Suchergebnisse

Skilled birth attendance (SBA) is a key health intervention used by roughly two-thirds of women in Ghana. The National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) provided by the Government of Ghana is widely expected to improve maternal health outcomes by removing financial barriers to health services. Using data from the 2011 national Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey implemented by the Ghana Statistical Services and UNICEF, we examine the effect of insurance on SBA using a multivariate logistic model, controlling for a number of enabling and predisposing factors and past experience with the health system. Our sample is 2 528 women who had a birth in the two years before the survey. Our results show that women with health insurance are 74% more likely to use SBA than women without health insurance. Results also underscore that health insurance, while it eliminates a monetary barrier, does not solve health services availability problems and widespread geographic disparities in coverage of SBA persist. Additionally, we find that higher parity women and poor women are much less likely to use SBA and should be the focus of health interventions in order to fulfil development goals. Health insurance may indeed be a useful mechanism to improve coverage of SBA though further work to understand the effect of health insurance on other maternal outcomes is warranted.

This paper investigates the employment effects of a targeted subsidy scheme implemented in Turkey following the 2008 crisis. The Turkish government started a subsidy program in 2008 to generate new employment for younger men and all women, which are the relatively disadvantaged groups in the Turkish labor markets. The program puts men of age 18-29 and all women into the treatment group, while men of age 30 and above are placed into the control group. We use a nationally representative micro-level dataset and a difference-in-differences approach to estimate the causal effect of this program. On aggregate, the subsidy program seems to be ineffective in increasing the employment probabilities of those individuals in the target group. However, when heterogeneity is accounted for by dividing the treatment group into several sub-groups, we observe that the program has been notably effective on some of those sub-groups. In particular, the increase in employment probability is high for older women, while a weaker positive effect is observed for younger women and almost no effect is detected for younger men. The effect on older women is subject to further heterogeneity: the program has increased the employment probabilities of low-educated and/or low-skill older women rather than the high-educated and/or high-skill ones.

Alice Walker's womanism came up as a reaction to the marginalization of colored women in the mainstream of feminist critical theory and politics, which tended to regard the experiences of white, middle-class, Western, and heterosexual women as universal, thus, neglecting and making invisible the intricate realities of non-white women within it. Womanism, thus, developed as an answer to feminism and became a tool for the black women to challenge the policies which marginalized them. It is a term rooted in black folk culture and it supports inclusiveness rather than exclusiveness. Womanism advocated the self-sufficiency and confidence of women and at the same time emphasized the need for a strong bond among women to fight all kinds of oppression. Walker provides an explicit definition of the term. She insists that the womanist appreciates herself, her culture, her womanly attitudes, and emotions, her heritage and culture. Womanism celebrates the ideals of black life and encompasses the whole sense of being a woman, especially a black woman. This variety of the meanings clearly shows that the words "womanism" denotes many different things. The aim of this paper is to give a short overview of what womanism is and how it came into existence.Keywords: womanism, feminism, inclusiveness, marginalization, race.

The rape of women has for centuries been an endemic feature of war, yet perpetrators largely go unpunished. Women were sanctioned as the spoils of war in biblical times and more recently it has been claimed that it is more dangerous to be a woman than a soldier in modern conflict. Nevertheless, until the establishment of the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia – there was very little concern regarding the need to address the rape of women in conflict.This paper briefly maps historical attitudes towards rape in war, outlines some analyses and explanations of why rape in war occurs and finally turns more substantively to recent efforts by the international community to prosecute rape as a war crime and a crime against humanity. We argue, that while commendable in some ways, contemporary approaches to rape in war risk reinforcing aspects of women's status which contribute to the targeting of women for rape and continue to displace women from the centre to the margins in debates and practices surrounding rape in both war and peace time. We conclude by arguing that criminal prosecutions alone are insufficient and that, if we are to end the rape of women and girls in war (and peace) we need a radical restructuring of gender relations across every sphere of social and political life.

This study investigated the extent to which awareness and use of information can predict the environmental management behaviour of sampled women in Ondo State, Nigeria. Data were collected through a questionnaire administered on 1,250 women from eight (8) of the eighteen (18) local government areas of the State. Results show that radio and television were most used by respondents to obtain environmental information. Also, respondents were aware of information on land and water more than any other but used that on water and biodiversity more. Findings showed that significant correlation existed between awareness and use of environmental information by the women, that awareness and use of information jointly predicted 11.8% of the variation in the women's environment management behaviour, but that awareness (34.20%) of environmental information contributed much more than the use (-2.20%) of environmental information. The conclusion is that awareness of environmental information is an important determinant of responsible environmental management behaviour of the women. Recommended are effective programmes to promote adequate awareness of environmental information among women in the State and other parts of the country, and to promote actual use of the information to enhance and sustain good environmental management behaviour. Key words: Environmental information, information awareness, information use, environment management, women.

