapted to the global conditions that are the consequence of prevailing neo‐liberal governmental logics. This book presents a collection of essays that are the results of a workshop at the Onati Institute for the Sociology of Law entitled: Transnational Policing and the Constabulary Ethic. It provides descriptive accounts of transnational policing in a variety of regional settings around the world but grounds the analysis in debates about what would constitute good policing under transnational conditions.Sheptycki, J. 2008. 'Transnationalism, Orientalism and Crime.'Asian Journal of Criminology, 3: 13–35. DOI: 10.1007/s11417-008-9049-0The article asks the question: how applicable are European and North American criminological theories to the situation in Asia? It takes a transnational and comparative perspective in relating contemporary and historical trends in crime, crime definition and crime control in a variety of Asian countries that comprise the so‐called Confucian sphere. It provides a criminological critique of the 'Asian values debate' and, through an analysis of trends in crime, crime definition and crime control in China and Japan, of organised crime across the region, as well as selected examples of state‐organised crime, seeks to provide a perspective on the developing criminological discourses of 'the Orient'. The paper argues that, although cultural aspects are important and interesting in understanding the crime situation in the region, ultimately it is changes in politics and governance, economy and society that are most efficacious in explaining current criminological trends and developments.Sheptycki, J. 2007. 'High Policing in the Security Control Society.'Policing 1(1): 70–9, Oxford University Press.This article considers the nature and practice of high policing in the security control society. It looks at the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing–intelligence and argues that a number of 'organizational pathologies' have arisen that make the functioning of security intelligence processes in high policing deeply problematic. The article also looks at the changing context of policing and argues that the circuits of the security–intelligence apparatus are woven into, and help to compose, the panic scenes of the security control society. Seen this way, the habits of high policing are not the governance of crisis, but rather governance through crisis. An alternative paradigm is suggested, viz. the human security paradigm, and the paper concludes that, unless senior ranking policing officers – the police intelligentsia'– adopt new ways of thinking, the already existing organizational pathologies of the security–intelligence system are likely to continue undermining efforts at fostering security.Sheptycki, J. 2007. 'Criminology and the Transnational Condition: A Contribution to International Political Sociology.'International Political Sociology 1: 391–405.This article contributes to international political sociology and the further enhancement of the interdisciplinary study of the global system by introducing the vocabulary of critical criminology into the discourse. It suggests that the contemporary global system is ripe with existential anxieties that are symptoms of momentous historical change and it argues that, for good or for ill, issues of crime definition and control have become central to the transnational condition. As a consequence, criminological theories should be introduced into theoretical discussions about the nature of the contemporary global scene. Such conceptual thinking is vital, given the centrality of the language of criminal threats in the language of global governance and the language of governance globally.Online materialsThe Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces http://www.dcaf.ch/ Small Arms Survey http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/ One World Trust http://www.oneworldtrust.org/ Open Society Institute http://www.soros.org/ The Jack and Mae Nathanson Centre on transnational human rights, crime and security http://nathanson.osgoode.yorku.ca/ The drug policy alliance network http://www.drugpolicy.org/homepage.cfm The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index190EN.html The Environmental Investigation Agency http://www.eia‐international.org/ Corporate Watch http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/ SyllabusTopics for lecture and discussion I Introduction and overview Definitions, problems and issues: What is policing? What is crime? What do the terms internationalisation, globalisation and transnationalisation refer to? What consequences follow from a world‐system without world policing?Outside reading:Castells, M. The Rise of the Network Society, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell (1996).Held, D., A. McGrew, D. Goldblatt and J. Perraon 1999. The Global Transformations Reader. Cambridge: Polity Press.Held, D. 2003. Cosmopolitanism, a Defence. Cambridge: Polity.Sklair, L. 2001. The Transnational Capitalist Class. Oxford: Blackwell. II Issues in comparative criminology What is crime and how to academic criminologists study in comparative perspective? The use and abuse of statistics in understanding crime cross‐nationally, cross‐culturally and cross‐jurisdictionally. The uses of qualitative data in interpreting problems in comparative criminology. The comparative study of crime and the emerging world system.Outside reading:Hofstede, Geert 2001. Culture's Consequences, Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. Beverly Hills: Sage.Reichel, P. 2007. Comparative Criminal Justice Systems, a Topic Approach. Harlow: Pearson Education. III Issues in transnational criminology What is transnational about transnational crime? How are transnational crime problems defined and prioritized? How are transnational crime problems measured and evaluated? What do we know about the various types of transnational crime?Outside reading:Beare, M. 2004. Critical Reflections on Transnational Organized Crime, Money Laundering and Corruption. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Edwards, A. and P. Gill 2004. Transnational Organised Crime; Perspectives on Global Security. London: Routledge.Reichel, P. 2005. Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice. London: Sage. IV Issues in transnational policing Who are the transnational police? What is Interpol? What do transnational police agents do? How are transnational policing priorities set? Under conditions of transnationalisation, what is the relationship between law and policing?Outside reading:Anderson, M. et al. 1995. Policing the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Andreas, P. and T. Snyder. Wall Around the West. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Andreas, P. and E. Nadelmann 2006. Policing the Globe; Criminalization and Crime Control in International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Ratcliffe, J. 2004. Strategic Thinking in Criminal Intelligence. NSW: Federation Press.Focus questions

What challenges do researchers interested in comparative criminology face and why?
What are comparative and transnational criminology and how are they different? With reference to the contemporary period, can you think of practical elements, themes or questions that are common to both?
What is transnational policing and how can it be made accountable to the global commonwealth?
What are the practices that feature most prominently in transnational discourses about contemporary policing and how are these understood from a human rights, civil liberties or human security point of view?
What does the study of transnational crime and policing reveal about the nature and character of the world system?

