Suchergebnisse

This article addresses two objectives: to study the role of the Costa Rican State in promoting sport ‒except soccer‒ through the educational system between the years 1933 to 1949, and to assess the role of sports practices in the socialization of children and youth. young people from Costa Rica during the same study period. Poverty in the public finances, economic crises, high desertion rates, political polarization, and the Civil War of 1948, influenced the shortage of adequate sports facilities and the sufficient number of physical education teachers in Costa Rica between 1933 and 1949. This made the teaching and practice of athletics, boxing, cycling, swimming, gymnastics, softball, baseball, basketball and volleyball only available to children and young people who studied in the main educational centers of the Central Valley. On the other hand, some of the implements to practice these sports were not available to students from the popular sectors, so they were not an important part of their socialization. The proposed objectives will be addressed through the review of the main national newspapers of the time. ; Este artículo aborda dos objetivos: estudiar el papel del Estado costarricense en la promoción del deporte ‒excepto el fútbol‒ por medio del sistema educativo entre los años de 1933 a 1949, y, valorar el papel de las prácticas deportivas en la socialización de niños y jóvenes de Costa Rica durante el mismo período de estudio. La pobreza de la hacienda pública, las crisis económicas, el alto índice de deserción, la polarización política y la Guerra Civil de 1948, influyeron en la escasez de instalaciones deportivas adecuadas y el suficiente número de maestros de educación física en Costa Rica entre 1933 y 1949. Esto hizo que la enseñanza y práctica del atletismo, boxeo, ciclismo, natación, gimnasia, softball, beisbol, baloncesto y voleibol solo estuviera al alcance de niños y jóvenes que estudiaban en los principales centros educativos del Valle Central. Por otra parte, algunos de los implementos para practicar estos deportes no estaban al alcance de los estudiantes proveniente de los sectores populares, por lo que no fueron parte importante de su socialización. Los objetivos propuestos se abordarán a través de la revisión de los principales periódicos de circulación nacional de la época. ; Este artigo aborda dois objetivos: estudar o papel do Estado costarriquenho na promoção do esporte deporte -exceto o futebol‒, por meio do sistema educacional entre os anos de 1933 a 1949, e avaliar o papel das práticas esportivas na socialização de crianças e jovens. jovens da Costa Rica durante o mesmo período de estudo. Pobreza nas finanças públicas, crises econômicas, altas taxas de deserção, polarização política e a Guerra Civil de 1948, influenciaram a escassez de instalações esportivas adequadas e o número suficiente de professores de educação física na Costa Rica entre 1933 e 1949. Tornou o ensino e a prática do atletismo, boxe, ciclismo, natação, ginástica, softball, beisebol, basquete e voleibol disponíveis apenas para crianças e jovens que estudaram nos principais centros educacionais do Vale Central. Por outro lado, alguns dos implementos para a prática desses esportes não estavam disponíveis para os alunos das camadas populares, portanto, não eram parte importante de sua socialização. Os objetivos propostos serão atendidos através da revisão dos principais jornais nacionais da época.

Abstract.The purpose of the research – to reveal the origins of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict at the beginning of the XXIst century, its preconditions and circumstances. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, systematics, scientificity, authorial objectivity, as well as the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special historical (historical genetic, historical typological, historical systemic) methods. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in the history of the Russian-Ukrainian relations, based on previously unknown sources, it has been clarified how at the end of the XXth century the political leadership of the Russian Federation laid the foundations for the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict in 2014. The Conclusions. Since 1991, the Russian leadership has effectively inflamed the conflict in some regions, including the Crimea, by "not allowing" Ukraine to be an independent state with the right to European development. At the same time, in order to damage the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine, the Black Sea Fleet was used as the main lever of influence. It should be noted that the impact on the population of the Crimean peninsula, through the prism of events around the Black Sea Fleet, was carried out in many spheres, primarily, military, political, informational, linguistic, etc. In our opinion, in 1997 the resolution of the issue of the Black Sea Fleet division marked the fact that by this time the majority of the population of the territory of the Crimea had formed a negative attitude towards the Ukrainian authorities and, as a result, towards the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Therefore, the rapid occupation of the Crimean peninsula in 2014 and the events in Donbass were a natural consequence of the unfriendly policy of the Russian political leadership towards Ukraine, which the leadership has been pursuing since 1991. Key words: Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the Navy, the Black Sea Fleet, the Crimea, armed conflict. ; Анотація.Мета дослідження– розкрити витоки російсько-українського збройного конфлікту на початку ХХІ століття, його передумови та обставини.Методологія дослідження спирається на принципах історизму, системності, науковості, авторської об'єктивності, а також на використання загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення) та спеціально-історичних (історико-генетичний, історико-типологічний, історико-системний) методів.Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що вперше в історії російсько-українських відносин на основі невідомих раніше джерел з'ясовано яким чином політичне керівництво Російської Федерації наприкінці ХХ століття закладало підвалини для виникнення російсько-українського збройного конфлікту 2014 року.Висновки: починаючі з 1991 року російське керівництво ефективно розпалювало конфлікт в окремих регіонах, зокрема в Криму, "не дозволяючи" Україні бути незалежною державою з правом на європейській розвиток. При цьому, з метою завдання шкоди територіальній цілісності і суверенітету України як основний важіль впливу був використаний Чорноморський флот. Зазначимо, що вплив на населення Кримського півострову скрізь призму подій навколо Чорноморського флоту здійснювався у багатьох сферах, насамперед воєнній, політичній, інформаційній, мовній тощо. Вирішення питання навколо розподілу Чорноморського флоту в 1997 році, на наш погляд, ознаменувало те, що к цьому моменту у більшості населення території Криму було сформовано негативне ставлення до української влади та, як слід, до Збройних Сил України. Тому, швидка окупація Кримського півострова в 2014 році та події на Донбасі стали закономірним наслідком недружньої політики російського політичного керівництва по відношенню до України, яку воно здійснювало починаючи із 1991 року. Ключові слова:Україна, Російська Федерація, Військово-Морські Сили, Чорноморський флот, Крим, збройний конфлікт