The rape of women has for centuries been an endemic feature of war, yet perpetrators largely go unpunished. Women were sanctioned as the spoils of war in biblical times and more recently it has been claimed that it is more dangerous to be a woman than a soldier in modern conflict. Nevertheless, until the establishment of the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia – there was very little concern regarding the need to address the rape of women in conflict.This paper briefly maps historical attitudes towards rape in war, outlines some analyses and explanations of why rape in war occurs and finally turns more substantively to recent efforts by the international community to prosecute rape as a war crime and a crime against humanity. We argue, that while commendable in some ways, contemporary approaches to rape in war risk reinforcing aspects of women's status which contribute to the targeting of women for rape and continue to displace women from the centre to the margins in debates and practices surrounding rape in both war and peace time. We conclude by arguing that criminal prosecutions alone are insufficient and that, if we are to end the rape of women and girls in war (and peace) we need a radical restructuring of gender relations across every sphere of social and political life.

This research aims at contributing to the ongoing debate of feminist standpoint epistemology by introducing a study on feminist collective activism in Sangareddy and Yellareddy, two districts of the newly established 29th state of India, Telangana. The purpose here is to document the work of two sanghams (collectives) by the Andhra Pradesh Mahila Samatha Society (APMSS). The focus lies on songs created by Dalit and indigenous women, which are used as a form of, protest against societal and gender inequality. Those songs contribute in making a positive difference on a local level. Analysis of two group interviews strengthens this argument. The sanghams have shown that despite all societal differences, solidarity among women for a common cause can make a difference in combating social issues on a local level. Taking the APMSS as an example, this research shows that the use of a holistic approach to education to support women in their responses to social issues has an overall positive effect on women. Furthermore, and most importantly, women are strengthened in believing that their life-experiences matter. My research shows that literacy is not necessarily needed to be a successful advocate for women´s rights. What is needed, however, is an understanding of local contexts, social issues and ultimately the ability to link them to life-experiences.

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to examine gender differentials and career advancement among academia in Nigerian universities.While it is true that women have embraced academic opportunities and numbers of women obtaining PhD's in all fields have increased substantially, gender gap remains where it matters most. This paper asks if there are organizational barriers that prevent women from making a significant career advancement, or are there social factors outside the organization that could possibly affect negatively academic career advancement, or do both contribute to the situation. . A sample size of 160 academics was selected across the faculties, and were administered questionnaires. 10 women academic were selected purposively for in-depth interview. The result shows that there is no statistically significant relationship between gender stereotypes and career advancement among the academic staff that hampers advancement of women in academics (X2=1.218 at P> 0.05 at df=1.). The result from qualitative study shows that there are organizational procedures in which women in academia had to comply with together with other social factors that slow down women's movement into higher management positions in the academia. As a result, there should be improvement in orientation and enlightement on criteria for career advancement and appointment to leadership positions.Keywords: Gender, Career Advancement, Leadership, Academia, University, Nigeria

Includes bibliographical references. ; The democratisation of South Africa in 1994 brought about increased economic opportunity for labour market participants. The impact of democratisation on the labour market outcomes of both males and females of various races has been studied extensively in terms of mean earnings. However, because of the heterogenous distribution of South African labour force participants, a mean analysis is not sufficient. This paper investigates changes in the post-Apartheid conditional earnings distribution of women in South Africa of all races using conditional quantile regression analysis. Women are exclusively analysed because the labour market choices and constraints they face are unique. A two part model is estimated with the rest part correcting for sample selection into employment in a South African context. Then, quantile regression analysis is employed to parsimoniously describe the entire conditional wage distribution aiding the understanding of female labour force dynamics in South Africa. Individual data on the South African labour market from Statistics S.A is utilised for the analysis. White women are found to earn more than black and coloured women at all quantiles of the wage distribution conditional on education, skills level and sector of employment. Inequality is found to be increasing among women in higher skilled occupations. Women in lower skilled occupations have witnessed an increase in real wages at all quantiles of the conditional wage distribution.

This paper begins from a paradox. In the 1980s and 1990s, women became increasingly mobile, especially in the developing world. Scholars generally attribute this shift to global economic pressure or to the spread of (Western) gender egalitarianism. Yet, in some places, women gained mobility just as local institutions extended policies excluding them or segregating them from men. Here, we look at two such cases: first, how women of Tehran, Iran, became the majority of bus riders just as the city segregated public transportation, and second, how women in the rural, Mexican village of San Pedro came to predominate among emigrants to the United States, even as they were excluded from participating in village politics. We use what we call "linked ethnographies" to put these two cases into dialogue. While attending to the particularities of each site, we find that in both, women gained mobility through the very policies that appeared to confine or exclude them. We call these policies "patriarchal accommodations." They were patriarchal, because they enshrined formal gender difference associated with male dominance. They were accommodations, because they adapted existing standards of "appropriate" masculinity and femininity to global economic pressure, enabling women to work, study, and consume. We argue that patriarchal accommodations may facilitate women's entry into the public sphere, particularly in non-Western regimes.