Project ideasBased on knowledge acquired from this course, choose a topic in transnational or comparative criminology and create a briefing portfolio. The portfolio will consist of four items: (i) three page statement of purpose; (ii) annotated bibliography; (iii) poster and presentation; and (iv) written essay. As part of the project, students should prepare a poster presentation (approx. 18″× 24″) detailing the chosen topic through the display of quantitative and qualitative types of data together with key concepts, case‐study vignettes, maps and pictures. Students will give an oral presentation based on their poster and create an annotated bibliography and write a short essay on their chosen topic based on the feedback they receive. Some suggested topics: comparative study of gun‐homicide in two or more countries/cultures; comparative study of rape and sexual assault in two or more countries/cultures; comparative student of family violence in two or more countries/cultures; environmental organized crime; policing the global money system; policing and the global drug prohibition regime; controlling piracy on the high seas – then and now; transnational crimes of the powerful and the powerless; policing, tourism and crime; corporate crime and state crime – spot the difference.

Key words: sports activities, sports activities legal regulation, temporary laws, ambushmarketing, image rights, local rulemaking The article analyses the legal regulation of the use of intellectualproperty in sports activities. The relevance of the study is justified by the fact that theincome of the global sports industry is increasingly depending on the use of the intellectualproperty by sports organizations.The author notices that adoption of temporary laws aimed at protecting the intellectualproperty rights of sports organizations who organize major sporting events ina country are distinctive features of sports activities. There were two similar laws inthe Ukrainian legislation. Although these laws contained some gaps, this experienceshould become a basis for the introduction of the concept of ambush marketing on aregular basis in the domestic law.Analysis of international agreements in the sporting sphere shows that nowadaysamong the world sports organizations, only intellectual property of InternationalOlympic Committee has an exclusive basis of protection. At the same time, the factthat in general the use and protection of intellectual property is given too little attentionin international agreements in the field of sports gives greater importance tolocal regulations adopted by sports authorities.According to the established practices of foreign sports organizations, professionalrules and contracts between the athlete and the organization contains mutual restrictionsof the use of a number of intellectual property objects constituting the athlete'simage. To date, in Ukrainian practice, only regulations and contracts of several footballorganizations contain the similar provisions, which at the same time have a numberof shortcomings. One of the issues is terminological ambiguity in image rightslegal phenomena, which is still new to Ukrainian practice, and therefore requires theconsistency of definitions between different sports organizations.Thus, although Ukrainian legislation creates the background for domestic sportsorganizations to benefit from their intellectual property, it still requires the adoptionof some new important definitions. ; Ключові слова: спортивна діяльність, правове регулювання спортивної діяльності,закони тимчасової дії, паразитичний маркетинг, право на образ, іміджеві права,локальна нормотворчість У статті міститься огляд нормативно-правових актів, що регулюють відносини у спор-тивній діяльності в розрізі використання об'єктів права інтелектуальної власності у сферіспорту. На основі аналізу законодавства України, міжнародних договорів і особливостейлокальної нормотворчості визначено проблемні аспекти розпорядження об'єктами праваінтелектуальної власності у вітчизняному спорті. Окреслено світові тенденції, що роз-кривають специфіку використання об'єктів права інтелектуальної власності у спорті таповинні стати орієнтиром для законодавця та спортивних організацій України. Список використаних джерел: 1. Clark J. Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015. PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 2011. P. 40 URL: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/hospitality-leisure/pdf/changing-the-game-outlook-for-the-global-sports-market-to-2015.pdf (дата звернення 30.04.2021). 2. Лавренюк О. Ю. Цивільно-правове регулювання відносин інтелектуальної власності у сфері спорту : дис. … канд. юрид. наук. Одеса, 2019. 236 с. 3. Про фізичну культуру і спорт : Закон України від 24.12.93 № 3809-XII. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 1994. № 14. С. 80. 4. Про підтримку олімпійського, паралімпійського руху та спорту вищих досягнень в Україні : Закон України від 14.09.2000 № 1954-III. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2000. № 43. С. 370. 5. Про антидопінговий контроль у спорті : Закон України від 07.02.2017 № 1835-VIII. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2017. № 11. С. 102. 6. Про організацію та проведення фінальної частини чемпіонату Європи 2012 року з футболу в Україні : Закон України від 19.04.2007 № 962-V. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2007. № 31. С. 405. 7. WIPO. Sport & IP — Licenses and Sponsorships in Sport. URL: http://www.wipo.int/ip-sport/en/licenses.html (дата звернення 08.04.2021). 8. Дорошенко Д. О. Захист від паразитичного маркетингу як один з пріоритетів спортивного права України / Тези доповідей міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Спортивне право України: сучасний стан і перспективи розвитку» (19 жовтня 2018 року). Навчально-науковий «Центр спортивного права», Запорізький національний університет, Запоріжжя, 2018. C. 74. 9. Brazil. General Law of the World Cup. Law No. 12.663 of June 5, 2012 URL: https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/335085 (дата звернення 08.04.2021). 10. Cape Town, South Africa. 2010 FIFA World Cup By-law, 2009. Published in Province of Western Cape: Provincial Gazette no. 6594 on 16 January 2009 URL: https://openbylaws.org.za/za-cpt/act/by-law/2009/2010-fifa-world-cup/eng/ (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 11. Про забезпечення охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності УЄФА під час проведення в Україні фінальних матчів Ліги чемпіонів УЄФА та Ліги чемпіонів УЄФА серед жінок сезону 2017/2018 : Закон України від 22.05.2018 № 2444-VIII. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2018. № 22. С. 194. 12. Major Events Management Act 2007. Public Act 2007 No 35. Date of assent 28 August 2007. URL: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2007/0035/latest/DLM411987.html (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 13. Організація Об'єднаних Націй. Найробський договір про охорону Олімпійського символу (Найробі, 26 вересня 1981 року). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_995#Text (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 14. Міжнародний Олімпійський комітет. Олімпійська хартія 2020 - DidWeDe, Лозанна, Швейцарія. URL: http://noc-ukr.org/about/officialdocuments/olimpiyska-khartiya/ (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 15. Parrish R. Sports law and policy in the European Union. Manchester University Press. 2003. P. 271. 16. World Athletics. Book C - C2. TECHNICAL RULES (In force from 1 November 2019 and amended on 31 January 2020) URL: https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 17. Венедиктов В. С. Трудовое право Украины (Общая часть). Харьков : НУВД, 2004. С. 187. 18. University of New Hampshire - Franklin Pierce School of Law. IP Mall. PREMIER LEAGUE CONTRACT URL: https://ipmall.law.unh.edu/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/SportsEntLaw_Institute/Agent%20Contracts%20Between%20Players%20&%20Their%20Agents/6_PREMIER%20LEAGUE%20PLAYERS%20CONTRACT.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 19. Галузева Угода між Громадською спілкою «Федерація футболу України», Об'єднанням професіональних футбольних клубів України «Прем'єр-Ліга», об'єднанням футбольних клубів «Професіональна футбольна ліга України», та Всеукраїнською професійною спілкою «Футбол України», Всеукраїнською асоціацією футболістів-професіоналів у сфері професіонального футболу України на 2017-2022 роки. Київ-2017. URL: http://dev.pfl.ua/docs/07d3098c0649d1810a8a75fb1f1740a7.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 20. Федерація футболу України. РЕГЛАМЕНТ Федерації футболу України зі статусу і трансферу футболістів. Київ-2018 URL: https://uaf.ua/about-ffu/library (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 21. The Football Association Premier League L.imited. Handbook Season 2020/21 URL: https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/ 2020/09/11/dc7e76c1-f78d-45a2-be4a-4c6bc33368fa/2020-21-PL-Handbook-110920.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 22. Turkish Airlains EoroLeague. EUROLEAGUE BYLAWS. URL: https://www.euroleague.net/rs/85b6m5hxnomx8xap/84bd1f8d-134d-42a0-a8ee-cd688d29aaa2/d0c/filename/201718elbylaws.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). ===================== 1. Clark J. Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015. PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 2011. P. 40 URL: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/hospitality-leisure/pdf/changing-the-game-outlook-for-the-global-sports-market-to-2015.pdf (data zvernennia 30.04.2021). 2. Lavreniuk O. Yu. Tsyvilno-pravove rehuliuvannia vidnosyn intelektualnoi vlasnosti u sferi sportu : dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk. Odesa, 2019. 236 s. 3. Pro fizychnu kulturu i sport : Zakon Ukrainy vid 24.12.93 № 3809-XII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1994. № 14. S. 80. 4. Pro pidtrymku olimpiiskoho, paralimpiiskoho rukhu ta sportu vyshchykh dosiahnen v Ukraini : Zakon Ukrainy vid 14.09.2000 № 1954-III. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2000. № 43. S. 370. 5. Pro antydopinhovyi kontrol u sporti : Zakon Ukrainy vid 07.02.2017 № 1835-VIII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2017. № 11. S. 102. 6. Pro orhanizatsiiu ta provedennia finalnoi chastyny chempionatu Yevropy 2012 roku z futbolu v Ukraini : Zakon Ukrainy vid 19.04.2007 № 962-V. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2007. № 31. S. 405. 7. WIPO. Sport & IP — Licenses and Sponsorships in Sport. URL: http://www.wipo.int/ip-sport/en/licenses.html (data zvernennia 08.04.2021). 8. Doroshenko D. O. Zakhyst vid parazytychnoho marketynhu yak odyn z priorytetiv sportyvnoho prava Ukrainy / Tezy dopovidei mizhnarodnoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii «Sportyvne pravo Ukrainy: suchasnyi stan i perspektyvy rozvytku» (19 zhovtnia 2018 roku). Navchalno-naukovyi «Tsentr sportyvnoho prava», Zaporizkyi natsionalnyi universytet, Zaporizhzhia, 2018. C. 74. 9. Brazil. General Law of the World Cup. Law No. 12.663 of June 5, 2012 URL: https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/335085 (data zvernennia 08.04.2021). 10. Cape Town, South Africa. 2010 FIFA World Cup By-law, 2009. Published in Province of Western Cape: Provincial Gazette no. 6594 on 16 January 2009 URL: https://openbylaws.org.za/za-cpt/act/by-law/2009/2010-fifa-world-cup/eng/ (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 11. Pro zabezpechennia okhorony ta zakhystu prav intelektualnoi vlasnosti UIeFA pid chas provedennia v Ukraini finalnykh matchiv Lihy chempioniv UIeFA ta Lihy chempioniv UIeFA sered zhinok sezonu 2017/2018 : Zakon Ukrainy vid 22.05.2018 № 2444-VIII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2018. № 22. S. 194. 12. Major Events Management Act 2007. Public Act 2007 No 35. Date of assent 28 August 2007. URL: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2007/0035/latest/DLM411987.html (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 13. Orhanizatsiia Ob'iednanykh Natsii. Nairobskyi dohovir pro okhoronu Olimpiiskoho symvolu (Nairobi, 26 veresnia 1981 roku). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_995#Text (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 14. Mizhnarodnyi Olimpiiskyi komitet. Olimpiiska khartiia 2020 - DidWeDe, Lozanna, Shveitsariia. URL: http://noc-ukr.org/about/officialdocuments/olimpiyska-khartiya/ (data zvernennia 08.04.2021). 15. Parrish R. Sports law and policy in the European Union. Manchester University Press. 2003. P. 271. 16. World Athletics. Book C - C2. TECHNICAL RULES (In force from 1 November 2019 and amended on 31 January 2020) URL: https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 17. Venedyktov V. S. Trudovoe pravo Ukraynы (Obshchaia chast). Kharkov : NUVD, 2004. S. 187. 18. University of New Hampshire - Franklin Pierce School of Law. IP Mall. PREMIER LEAGUE CONTRACT URL: https://ipmall.law.unh.edu/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/SportsEntLaw_Institute/Agent%20Contracts%20Between%20Players%20&%20Their%20Agents/6_PREMIER%20LEAGUE%20PLAYERS%20CONTRACT.pdf (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 19. Haluzeva Uhoda mizh Hromadskoiu spilkoiu «Federatsiia futbolu Ukrainy», Obiednanniam profesionalnykh futbolnykh klubiv Ukrainy «Premier-Liha», obiednanniam futbolnykh klubiv «Profesionalna futbolna liha Ukrainy», ta Vseukrainskoiu profesiinoiu spilkoiu «Futbol Ukrainy», Vseukrainskoiu asotsiatsiieiu futbolistiv-profesionaliv u sferi profesionalnoho futbolu Ukrainy na 2017-2022 roky. Kyiv-2017. URL: http://dev.pfl.ua/docs/07d3098c0649d1810a8a75fb1f1740a7.pdf (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 20. Federatsiia futbolu Ukrainy. REHLAMENT Federatsii futbolu Ukrainy zi statusu i transferu futbolistiv. Kyiv-2018 URL: https://uaf.ua/about-ffu/library (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 21. The Football Association Premier League L.imited. Handbook Season 2020/21 URL: https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2020/09/11/dc7e76c1-f78d-45a2-be4a-4c6bc33368fa/2020-21-PL-Handbook-110920.pdf (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 22. Turkish Airlains EoroLeague. EUROLEAGUE BYLAWS. URL: https://www.euroleague.net/rs/85b6m5hxnomx8xap/84bd1f8d-134d-42a0-a8ee-cd688d29aaa2/d0c/filename/201718elbylaws.pdf (data zvernennia 30.03.2021).