The "Proto-Bulgarian problem" is a traditional topic in Bulgarian medieval studies, as well as the questions related to the Bulgarians' ethnic origin, the location of their ancestral homeland, their early history and their role in the formation of Bulgarian statehood. These topics were and remain the most important ones in the development of the historical consciousness of the Bulgarian people, and at the same time leave many unresolved issues. The purpose of the research is to outline the problematic points which exist in the literature relatively to the origin of the Bulgarians, and to give arguments for our point of view, who the ancient Bulgarians could really be. Research methodology. We used both general scientific methods (analytical, logical), historical (chronological, historical and comparative), and source studies – heuristic, critical. The scientific novelty is determined by the fact that the article substantiates the point of view that the term "Bulgar" was not an ethnos term at the time of the presence of the ancient Bulgars in the Eastern European steppes, but it meant belonging to a certain social status, namely – the military elite. Its maturation into an ethnos term took place later – when the Bulgarians moved to the Balkans and began the process of their own state formation. Formations similar to the medieval Bulgarian military class existed in other nations until the Middle Ages and later. The Conclusion. The results of our study gave grounds for the following conclusions. The ancient Bulgarians were not an ethnic but social-class union, a military community; the term "military order" could be used. The tradition to create such military orders resided in the Indo-Aryan tribes and their ancestors from ancient times and can be traced back to the end of the Middle Ages in the community of the Ukrainian Cossacks. Destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich by the Russian authorities in the ХVІІІth century interrupted this ancient tradition forever ; Актуальність проблеми. "Праболгарська проблема" є традиційною темою болгарської медієвістики, як і пов'язані з нею питання щодо етнічного походження болгар, місцезнаходження їхньої прабатьківщини, їх ранньої історії та ролі у становленні болгарської державності. Ці теми були і залишаються найбільш важливими у розвитку історичної свідомості болгарського народу, однак і донині залишається багато нерозв'язаних питань. Мета дослідження – висвітлити ті проблемні точки, які є в літературі з теми походження болгар, і аргументувати нашу точку зору, ким насправді могли бути давні булгари. Методологія дослідження. Нами використовувались як загальнонаукові методи (аналітичний, логічний), історичні (хронологічний, історико-порівняльний), так і джерелознавчі – евристичний, критичний. Наукова новизна визначається тим, що у статті обґрунтовується точка зору, що термін "булгар" не був у часи перебування давніх булгар на терені Східноєвропейських степів етнонімом, а позначав приналежність до певного соціального стану, а саме – військової еліти. Його визрівання в етнонім відбулося пізніше – коли булгари переселились на Балкани і започаткували процес власного державотворення. Подібні до середньовічного булгарського військово-станові формування існували також в інших народів і до часів Середньовіччя, і пізніше. Висновок. Результати нашого дослідження дали підстави для таких висновків. Давні булгари були не етнічним, а соціально-становим об'єднанням, військовим співтовариством; можна вжити термін "військовий орден". Традиції створення таких військових орденських об'єднань були характерні для індоарійських племен та їхніх нащадків з давніх-давен і простежуються аж до кінця Середньовіччя у співтоваристві українського козацтва. Знищення Запорозької Січі російською владою у ХVІІІ ст. перервало цю стародавню традицію назавжди.

The article is devoted to the problems of French national identity in the context of the migration crisis in the EU. The author makes an attempt to identify the impact of immigration on the socio-political state of French society and the transformation of national identity. The relevance of the problem posed is due to the continued influx of migrants into EU countries, as well as the increased public interest in the problem of national identity.After analyzing the discourse in French society on the topic of national identity, and revealing its connection with issues of immigration and integration, the author considers its consequences in various areas of public life. In particular, features of interethnic and interfaith communication between the French and immigrants that affect migration policy, as well as determine the alignment of forces in the political field of France, are highlighted. It is shown that the number of citizens concerned about the loss of national identity is growing. Today, in general, there is an increase of xenophobia in society, and ethnic or ethno-religious identity is perceived in society as a threat to national identity. The current attitude towards migration in society is pushing the French government to tighten migration policies. This was reflected in the fight against illegal migration and the restriction of the reception of migrants. The article emphasizes that the migration crisis in Europe actualizes the problem of national identity in the EU countries. At the pan-European level, governments are trying to rethink the approach to immigration, making migration easy for host countries. However, attempts to adjust migration policies, which are carried out both at the supranational and national levels, seem ineffective. The dynamics of discontent of the population of France with government policies in the field of migration. The author makes a forecast that due to the aging of the population of the EU countries, migration to Europe will increase, and therefore the problem of national identity will remain relevant.Keywords: migration crisis, European Union, national identity, France, tolerance, Islamism. ; Статтю присвячено проблемам національної ідентичності Франції, що розглядаються крізь призму міграційної кризи в ЄС. Автором робиться спроба виявити вплив імміграції на соціально - політичний стан французького суспільства і трансформацію національної ідентичності. Актуальність поставленої проблеми обумовлена тривалим припливом мігрантів до держав ЄС, а також зростанням інтересу суспільства до проблеми національної ідентичності. Проаналізувавши дискурс у французькому соціумі на тему національної ідентичності і виявивши його зв'язок з питаннями імміграції та інтеграції, автор розглядає його наслідки в різних сферах суспільного життя. Зокрема, висвітлено особливості міжетнічної та міжконфесійної комунікації між французами та іммігрантами, які впливають на міграційну політику, а також визначають розстановку сил на політичному полі Франції. Показано, що число громадян, стурбованих втратою національної самобутності, зростає. У статті підкреслюється, що міграційний криза в Європі актуалізує проблему національної ідентичності у всіх країнах ЄС. На загальноєвропейському рівні уряди намагаються переосмислити підхід до імміграції, зробити міграцію необтяжливою для приймаючих країн. Однак спроби коригувати міграційну політику є неефективними. У динаміці спостерігається невдоволення населення Франції політикою уряду у сфері міграції. Автор робить прогноз, що внаслідок старіння населення держав ЄС міграція до Європи зростатиме, а значить і проблема національної ідентичності залишатиметься актуальною.Ключові слова: міграційний криза, Європейський Союз, національна ідентичність, Франція, толерантність, ісламізм.