AbstractIn the 18th century, non-Muslims and women crossed social boundaries during a period of increased global consumption, prompting intervention on the part of Ottoman officials. On the imperial level, the sultan promulgated edicts to restrict such crossings, following the path of earlier laws that had regulated public spaces including bathhouses. In Aleppo, a local reflection of these 18th-century trends was increased monitoring of nudity and of contact between Muslims and non-Muslims within the city's bathhouses. Regulations required that bathkeepers provide separate bath sundries for Muslims and non-Muslims and prohibited co-confessional bathing for women in particular. With the assistance of guilds—and to a lesser extentmilletrepresentatives—complex bathing schedules for Muslim and non-Muslim women were registered at court to support segregation policies. Jurists discussing modesty requirements for Muslim women declared that non-Muslim (dhimmī) women were to be treated as unrelated men in that they were forbidden to gaze upon a naked Muslim woman. Shariʿa court rulings were constructed along similar lines, indicating that thedhimmīwoman was an unstable, liminal social category because in some circumstances her gaze was gendered male. Muslim male elites and local guilds ultimately instituted segregated bathing schedules to protect the purity of Muslim women from the danger posed by thedhimmīfemale figure.

В статье на основе изучения нормативных документов и исторической литерату-ры рассмотрено положение женщины в монгольском советском обществе. Автор пришла к выводу, что ряд принятых государством мер в социальной и образовательной сферах благоприятно отразились на положении монгольской женщины. Проведена огромная работа по ликвидации безграмотности среди женского населения страны. Повышение уровня образования способствовало активному участию женщин в трудовой деятельности. Монгольские женщины добились значительных успехов в общественном производстве, некоторые из них стали ударниками труда. В социалистическом монгольском обществе женщина стала экономически активным, полноправным участником общественных отношений, принимала участие в государственно-управленческой деятельности. Экономическая независимость позволила женщине обрести большую свободу и в семейных отношениях. ; On the basis of the study of legislative documents and historical literature, the articleinvestigates the situation of women in the Mongolian Soviet society. The author concluded that a number of actions undertaken by the State in the social, educational spheres had a positive effect on the position of Mongolian women. Huge work to eliminate illiteracy among the female population was done. The increase of the education level contributed to the participation of women in the professional labor activity. Mongolian women made significant gains in social production. In the Mongolian socialist society, women became economically active, full members of social relations, participating in public management. Economic independence allowed women to gain greater freedom in the family.

In the normative level, generally all agreed to place women are equal to men, that is the position as humans, as well as the servant of Allah. Women are recognized to have a number of rights and freedoms, including the right to engage in politics, especially in the organization of the Islamic society. To strengthen the protection of women's rights, the government of Indonesia to make a policy or legislation (political law), both to improve policies of national legislation and policies ratified international law. However, when the policy (political law) or a pattern of gender relations between men and women drawn into operational a practical level, it appears that a long debate and a serious problem occurs. The rights of women experiencing prolonged discrimination, discrimination and marginalization occurs at the level of political rights and policies in the organization of Islamic society. In Indonesia, the rights of women in Islamic society organization, still have enough depth concerns. The pro and contra related to gender equality in Indonesia, particularly in the field of Islamic society organizations would affect the wheels of government in Indonesia, particularly in relation to the State of trademark law is the protection and freedom of human rights. Therefore, policies need to be related to equality between men and women both fair and legal.

PurposeThis paper seeks to summarize the results of a study assessing the status of United Arab Emirates (UAE) female entrepreneurs and attempts to sketch the pattern of the UAE female entrepreneur. It aims to draw a profile of typical UAE women entrepreneurs and their characteristics, outline the makeup of their entrepreneurial businesses, identify some barriers that women face at the startup stage, and in addition – their entrepreneurial motivations and driving forces, satisfactions and frustrations.Design/methodology/approachAn interview‐based qualitative method was used. Structured interviews were conducted with 16 women entrepreneurs over a two‐month period. The contents of the interviews were analyzed and recurring themes were identified and highlighted.FindingsThe interviewed women seem to experience no conflicts between their entrepreneurial life and their personal, family, social, leisure, and friendship lives. However, although satisfied from being in business, they face some barriers at the startup of their venture, emanating mainly from the lack of support, society and traditions, and personal and family reasons.Practical implicationsThere is a need to establish an appropriate institutional framework in collaboration with the supporters of UAE women entrepreneurs to identify business opportunities available for women and develop adequate financial and management training.Originality/valueThis study opens a window into an area of the world that has seldom been addressed before.