Key words: sports activities, sports activities legal regulation, temporary laws, ambushmarketing, image rights, local rulemaking The article analyses the legal regulation of the use of intellectualproperty in sports activities. The relevance of the study is justified by the fact that theincome of the global sports industry is increasingly depending on the use of the intellectualproperty by sports organizations.The author notices that adoption of temporary laws aimed at protecting the intellectualproperty rights of sports organizations who organize major sporting events ina country are distinctive features of sports activities. There were two similar laws inthe Ukrainian legislation. Although these laws contained some gaps, this experienceshould become a basis for the introduction of the concept of ambush marketing on aregular basis in the domestic law.Analysis of international agreements in the sporting sphere shows that nowadaysamong the world sports organizations, only intellectual property of InternationalOlympic Committee has an exclusive basis of protection. At the same time, the factthat in general the use and protection of intellectual property is given too little attentionin international agreements in the field of sports gives greater importance tolocal regulations adopted by sports authorities.According to the established practices of foreign sports organizations, professionalrules and contracts between the athlete and the organization contains mutual restrictionsof the use of a number of intellectual property objects constituting the athlete'simage. To date, in Ukrainian practice, only regulations and contracts of several footballorganizations contain the similar provisions, which at the same time have a numberof shortcomings. One of the issues is terminological ambiguity in image rightslegal phenomena, which is still new to Ukrainian practice, and therefore requires theconsistency of definitions between different sports organizations.Thus, although Ukrainian legislation creates the background for domestic sportsorganizations to benefit from their intellectual property, it still requires the adoptionof some new important definitions. ; Ключові слова: спортивна діяльність, правове регулювання спортивної діяльності,закони тимчасової дії, паразитичний маркетинг, право на образ, іміджеві права,локальна нормотворчість У статті міститься огляд нормативно-правових актів, що регулюють відносини у спор-тивній діяльності в розрізі використання об'єктів права інтелектуальної власності у сферіспорту. На основі аналізу законодавства України, міжнародних договорів і особливостейлокальної нормотворчості визначено проблемні аспекти розпорядження об'єктами праваінтелектуальної власності у вітчизняному спорті. Окреслено світові тенденції, що роз-кривають специфіку використання об'єктів права інтелектуальної власності у спорті таповинні стати орієнтиром для законодавця та спортивних організацій України. Список використаних джерел: 1. Clark J. Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015. PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 2011. P. 40 URL: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/hospitality-leisure/pdf/changing-the-game-outlook-for-the-global-sports-market-to-2015.pdf (дата звернення 30.04.2021). 2. Лавренюк О. Ю. Цивільно-правове регулювання відносин інтелектуальної власності у сфері спорту : дис. … канд. юрид. наук. Одеса, 2019. 236 с. 3. Про фізичну культуру і спорт : Закон України від 24.12.93 № 3809-XII. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 1994. № 14. С. 80. 4. Про підтримку олімпійського, паралімпійського руху та спорту вищих досягнень в Україні : Закон України від 14.09.2000 № 1954-III. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2000. № 43. С. 370. 5. Про антидопінговий контроль у спорті : Закон України від 07.02.2017 № 1835-VIII. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2017. № 11. С. 102. 6. Про організацію та проведення фінальної частини чемпіонату Європи 2012 року з футболу в Україні : Закон України від 19.04.2007 № 962-V. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2007. № 31. С. 405. 7. WIPO. Sport & IP — Licenses and Sponsorships in Sport. URL: http://www.wipo.int/ip-sport/en/licenses.html (дата звернення 08.04.2021). 8. Дорошенко Д. О. Захист від паразитичного маркетингу як один з пріоритетів спортивного права України / Тези доповідей міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Спортивне право України: сучасний стан і перспективи розвитку» (19 жовтня 2018 року). Навчально-науковий «Центр спортивного права», Запорізький національний університет, Запоріжжя, 2018. C. 74. 9. Brazil. General Law of the World Cup. Law No. 12.663 of June 5, 2012 URL: https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/335085 (дата звернення 08.04.2021). 10. Cape Town, South Africa. 2010 FIFA World Cup By-law, 2009. Published in Province of Western Cape: Provincial Gazette no. 6594 on 16 January 2009 URL: https://openbylaws.org.za/za-cpt/act/by-law/2009/2010-fifa-world-cup/eng/ (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 11. Про забезпечення охорони та захисту прав інтелектуальної власності УЄФА під час проведення в Україні фінальних матчів Ліги чемпіонів УЄФА та Ліги чемпіонів УЄФА серед жінок сезону 2017/2018 : Закон України від 22.05.2018 № 2444-VIII. Відомості Верховної Ради України. 2018. № 22. С. 194. 12. Major Events Management Act 2007. Public Act 2007 No 35. Date of assent 28 August 2007. URL: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2007/0035/latest/DLM411987.html (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 13. Організація Об'єднаних Націй. Найробський договір про охорону Олімпійського символу (Найробі, 26 вересня 1981 року). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_995#Text (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 14. Міжнародний Олімпійський комітет. Олімпійська хартія 2020 - DidWeDe, Лозанна, Швейцарія. URL: http://noc-ukr.org/about/officialdocuments/olimpiyska-khartiya/ (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 15. Parrish R. Sports law and policy in the European Union. Manchester University Press. 2003. P. 271. 16. World Athletics. Book C - C2. TECHNICAL RULES (In force from 1 November 2019 and amended on 31 January 2020) URL: https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 17. Венедиктов В. С. Трудовое право Украины (Общая часть). Харьков : НУВД, 2004. С. 187. 18. University of New Hampshire - Franklin Pierce School of Law. IP Mall. PREMIER LEAGUE CONTRACT URL: https://ipmall.law.unh.edu/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/SportsEntLaw_Institute/Agent%20Contracts%20Between%20Players%20&%20Their%20Agents/6_PREMIER%20LEAGUE%20PLAYERS%20CONTRACT.