The article deals withthe transformations of visual representations of powerof the last hetman of Cossack Ukraine KyryloRozumovskyi(1750-1764). The traditional elements ofthe ruling elite'srepresentation included the court of the ruler withitshierarchy, system of political roles, staff,etiquette and ceremonial, capital and numerous residences.Amongthe hetman, various groups of nobles, courtiers, attendants, representatives of the social stratatook part in theperformative actions.Political representational acts, includingelections, inagurations, investitures, as well as religious and personal celebrations of rulers,such as, huntingandbanquet, were the most common. Each actionhad its own ceremonial scenariothat wasfull ofexplicit or hidden meanings.Rozumovskyiradically changed the ideology and forms oftheexternalrepresentationof the Hetman's power. Old clothing, churches and fortresseswere replaced bytheEuropean cosmopolitan and secular courtly culture. Hetmanpreferred tolook like a European nobleman. Thecult of the head of theCossackTroops,as the first knight among equals,transformedintothe image of an enlightened ruler andprotectorof the Little Russian(Malorossia)country. Theway of life of the Hetman's courtchanged significantly. Whilethe traditional banquets and huntspreserved,the newartistic entertainments, such asconcerts, spectacles, balls and masquerades, appeared.A renewed hetman'scapital in Baturin with its exquisite palace and park, university, state institutions and factories, reflected this new concept of power.The political aspectof symbols and ceremonialswas especially important field of semantic changes. Being arelative of the ruling dynastyand possesinga hetman's title,Rozumovskyiplaced himselfoutside theexistingruling hierarchies both in the Russian Empire and in the Hetmanate. As plans for the establishmentof hereditary hetmanhood in Ukraine weremade, thevisualsymbols of the futurepoliticalprojectwere formed. Theycombinedasymbolism of the "Little Russian(Malorossian)nation" with theRozumovskyi's personal coat ofarms and monograms. This symbiosis clearlyreflectedthe political ambitions of theHetman who wanted to see himself as a half-sovereign ruler. ; В статті розглянуто зміни в формах і змісті репрезентаційних практик останнього гетьмана козацької України Кирила Розумовського (1750-1764). До традиційних елементів владної репрезентації належали двір володаря зі своєю ієрархією, системою політичних ролей, штатом службовців, етикетом і церемоніалом, столиця та численні резиденції. Учасниками перформативних дійств виступали, окрім гетьмана, різні групи знаті, придворні, почт володаря, представники станів. Найбільш поширеними різновидами репрезентаційних актів були політичні – елекції, посвячення, інвеститури, а також релігійні та персональні свята правителів, учти, полювання й за кожним з яких був закріплений свій церемоніальний сценарій із явними чи прихованими сенсами. Розумовський радикально змінив ідеологію та форми зовнішнього втілення гетьманської влади. На зміну старосвітським шатам, церквам і фортецям прийшла європейська куртуазна культура, космополітична та світська. Гетьман виглядав як європейський вельможа, а культ очільника Війська Запорозького, як першого лицаря серед рівних, змінився на образ просвіченого володаря й опікуна малоросійської вітчизни. Змінився побут гетьманського двору, де окрім традиційних бенкетів і полювань, почесне місце посіли мистецькі розваги – концерти, вистави, бали й маскаради. Важливим опрявненням нової філософії влади мала стати оновлена столиця в Батурині з вишуканим палацом і парком, університетом, державними установами і фабриками. Важливим полем семантичних змін був політичний сегмент символіки та церемоніалів. Постать Розумовського, яко родича правлячої династії, ще й наділеного гетьманським титулом, ставила його поза владними ієрархіями як в Російській імперії, так і в Гетьманщині. По мірі формування планів по влаштуванню в Україні спадкового гетьманства, зовнішні символи майбутнього проекту поєднали в собі символіку «малоросійської нації» із родовими гербами та вензелями Розумовських. Цей симбіоз недвозначно свідчив про політичні амбіції гетьмана, який волів бачити себе напівсуверенним правителем.

The epistemological status of economic science —whether it is an exact science, analogous to the natural sciences, and what is the appropriate method to its object of study— dominated the methodological debates of the discipline in the 19th century and continues to be a lively debate in contemporary scholarship. The present article approaches this question based on the work of two figures in the history of political economy in Chile, J. G. Courcelle-Seneuil and G. Subercaseaux. The comparative analysis of the texts of both authors allows us to understand the way in which they conceive economic phenomena, human action, and the type of knowledge that these phenomena admit. Courcelle-Seneuil understands economic reality as determined by natural laws of universal validity that science should strive to discover and that would give the discipline great predictive capacity. Subercaseaux, meanwhile, conceives economic phenomena strongly linked to their cultural and institutional context and as the result of the action of free agents. This leads him to emphasize the inexact character of economic science and to be skeptical of the possibility of deducing laws and making accurate predictions. These differences in approach have consequences at the theoretical level and also at the political level, for example, in the debates regarding state intervention. A comparative study of the epistemological approaches of two thinkers that are best known for their positions on economic policy issues is novel and may contribute to the understanding of the contribution of these authors to the history of Chilean economic thought. ; La pregunta por qué tipo de ciencia es la economía —si es o no una ciencia exacta, análoga a las ciencias naturales, y cuál es el método más adecuado a su objeto de estudio— dominó los debates metodológicos de la disciplina en el siglo XIX y continúa vigente en la economía contemporánea. El presente artículo se aproxima a este interrogante a partir del trabajo de dos figuras de la historia de la economía política en Chile, J. G. Courcelle-Seneuil y G. Subercaseaux. El análisis comparativo de los textos de ambos autores permite advertir el modo en que cada uno de ellos concibe los fenómenos económicos, la acción humana implicada en ellos y el tipo de conocimiento que estos fenómenos admiten. Courcelle-Seneuil comprende la realidad económica como determinada por leyes naturales de validez universal que la ciencia debiera esforzarse por descubrir y que le otorgarían a la disciplina gran capacidad predictiva. Subercaseaux, en tanto, concibe los fenómenos económicos fuertemente vinculados a su contexto cultural e institucional y como fruto de la acción de agentes libres. Lo anterior lo lleva a enfatizar el carácter inexacto de la disciplina económica y a mostrarse escéptico de la posibilidad de deducir leyes y de hacer predicciones exactas en esta materia. Estas diferencias de enfoque poseen consecuencias a nivel teórico y también en el plano político, por ejemplo, en los debates respecto de la intervención estatal. La profundización en el enfoque epistemológico de autores que son más conocidos por sus posturas en temas de política económica resulta novedosa y puede contribuir a la comprensión del aporte de dichos autores a la historia del pensamiento económico chileno.

The title of the article includes the abstract of Albert Camus's sad reflections on the relevant for nowadays programmatic work‖ The plague‖ concerning the uselessness of mankind's multiple efforts to solve socalled «eternal problems»: disasters of lethal illnesses, social evil of dictatorships and wars. We attribute the problem of extreme sufferings in the times of warfare conflict to the list. It was not for nothing, as doctor Rieux stated, Camus did not answer the question about what a person who extremely suffers should expect and left the future generation to address the problem. Philosophy, according to the ancient authors, starts with reflections on sufferings, although the European tradition, as the French Researcher E. Roudinesco points out in her work «Philosophy in turbulent times» starts with rather late turning to hardships. That influenced to fact that the problem of armed conflicts humanization was mainly solved on the political and legal level along with Geneva conventions in 1949, while the texts of P. Kurtz's Humanitarian manifests did not refer to the state of humanitarian crises in warfare armed conflicts. The spreading of armed conflicts in nearly all parts of the world with no regard to pandemics and climate crises is causing more and more severe sufferings the thoughts of which an ordinary person hides in the «remote part» of their mind while mass media focus on battlefield actions and interesting events at negotiating tables. Armed conflicts are involving bigger and bigger percentage of civil people (over 90% now) including about 400 million children who suffer extremely from harassment of human nature unseen before. «We are not treated as humans», mentioned grievously a Tigrayan woman from Ethiopian region where an armed suppression of separatist movement is taking place. We believe that the pivotal issue of relieving inevitable sufferings must include cherishing humanity in individuals rather than material humanitarian assistance in spite of its importance and being measured in tons of food. It is also essential to focus on ideological, philosophical, and moral principles of humanitarian movements' activities, as well as on humanitarian techniques and examples of «Righteous among the Nations» characters in order to avoid transition from humanitarian crises to disasters. The concept of the suggested solution of the problem implies resorting to the necessity of adhering to fundamental policies of preventing the transition from humanitarian crises to disasters. They are moral and legal and ideological and not merely military and political which aim at regulation by official means. A humanitarian crisis involves a turning point in lives of all those people who are located in the armed conflict area with children, women and elderly being the least protected of all, when their lives are on the verge of physical and moral survival. A humanitarian disaster will lead to irreversible degree of suffering for tens of thousands or even millions of people. The directly involved in war are protected (if it is possible to say so) by the law of war, combat morality and are prepared for suffering as a whole. Unless people lost their humanity potential ant humane attitude to everyone, the term «adamiiat» introduced by the Arabic poet Saadi should be implemented in the material humanitarian and spiritual spheres.