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 19. Галузева Угода між Громадською спілкою «Федерація футболу України», Об'єднанням професіональних футбольних клубів України «Прем'єр-Ліга», об'єднанням футбольних клубів «Професіональна футбольна ліга України», та Всеукраїнською професійною спілкою «Футбол України», Всеукраїнською асоціацією футболістів-професіоналів у сфері професіонального футболу України на 2017-2022 роки. Київ-2017. URL: http://dev.pfl.ua/docs/07d3098c0649d1810a8a75fb1f1740a7.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 20. Федерація футболу України. РЕГЛАМЕНТ Федерації футболу України зі статусу і трансферу футболістів. Київ-2018 URL: https://uaf.ua/about-ffu/library (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 21. The Football Association Premier League L.imited. Handbook Season 2020/21 URL: https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/ 2020/09/11/dc7e76c1-f78d-45a2-be4a-4c6bc33368fa/2020-21-PL-Handbook-110920.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). 22. Turkish Airlains EoroLeague. EUROLEAGUE BYLAWS. URL: https://www.euroleague.net/rs/85b6m5hxnomx8xap/84bd1f8d-134d-42a0-a8ee-cd688d29aaa2/d0c/filename/201718elbylaws.pdf (дата звернення 30.03.2021). ===================== 1. Clark J. Changing the game. Outlook for the global sports market to 2015. PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 2011. P. 40 URL: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/hospitality-leisure/pdf/changing-the-game-outlook-for-the-global-sports-market-to-2015.pdf (data zvernennia 30.04.2021). 2. Lavreniuk O. Yu. Tsyvilno-pravove rehuliuvannia vidnosyn intelektualnoi vlasnosti u sferi sportu : dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk. Odesa, 2019. 236 s. 3. Pro fizychnu kulturu i sport : Zakon Ukrainy vid 24.12.93 № 3809-XII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 1994. № 14. S. 80. 4. Pro pidtrymku olimpiiskoho, paralimpiiskoho rukhu ta sportu vyshchykh dosiahnen v Ukraini : Zakon Ukrainy vid 14.09.2000 № 1954-III. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2000. № 43. S. 370. 5. Pro antydopinhovyi kontrol u sporti : Zakon Ukrainy vid 07.02.2017 № 1835-VIII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2017. № 11. S. 102. 6. Pro orhanizatsiiu ta provedennia finalnoi chastyny chempionatu Yevropy 2012 roku z futbolu v Ukraini : Zakon Ukrainy vid 19.04.2007 № 962-V. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2007. № 31. S. 405. 7. WIPO. Sport & IP — Licenses and Sponsorships in Sport. URL: http://www.wipo.int/ip-sport/en/licenses.html (data zvernennia 08.04.2021). 8. Doroshenko D. O. Zakhyst vid parazytychnoho marketynhu yak odyn z priorytetiv sportyvnoho prava Ukrainy / Tezy dopovidei mizhnarodnoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii «Sportyvne pravo Ukrainy: suchasnyi stan i perspektyvy rozvytku» (19 zhovtnia 2018 roku). Navchalno-naukovyi «Tsentr sportyvnoho prava», Zaporizkyi natsionalnyi universytet, Zaporizhzhia, 2018. C. 74. 9. Brazil. General Law of the World Cup. Law No. 12.663 of June 5, 2012 URL: https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/335085 (data zvernennia 08.04.2021). 10. Cape Town, South Africa. 2010 FIFA World Cup By-law, 2009. Published in Province of Western Cape: Provincial Gazette no. 6594 on 16 January 2009 URL: https://openbylaws.org.za/za-cpt/act/by-law/2009/2010-fifa-world-cup/eng/ (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 11. Pro zabezpechennia okhorony ta zakhystu prav intelektualnoi vlasnosti UIeFA pid chas provedennia v Ukraini finalnykh matchiv Lihy chempioniv UIeFA ta Lihy chempioniv UIeFA sered zhinok sezonu 2017/2018 : Zakon Ukrainy vid 22.05.2018 № 2444-VIII. Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. 2018. № 22. S. 194. 12. Major Events Management Act 2007. Public Act 2007 No 35. Date of assent 28 August 2007. URL: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2007/0035/latest/DLM411987.html (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 13. Orhanizatsiia Ob'iednanykh Natsii. Nairobskyi dohovir pro okhoronu Olimpiiskoho symvolu (Nairobi, 26 veresnia 1981 roku). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_995#Text (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 14. Mizhnarodnyi Olimpiiskyi komitet. Olimpiiska khartiia 2020 - DidWeDe, Lozanna, Shveitsariia. URL: http://noc-ukr.org/about/officialdocuments/olimpiyska-khartiya/ (data zvernennia 08.04.2021). 15. Parrish R. Sports law and policy in the European Union. Manchester University Press. 2003. P. 271. 16. World Athletics. Book C - C2. TECHNICAL RULES (In force from 1 November 2019 and amended on 31 January 2020) URL: https://www.worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 17. Venedyktov V. S. Trudovoe pravo Ukraynы (Obshchaia chast). Kharkov : NUVD, 2004. S. 187. 18. University of New Hampshire - Franklin Pierce School of Law. IP Mall. PREMIER LEAGUE CONTRACT URL: https://ipmall.law.unh.edu/sites/default/files/hosted_resources/SportsEntLaw_Institute/Agent%20Contracts%20Between%20Players%20&%20Their%20Agents/6_PREMIER%20LEAGUE%20PLAYERS%20CONTRACT.pdf (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 19. Haluzeva Uhoda mizh Hromadskoiu spilkoiu «Federatsiia futbolu Ukrainy», Obiednanniam profesionalnykh futbolnykh klubiv Ukrainy «Premier-Liha», obiednanniam futbolnykh klubiv «Profesionalna futbolna liha Ukrainy», ta Vseukrainskoiu profesiinoiu spilkoiu «Futbol Ukrainy», Vseukrainskoiu asotsiatsiieiu futbolistiv-profesionaliv u sferi profesionalnoho futbolu Ukrainy na 2017-2022 roky. Kyiv-2017. URL: http://dev.pfl.ua/docs/07d3098c0649d1810a8a75fb1f1740a7.pdf (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 20. Federatsiia futbolu Ukrainy. REHLAMENT Federatsii futbolu Ukrainy zi statusu i transferu futbolistiv. Kyiv-2018 URL: https://uaf.ua/about-ffu/library (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 21. The Football Association Premier League L.imited. Handbook Season 2020/21 URL: https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2020/09/11/dc7e76c1-f78d-45a2-be4a-4c6bc33368fa/2020-21-PL-Handbook-110920.pdf (data zvernennia 30.03.2021). 22. Turkish Airlains EoroLeague. EUROLEAGUE BYLAWS. URL: https://www.euroleague.net/rs/85b6m5hxnomx8xap/84bd1f8d-134d-42a0-a8ee-cd688d29aaa2/d0c/filename/201718elbylaws.pdf (data zvernennia 30.03.2021).

Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia Informática, apresentada ao Departamento de Engenharia Informática da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra ; Atualmente a sociedade contemporânea tem ao seu dispor um sem numero de serviços que suportam toda a economia globalizada em que vivemos bem como o nosso modo de vida. Serviços como distribuição de energia, água, gás, redes de transportes, telecomunicações, a Internet, entre outros, são atualmente parte integrante da vida dos cidadãos e das empresas. Estes serviços estão de tal forma presentes nas nossas vidas que a sua relevância e o grau de dependência aos serviços, apenas é sentido aquando da sua indisponibilidade. Este tipo de serviço dos quais depende o nosso modo de vida, são fornecidos por infraestruturas críticas, assim referidas pois a sua falha ou quebra da qualidade do serviço prestado pode ter um grande impacto na sociedade ou economia de um País. Para além dos fenómenos da natureza e dos riscos inerentes à sua própria exploração, os riscos que estas infraestruturas correm têm vindo a aumentar ao atrair cada vez mais o interesse de grupos de hackers e terroristas, principalmente pela forte visibilidade e consequências que mesmo um pequeno ataque pode acarretar. De entre os problemas inerentes ao funcionamento das infraestruturas críticas destaca-se o fato da existência de dependências ou interdependências entre infraestruturas. Veja-se o exemplo do serviço de telecomunicações que está por natureza dependente do fornecimento de energia elétrica ou dos serviços bancários que estão dependentes de ambos. Mas não está atualmente o fornecimento de energia dependente dos serviços de telecomunicações e dos seus sistemas de informação? Destes exemplos torna-se visível que, para além da (inter)dependência que possa existir, é necessário analisar também os efeitos em cascata que podem surgir após a falha de uma infraestrutura. Com o objetivo de promover a segurança em infraestruturas críticas, vários governos, em conjunto com a comunidade científica, promovem esforços de investigação nesta área. Em particular, nas áreas da distribuição de energia e das telecomunicações. Ao nível da União Europeia, existe grande determinação para promover projetos nesta área, em particular, projetos que promovem a troca de informação entre infraestruturas, na forma de alertas de risco, prevenindo os Operadores das infraestruturas relativamente a um aumento de risco de perda ou quebra de qualidade do serviço fornecido. Esta troca permite que as infraestruturas possam aplicar atempadamente os seus planos de contingência ou recuperação, minimizando eventuais quebras de serviço e consequentemente reduzindo o indesejado efeito de falha em cascata. A motivação para o trabalho apresentado nesta tese, surgiu da identificação dos principais aspectos em aberto relativos à troca e gestão de alertas de risco entre infraestruturas críticas. Muitas das abordagens existentes relativas à segurança em infraestruturas críticas focam-se na obtenção de níveis de risco através do uso de modelos mais ou menos complexos das infraestruturas. Apesar de estes modelos permitirem uma base sólida para a monitorização do risco, não apresentam mecanismos para a sua troca, gestão e avaliação de qualidade. Este trabalho aborda o problema relacionado com a confiança, reputação e gestão de alertas de risco no seio das infraestruturas críticas. Nesse sentido é proposta a introdução de mecanismos que permitam gerir e aferir em cada instante, o grau de confiança atribuído a cada um dos alertas de risco recebidos ou calculados internamente, permitindo melhorar a sua precisão e consequentemente melhorar também a resiliência da infraestrutura critica quando confrontada com alertas de riscos imprecisos ou inconsistentes. Na tese é abordado o problema da segurança em infraestruturas críticas interdependentes e identificados os principais problemas inerentes à troca de informação de risco, em particular, a forma de efetuar a partilha de informação de uma forma segura, a gestão dessa mesma partilha e a avaliação da fiabilidade da informação envolvida na partilha. Propõe-se nesta tese, a aplicação de mecanismos de gestão baseados no paradigma de gestão por politicas para a gestão da partilha de alertas de risco entre infraestruturas críticas. Com o objetivo de melhorar a gestão da partilha e posterior interpretação dos alertas de risco, é proposta a introdução da análise de confiança e reputação na avaliação da fiabilidade da informação envolvida na partilha e na avaliação do comportamento das entidades envolvidas. As propostas apresentadas nesta tese são discutidas e aplicadas no âmbito do projeto Europeu MICIE (Tool for systemic risk analysis and secure mediation of data exchanged across linked CI information infrastructures), em particular, no que se refere à solução proposta para a gestão da partilha de alertas de risco, que em conjunto com os indicadores de confiança e reputação propostos, permitem melhorar a proteção de cada infraestrutura relativamente ao uso de informação menos confiável ou inconsistente. Apresenta-se também a adaptação dos conceitos propostos ao CI Security Model, um modelo de análise de risco em tempo real, no qual as falhas identificadas são atenuadas com a introdução da análise de confiança e reputação proposta nesta tese. Os resultados da avaliação das propostas apresentadas são discutidos com base em cenários de simulação bem como através de dados reais de uma infraestrutura crítica. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as propostas apresentadas satisfazem os objectivos definidos, nomeadamente, ao contribuir para o aumento da confiança que uma infraestrutura crítica tem relativamente à informação recebida em tempo real acerca dos serviços dos quais depende, ao permitir uma melhor gestão dessa mesma informação e também ao contribuir para o aumento da fiabilidade dos resultados provenientes dos modelos de risco em uso na infraestrutura. ; Currently, our society has at its disposal an uncountable number of services able to support the global economy and also our current way of life. Services such as power distribution, water, gas, transport networks, telecommunications, the Internet, among others, are now an integral part of the citizens' lives and businesses. These services play such a big role in our lives that their importance is only appreciated when they are unavailable. These types of services, that our lives so heavily depend on, are provided by Critical Infrastructures. They are referred to as ``Critical" due to the fact that in case of failure or breakdown in providing quality of service, the impact on society and the economy of a country can be enormous. Beyond the phenomena of nature and risks inherent to