The article examines the features of usufruct in the European countries of Romano-Germanic law, determines the terms for the implementation in the Law of Ukraine of the best practice of usufruct in terms of Europeanization and Recodification. The peculiarities of usufruct in some countries of Romano-Germanic law, particularly in Germany, France, Poland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Georgia, Moldova and Russia are studied. Usufruct, which is a flexible and universally recognized in the legal systems of Western Europe property right of personal possession for use, which is treated as an independent property right to another's property in the countries of Roman legal family or a kind of easement in the countries of German legal family, remains unknown to most countries – republics of the former Soviet Union. The law of Ukraine also does not provide for the institution of usufruct and regulates the relationship of long-term use of someone else's real estate through a number of limited property rights (emphyteusis, superficies, the right to economic management, the right to operational management) and obligational legal structures (usually land lease and property management). The authors came to the conclusion that it is necessary to introduce the institute of usufruct into the Ukrainian law by supplementing the Civil Code of Ukraine with a new chapter "Uzufruct", the framework provisions of which are proposed in this paper. In the law of Ukraine it is expedient to recognize usufruct as an independent, different from easement, real right of personal possession for use, which serves as a general provision on emphyteusis (the right to use someone else's land for agricultural purposes). In this regard, the provisions of Chapter 32 of the Civil Code of Ukraine on usufruct should be applied to relations under emphyteusis, unless otherwise provided by the provisions of the Central Committee on emphyteusis and does not follow from its essence. According to its purpose, the legal structure of the usufruct can perform any functions of personal possession for the use of another's property, which allows the use of this legal structure in any area of property use, regardless of whether the purpose is income or other socially useful result (charity, etc.). The absence of usufruct in the national law hinders the effective transformation of legal titles on a state and municipal property by waiving the right of economic management and the right of operative management in terms of recodification of the civil legislation, and does not promote formation of the full-fledged land market and its steady development in the terms of cancellation of the moratorium on sale of the agricultural lands, conducting commodity of agricultural production in Ukraine. Regarding the recodification and cancellation of the Commercial Code, usufruct is the most acceptable replacement of the right of economic management and the right of operative management. Along with long-term lease and property management, the usufruct is functionally similar to the right to economic management and the right to operational management. Unlike property management and lease, usufruct provides for paid or gratuitous use of property in the user's own interest (usufructuary), imperatively defined by law, the content of the rights of participants and a list of grounds for their termination under the rules of property rights.

The purpose of the article is to study the formation factors of the biofuels domestic market in the network of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises based on interaction marketing. The materials of the article are focused on the study of both the causes of dysfunction of the biofuels domestic market and the search for new factors in the formation of such a market. Research methods. The research methodology considered the motivation factor implemented in the form of a separate marketing policy of «interaction» as the basis for the formation of the biofuels market in Ukraine, where the main market agents were considered agricultural enterprises (as biofuel producers, consumers and business partners).In the course of the research, in addition to a number of general scientific methods of economic research, an experiment was used to assess the interest of managers in typical (for Vinnytsia region) agricultural enterprises in partnerships in the business of biofuels production. The solution of the problem provided influence modeling of separate factors on attitudes of the enterprises-recipients concerning partnership interaction in researched business on manufacture of biofuels on: 1) linear Markov analytical model; 2) a nonlinear Markov model with a nonstationary matrix of transition probabilities; 3) generalized Markov imitation (multi-version) model of transitions; 4) linear Markov simulation model with individual parameters of the elements; 5) nonlinear Markov simulation model with «training» of the elements. Thus, the dynamics of the model was determined by the change in the attitudes of many recipients about cooperation depending on: 1) the intensity of information links about the benefits and risks of cooperation; 2) the presence of the implementation system of motivational factors (production standards, a special type of marketing policy and partnership scheme). Research results. An empirical reflection of the agency base among this category is determined, which allows us to conclude that the number of potential business participants significantly exceeds the critical level, and the motivational factors for the partnership are at least significant. In contrast to the national biofuels market, where – in the absence of any protectionist policy – the business economy has shown low competitiveness in recent years, these results suggest the possibility of forming a new market type – agency, where business will be formed among agricultural enterprises, united by certain integration schemes on the basis of interaction marketing policy of the enterprise-business initiator. The efficiency basis of this market will obviously be the effect of minimizing the value chain both in terms of the participants' number and the value added itself, which will significantly reduce the cost of production. Scientific novelty. Firstly, the question of the forming possibility – as an alternative – a new type of biofuels market in Ukraine in the absence, unlike all other countries, a state policy to support the industry; secondly, substantiation of the idea of a special marketing policy of the organizational level of the agricultural enterprise as a business initiator – the policy of «interaction»; third, the identification of the agency basis of this market in relation to domestic agricultural enterprises. Practical significance. The applied value of the results is considered as a basis for forming a business for the production of biofuels in the network of agricultural enterprises in the context of empirical forecasting of potential partners and the role of motivating factors for building such partnership schemes. Tabl.: 2. Figs.: 6. Refs.: 17.

Resumo O engajamento dos indivíduos no trabalho é abordado com frequência na literatura quanto aos seus efeitos, mas seus antecedentes são pouco explorados, principalmente em campos específicos, como a área pública. Assim, este estudo analisa a influência da comunicação interna no desempenho de tarefas, mediada pelo engajamento de servidores públicos. Pesquisa de levantamento foi realizada com 84 servidores públicos da ativa de uma Secretaria de Estado da Região Sul do Brasil. Os dados coletados foram analisados com aplicação da técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que comunicação interna está associada diretamente com engajamento, e esse está diretamente associado com desempenho de tarefas. Associação direta entre comunicação interna e desempenho de tarefas também foi observada. Além disso, o engajamento apresentou mediação parcial na relação entre comunicação interna e desempenho de tarefas. Estes resultados contribuem para a literatura ao revelarem efeitos positivos e significativos da comunicação interna e do engajamento no desempenho de tarefas de servidores públicos, até então construtos analisados de forma dissociada e geralmente em campos diversos deste estudo. Também podem contribuir com os responsáveis pela comunicação organizacional interna na elaboração de estratégias que instiguem engajamento e alto desempenho de tarefas dos servidores públicos.Palavras-chave: Comunicação interna, engajamento, desempenho de tarefasAbstract The involvement of employees with their activities in the work environment can instigate higher levels of commitment to the organization in which they work. Employee commitment can be instigated by adequate levels of internal communication (Walden et al., 2017). In view of the growing concern with the commitment and engagement of employees, managers responsible for internal communication need to know the communication processes so that they can develop strategies that contribute to the construction of engagement (Welch, 2012).The engagement of individuals at work is frequently addressed in the literature as to its effects, but its background is little explored, especially in specific fields, such as in the public area. Thus, this study analyzes the influence of internal communication on task performance, mediated by the engagement of public servants. The study was carried out by means of a survey with 84 civil servants on active duty from a State Secretariat located in the Southern Region of Brazil. After data collection, analyzes were carried out using the Structural Equation Modeling technique, based on Partial Least Squares (PLS), which demonstrates the relationships between multiple variables and respective constructs. The estimation of structural equations was analyzed using SmartPLS 3.The results of the analyzes show a significant and positive effect of internal communication on engagement, which supports the confirmation of hypothesis H1, that there is a positive relationship between internal communication and engagement. This result is consistent with empirical studies that consider that internal communication inspires engagement (Karanges et al., 2015; Verčič & Vokić; 2017). According to Abdullah and Antony (2012), communication induces employees to realize its importance in the organization and to contribute to the organization's strategies and results, as long as they are aware of the strategies and expected results. There was also a positive association between engagement and task performance, which confirms the hypothesis H2, that there is a positive relationship between engagement and task performance. This result corroborates the findings of Shantz et al. (2013), who found a potential mediating role for employee engagement in the relationship between work design and performance, and that employee engagement positively influences task performance. A positive association was also found between internal communication and task performance, which confirms hypothesis H3. This result is in line with the findings of Tsai et al. (2009) and Abugre (2011), that internal communication can be a determinant of task performance. The literature recognizes the need for adequate levels of communication between management and its employees, in view of its positive effect on the performance of employees' activities (Tsai et al., 2009; Neves & Eisenberger, 2012; Rajhans, 2012).The structural model also confirms the partial mediating effect of the engagement variable in the relationship between internal communication and task performance, which supports H4. These findings are consistent with the assumptions of the literature, which considers that internal communication can improve employee performance through engagement, however, when internal communication is performed inappropriately, it can contribute to employee disengagement (MacLeod & Clarke, 2009).These results contribute to the literature by revealing positive and significant effects of internal communication and engagement in the performance of public servants' tasks, until then constructs analyzed in a dissociated way and generally in different fields of this study. They can also contribute with those responsible for internal organizational communication in the elaboration of strategies that instigate engagement and high performance of public servants' tasks.Keywords: Internal communication, engagement, task performance

<p>Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender a expansão dos segmentos públicos e privados de saúde no atendimento da população de um território periférico da Zona Sul da cidade de São Paulo. Esta gestão é baseada nas mediações entre o Estado e os usuários dos Serviços Públicos de Saúde. Além dos usuários entrevistados, participaram da pesquisa, dirigentes sociais e agentes do programa de Atenção Primária de Saúde, a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). As questões propostas podem contribuir para identificar e repensar a produção da demanda nas redes sociais dos usuários com acesso aos serviços de saúde públicos e privados na região, e na ampliação da interface da gestão social do programa de saúde com as clínicas médicas populares na periferia de São Paulo. Os relatos mostram a relação dinâmica que existe entre as práticas, ações e a emergência do processo de individualização das políticas de saúde brasileiras.</p><p> </p><p>NEOLIBERALISM AND INDIVIDUALIZATION IN HEALTH POLICIES IN THE SOUTHERN PERIPHERY OF SÃO PAULO</p><p>This article aims to understand the expansion of the public and private health segment for the management of a peripheral territory of the South Zone of the city of São Paulo. This management is based on mediations between the State and users of public health services. In addition to the users interviewed, they participated in the research, social leaders and community social agents of the primary health care program, Family Health Strategy (ESF - Estratégia Saúde da Família). The proposed questions can contribute to identifying and rethinking demand production in social networks of users with access to public and private health services in the region and in the expansion of the social management interface of the health program with private health care in the outskirts of Sao Paulo. The reports show the dynamic relationship between practices, actions and the emergence of the individualization process of the Brazilian social policies.</p><p>Keywords: Individualization. Healthcare services. Periphery. Neoliberalism. Public-health.</p><p> </p><p>NÉOLIBÉRALISME ET INDIVIDUALISATION DANS LES POLITIQUES DE SANTÉ DANS LA PÉRIPHÉRIE SUD DE SÃO PAULO</p><p>Cet article vise à comprendre l'expansion du segment de la santé publique et privée dans le cadre de la gestion de la population d'un territoire périphérique de la zone sud de la ville de Sao Paulo. Cette gestion est basée sur des médiations entre l'État et les utilisateurs des services de santé publique. Ces derniers ont été interrogés ainsi que des leaders sociaux et des agents du programme de soins de santé primaires dénommé Stratégie de Santé de la Famille (ESF - Estratégia Saúde da Família). Les questions posées peuvent contribuer à identifier et à repenser la production de la demande dans les réseaux sociaux d'utilisateurs ayant accès aux services de santé publics et privés de la région, ainsi qu'à l'extension de l'interface de gestion sociale du programme de santé avec les soins de santé privés en périphérie de Sao Paulo. Les rapports montrent la relation dynamique entre les pratiques, les actions et l'émergence du processus d'individualisation des politiques sociales brésiliennes.</p><p>Mots-clés: Individualisation. Services de santé. Périphérie. Néolibéralisme. Santé publique.</p>