the infrastructure operation, the risks faced by these infrastructures have continuously increasing, by attracting interest from groups of hackers and terrorist groups. Primarily due to the strong visibility and consequences that may result even from a small successful attack. Among the problems inherent to the operation of Critical Infrastructures, it is possible to emphasise the existence of dependencies and interdependencies among infrastructures. For example, a telecommunications service is inherently dependent on the electricity supply or, for instance, banking services are dependent on both telecommunications and energy supply services. However, is it not the service that provides power supply actually dependent on telecommunications services and also on information systems? Based on these examples it becomes apparent that in addition to the (inter)dependence that may exist, it is also necessary to examine the cascading effects that may arise after the failure of a Critical Infrastructure. Critical Infrastructures security has been the subject of discussion by numerous governments with the support of the academia by promoting research efforts in these areas, in particular in areas such as power distribution and telecommunications. Furthermore, within the European Union, there is determination to promote projects in these areas, in particular the promotion of projects that foster the exchange of information, in the form of warnings, among infrastructures. These warnings allow the Critical Infrastructure to be informed and aware of the increasing risk of loss or reduction in quality of the service received. This exchange allows the infrastructure to timely implement their contingency and recovery plans to minimise any service breaks and consequently minimise the unwanted effect of a cascading failure. The motivation for the work presented in this thesis arose from the identification of the main open issues relating to the exchange and management of risk warnings among Critical Infrastructures. Many of the existing approaches to security in Critical Infrastructures are focused on obtaining risk levels through the use of models based on the infrastructure. Although these models allow a solid foundation for risk monitoring, they do not have mechanisms for exchange, management and assessment of its quality. This work addresses the problem related to trust, reputation and risk alerts management within Critical Infrastructures. Accordingly, it is proposed to introduce mechanisms to manage and measure at each instant, the degree of confidence assigned to each of the alerts received or computed internally. Allowing improvement of their accuracy and consequently improving the resilience of Critical Infrastructures when faced with inaccurate or inconsistent risk alerts. This thesis addresses the problem of interdependent Critical Infrastructure security and identifies the main problems related to risk information sharing. In particular, how to allow information sharing in a secure manner, the management of that sharing and how to assess the reliability of such information. This thesis proposes the application of Policy Based Management mechanisms for the management of the risk alert information shared among Critical Infrastructures. In order to improve the information sharing management and the further interpretation of the risk alerts, it is proposed to evaluate Trust and Reputation in order to assess the shared information and also to consider the behaviour of the entities involved. The proposals presented in this thesis are discussed and applied in the context of the European Project MICIE ({Tool for systemic risk analysis and secure mediation of data exchanged across linked CI information infrastructures). In particular with regard to the proposed solution for the management of shared risk alerts, which uses the Policy Based Management paradigm. By incorporating the proposed Trust and Reputation indicators it allows to improve the Critical Infrastructure protection considering the use of untrustworthy or inconsistent information. It is also proposed the adaptation of the presented concepts to the CI Security Model, a model for real time risk analysis evaluation, in which the identified shortcomings are addressed with the integration of the Trust and Reputation approach proposed in this thesis. The results of the proposals evaluation are discussed based on simulation scenarios as well as through real data of a Critical Infrastructure. The achieved results indicate that the proposed mechanisms meet the objectives such as, by contributing to the increase in confidence that a Critical Infrastructure has on the information received about the services on which it depends. To allow improvement in management of such information as well as contribution to increased reliability of results obtained from the risk models applied to the infrastructure. ; FCT - (SFRH BD/35772/2007)

The number of forcibly displaced persons in the world is on the rise, and the escala¬tion of the conflict in the territory of Ukraine has contributed significantly to this increase. According to UNHCR estimates, more than 6.8 million people fled from Ukraine to European countries, and more than 6.6 million were displaced within Ukraine itself. The greatest burden of caring for displaced persons from Ukraine is borne by the neighbouring countries. The situation caused strong condemnations of Russian aggression and widespread expressions of solidarity with the humanitarian disaster, both in the EU and in the Republic of Croatia. In order to provide shelter and support to displaced persons, states have to use numerous resources of their national public administrations. The ability of a public administration to manage the reception and care of a large number of displaced persons can be viewed through the prism of administrative capacity, understood as a set of skills and competencies that a public administration acquires and uses in its work in order to facilitate and contribute to solving problems at the level of the en¬tire administrative system or individual administrative organisations. In the context of the discussion about the problem-solving capacity of state and non-state actors involved in governance, Lodge and Wegrich (2014) consider the ways of using state resources and their connection with administrative capacities. For this purpose, they distinguish between four types of administrative capacity – regulatory, delivery, co¬ordination and analytical. The paper analyses the response of Croatia to the mass influx of displaced persons from Ukraine since the escalation