Este artigo tem como objetivo examinar o mobiliário destinado ao ensino de desenho técnico, que compõe o acervo do Centro de Memória da Escola Técnica Estadual Cônego José Bento, detendo-se, de modo mais específico, na carteira de desenho. A investigação sobre essa peça do mobiliário escolar procura rastrear pistas dos processos de aquisição, da utilização desse tipo de carteira nas práticas escolares e do seu percurso no interior da Escola Profissional Agrícola Industrial Cônego José Bento, entre as décadas de 1930 e 1950, em paralelo com as mudanças curriculares. O trabalho arqueológico proposto visa capturar vestígios sobre peças de mobiliário que sobreviveram às várias mudanças pelas quais passou essa instituição, criada em Jacareí em 1935, no âmbito do plano de expansão do ensino profissional, elaborado pela Superintendência do Ensino Profissional e Doméstica. Procura-se, por essa via, contribuir com os esforços dos historiadores da educação, com vistas a compreender a cultura material da escola como uma dimensão significativa da cultura escolar.Palavras-chave: Cultura material. Mobiliário escolar. Carteira de desenho.Furniture for vocational education: notes on the drawing deskABSTRACTThis article aims at analyzing the furniture designed for the teaching of technical drawing, which is part of the collection of the Memory Center of the State Technical School Cônego José Bento. It focuses specifically on the drawing desk. The investigation on this piece of school furniture aims at tracing evidence of the acquisition process and the uses of this kind of desk in school practices and its itinerary within the Agricultural Industrial Professional School Cônego José Bento, between the 1930s and the 1950s, alongside curricular changes. This archeological work tries to capture traces of the pieces of furniture that survived the multiple changes that influenced this institution, created in Jacareí in 1935, as part of the expansion plan for professional education, developed by Superintendency for Professional and Householding Education. Thus, it aims at contributing to the efforts made by historians of education to comprehend school material culture as a meaningful dimension of school culture.Keywords: Material culture. School furniture. Drawing desk.Muebles para la enseñanza profesional: notas sobre la mesa de dibujoRESUMENEste artículo tiene como objetivo examinar los muebles destinados a la enseñanza del diseño técnico que componen el acervo del Centro de Memoria de la Escuela Técnica Estadual Cônego José Bento, deteniéndose más específicamente sobre la mesa de dibujo. La investigación sobre este tipo de mueble escolar busca rastrear huellas de los procesos de adquisición, su utilización en las prácticas escolares y su recorrido en el interior de la Escuela Profesional Agrícola Industrial Cônego José Bento, entre las décadas de 1930 y 1950, en paralelo con los cambios curriculares. El trabajo arqueológico que se propone busca capturar rastros sobre muebles que han sobrevivido a los varios cambios pasados por esta institución, creada en Jacareí en 1935, en el ámbito del plan de expansión de la enseñanza profesional elaborado por la Superintendencia de la Enseñanza Profesional y Doméstica. Se busca, de esta manera, contribuir con los esfuerzos de historiadores de la educación para comprender la cultura material de la escuela como una dimensión importante de la cultura escolar.Palabras clave: Cultura material. Mueble escolar. Mesa de dibujo.

Purpose
Economic statecraft is a critical aspect of China's foreign policy and has played a vital role in China's relations with its Asian neighbors. The Chinese economic ties with Asia are significant not only because China is the second largest economy in today's world but also because it has an important impact on regional economic co‐operation and international supply chains. Relentless growth in military buildup and more assertive foreign policy led many pundits to focus almost exclusively on political and military aspects of the Chinese grand strategy in Asia. The purpose of this study is to re‐examine this picture by studying China's economic statecraft in the region.


Design/methodology/approach
This paper will address following research questions: How does the Chinese foreign economic policy serve its political aspirations in East Asia? Why has China increasingly relied on a combination of economic pressures and incentives to achieve its foreign policy objectives? How effective is China's economic diplomacy as a strategic weapon? What are the limitations of such policy? What challenges does Beijing face in exercising its economic power in East Asia?


Findings
Beijing has a comprehensive, long-term grand strategy in Asia, and economic statecraft is a major component of it. Economic statecraft is a double-edged sword. It has given the People's Republic of China more political influence but frictions and disputes between China and its trading partners are growing as well. Even with the slower growth of the Chinese economy, China will continue to be a game changer for the region. The economic diplomacy has long been part of the foreign policy toolkit used by the People's Republic of China and will play more important role in the years to come.


Research limitations/implications
Thus far, China's expanding economic ties with many countries in the world have not generated significant spillover effects. Although China is the dominant economic partner for every country in East Asia, its "soft power" remains to be weak. With the slower growth of the Chinese economy, another looming issue is whether China is going to be able to make a shift away from a trade- and export-led growth model that brought its dramatic economic success. All these could lead China's economic statecraft less potent. Meanwhile, it should be noted that Asian economies that once relied on the USA are reaching a turning point as China comes to the fore, a trend that may challenge the existing international order. Should this momentum continue, it could alter the balance of power between Washington and Beijing in the region.


Practical implications
For Beijing, economic statecraft concerns both the economic dimension of foreign policy and the strategic dimension of economic policy. Although there is a growing literature on China's soft power and military capabilities, the study of the economic dimensions of China's foreign policy remains underdeveloped. With rising confidence and sophistication, Beijing has deployed economic resources to achieve geopolitical aims.


Originality/value
Needless to say, China's economic statecraft has already triggered heated debate in the United States, Asia and elsewhere in the international community. However, the study of the Chinese economic diplomacy has received relatively little scholarly attention in the English-speaking world. This paper will fill a gap in the analysis and literature.

No sistema educacional brasileiro, a figura do professor é controvertida. Em alguns casos, acusam-no de autoritário, despreparado para lidar com as novas tecnologias ou incapaz de compreender as transformações pelas quais a contemporaneidade passa. Em outros, ao contrário, dizem que está sufocado pelas pressões da sala de aula e que, por distintas causas, minam a sua autoridade. Há ideologias que combatem a figura do professor tradicional relacionando-o com a Ditadura Militar de 64. Contudo, mesmo com um currículo democrático e com constante preocupação didático-metodológica, os índices de aprendizado da educação básica, desde a Redemocratização, não são satisfatórios. Vez ou outra aparecem escolas isoladas, privadas ou estatais, que apresentam bons resultados e, quando analisasadas detalhadamente, nota-se que há rechaço, explícito ou tácito, a muitas das ideias preconizadas pela educação progressista. Por tudo isso, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar o papel do professor tradicional e da escola estatal no contexto da sociedade democrática atual.Palavras-chave: Professor tradicional. Escola pública. Educação progressista. Democracia.Traditional teacher: between the right and left ideologiesABSTRACTIn the Brazilian educational system, the figure of the teacher is controversial. In some cases, they accuse him of being authoritarian, unprepared to deal with new technologies, or unable to understand the transformations that contemporary times go through. In others, on the contrary, they say that he is suffocated by classroom pressures and that, for different causes, undermine his authority. There are ideologies that counteract the figure of the traditional teacher by relating him to the Military Dictatorship of 64. However, even with a democratic curriculum and constant didactic-methodological concern, the learning indices of basic education since Redemocratization are not satisfactory. Occasionally, isolated private or state schools appear, which have good results, and when you look at them in detail you find that there is an explicit or tacit rejection of many of the ideas advocated by progressive education. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the role of the teacher and the traditional school in the context of the current democratic society.Keywords: Traditional teacher. Public school. Progressive education. Democracy.Profesor tradicional: entre las ideologías de derecha y de izquierdaRESUMENEn el sistema educativo brasileño, la figura del profesor está controvertida. En algunos casos, nos acusan de autoritario, sin preparo para lidiar con las nuevas tecnologías o incapaz de comprender las transformaciones por las cuales la contemporaneidad pasa. En otros, al contrario, dicen que está sofocado por las presiones del aula y que, por diferentes causas, disminuyen su autoridad. Hay ideologías que combaten la figura del profesor tradicional relacionándolo con la Dictadura Militar del 64. Pero, mismo con un currículo democrático y constante preocupación didáctico-metodológica, los índices de aprendizaje de la educación básica, desde la Redemocratización, no son satisfactorios. De vez en cuando, aparecen escuelas aisladas, privadas o estatales, que presentan buenos resultados, y cuando se las analiza detalladamente, se nota que hay rechazo, explícito o tácito, de muchas ideas preconizadas por la educación progresista. Por esta razón, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar el papel del profesor tradicional y de la escuela estatal en el contexto de la sociedad democrática actual.Palabras clave: Profesor tradicional. Escuela pública. Educación progresista. Democracia.

The purpose of the article is to study aspects of the formation of component determinants of the institutional environment of the economy of Ukraine, to determine effective and ineffective but operating institutions, to define the interpretation of the concept of the "institutional economic environment," to form, on the basis of dependence on the previous development path, an algorithm for introducing a new institution, as well as to determine the optimal regime for its development. Research methods. Dialectical methods of knowledge of processes and phenomena, a monographic method (analysis of the evolution of scientific achievements of Ukrainian and foreign scientists regarding the effectiveness of the functioning of institutions and institutions), comparative analysis (the main differences between effective and ineffective institutions are determined), empirical (comprehensive assessment and analysis of the object of study), abstract-logical (theoretical generalization and formation of conclusions) were used. Research results. Aspects of formation of components of determinants of institutional economic environment of national economy of Ukraine were studied. The main interpretations of the concept of "institutions" were highlighted, their impact on the formation of the institutional economic environment was studied. The essence of effective and inefficient institutions is disclosed and their generalized author's list is provided. The mechanism of formation of the institutional economic environment taking into account the previous development path was investigated, as well as the author's vision of the optimal regime of its development was determined. An algorithm for introducing a new institution into the institutional economic environment has been developed on the basis of dependence on previous development. Scientific novelty. Theoretical and practical provisions on the process of forming the components of the determinants of an effective institutional economic environment of the national economy of Ukraine have been further developed; the author's concept of an "institutional economic environment" is formed by which it is proposed to mean a set of existing institutions and institutions (norms), the general set of which may include both effective and ineffective, but still functioning, which ensure the functioning, interaction and development of agents in the economic environment of both the individual territory and the state as a whole; A summary of effective and inefficient but still functioning institutions in the modern institutional economic environment; proposed the author's vision of the regime of development of the institutional economic environment, which is based on the middle development regime, in which there is incomplete replacement of existing institutions, as well as the introduction of new ones aimed at the general improvement of the functioning of the institutional economic environment; proposed is an improved algorithm for introducing a new institution (norm) to form the institutional economic environment of Ukraine. Practical significance. The main provisions set out in the article contain certain methodological and practical recommendations on the formation of an effective institutional economic environment in Ukraine. Institutions and institutions can be both effective and ineffective. The introduction of a new institution requires considerable effort to establish itself in a certain institution and to have a positive impact on the functioning institutional economic environment. Using dependence on previous development, it is possible to investigate how effective one or another institution functioning is. Tabl.: 3. Figs.: 3. Refs.: 25.