of the conflict in February 2022. The analysis was based on the concept of administrative capacity, applied to the reception and care of a large number of persons in humanitarian crises, and on the obligations of Croatia under the EU Temporary Protection Directive. This Directive regulates various obligations of EU member states in the event of the activation of temporary protection and the provision of a number of rights to displaced persons for the duration of the protection. The subjects of analysis are policy documents, regulations governing this area and the practice of public authorities. The paper is divided into four parts. The introductory part provides a general over¬view of the situation and statistical data on the number of people displaced from Ukraine, as well as an overview of the temporary protection institute as governed by EU regulations. It also states the purpose, subject and expected contribution of the paper. The second part provides a brief overview of the legal regulation of temporary pro¬tection in the context of the Croatian asylum system and analyses Croatia's approach to aggression against Ukraine based on the most important documents of the key branches of government, the Croatian Parliament and the Government of the Repub¬lic of Croatia. Temporary protection is regulated within the framework of the Act on International and Temporary Protection, i.e., it is included as a kind of third form of protection within the asylum system. In practice, however, since the beginning of the acceptance of displaced persons from Ukraine, a clear distinction has been made according to the system of international protection (including asylum and subsidiary protection), both in terms of simplifying procedures and in relation to the authorities competent for coordinating the temporary protection system. The central part of the paper provides an overview of the administrative capacities of the Croatian public administration (at state and local levels) for implementing the legal institute of temporary protection in practice. Regulatory capacity refers to the ability to make timely decisions, regulations, strategic documents and other general and individual acts, at the state and local level, and the use of various instruments for better regulation. The results indicate that the regulatory framework in Croa¬tia was established in a remarkably short time, based on the coordinated action of key stakeholders who were tasked with implementing measures for the reception and care of displaced persons from Ukraine. Competent ministries timely and ad¬equately informed the bodies under their jurisdiction about the content and implementation method of measures for the successful reception and care of displaced persons, issued decisions and instructions, and tasked other state administration bodies to regulate more closely the area of their activities related to the reception and care of displaced persons from Ukraine. Delivery capacities refer to the provi¬sion of services in certain sectors, that is, the implementation of certain rights from the scope of temporary protection in practice. The paper showed that, in a very short period of time, the competent ministries sent operational instructions to their de¬partments involved in the implementation of measures related to the reception and care of persons under temporary protection. The website "Croatia for Ukraine" was established in order to provide general information to displaced persons, stakeholders involved in the reception and care system, as well as citizens. Besides, a number of local self-government units took various additional measures to facilitate the re¬ception and stay of displaced persons in their communities. Coordination capacity includes connection and cooperation between various sectors (horizontal) and levels of government – local, regional, central, and European (vertical). Very quickly, various coordination mechanisms were established, which laid the basis for the efficient implementation of measures for the reception and care of displaced persons. Ana¬lytical capacity refers to the ability of a public administration to evaluate its system, predict future development and, as much as possible, supervise the implementation, data collection and development of mechanisms for planning, monitoring and evaluating the results of public policies and comparing achieved and planned goals and measures. The conflict in Ukraine and the consequent flight of the population is of a crisis nature, so it is not possible to fully predict the extent of the capacity to receive and care for people because it is not possible to foresee the number of people who will request temporary protection in Croatia, or the duration of the conflict, i.e., the dynamics of the return of displaced people to Ukraine or their departure to other EU member states. Furthermore, the relatively short period of time that passed from the escalation of the conflict to the moment of writing this paper affects the possibility of evaluating planned and achieved goals and measures. Therefore, the analytical capacity is analysed in relation to the following indicators: the collection and availability of statistical data on the number of displaced persons, the relationship between the influx of persons and the preparation of accommodation facilities, and the evaluation of the achievement of goals and measures based on the awareness of displaced persons about the rights granted under temporary protection and problems in exercising those rights. The fourth part includes concluding considerations. It is concluded that the admin¬istrative capacities of the Croatian public administration for implementation, regula¬tion and coordination proved to be sufficient for a timely and appropriate response to this type of humanitarian crisis. However, considering that only a few months have passed since the activation of temporary protection, it is too early to draw conclusions about the connection between the planned goals and measures and their practical delivery as monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are generally less developed in the Croatian public administration. It is concluded that several factors contributed to the quick and effective action of the competent authorities: solidarity with Ukraine and condemnation of Russia by all political bodies in Croatia and the EU, the proximity of the conflict, the demo¬graphic similarity of displaced persons and the local population, the experience of the Croatian War of Independence, and the general support of the Croatian citizens for helping displaced persons.