Следуя логике концепции империи, автор статьи предпринимает попытку сравнительного анализа имперской идентичности Европейского Союза и России. Анализируются общие и особенные черты имперских моделей ЕС и России. По мнению автора, Брюссель и Москва руководствуются в своей политике имперской логикой, однако практикуют различные виды имперской политики, противоположные друг другу во многих отношениях. В заключении рассматриваются имперские перспективы ЕС и России. ; In keeping with the logic of empire concept promoted by a number of authoritative European experts, the author of the article undertakes comparative analysis of the European Union and Russia's imperial identity. Based on the criteria of empires suggested in the literature (fuzzy borders, center-periphery dependence, imperial civilizing missions), the article examines common and peculiar features of European and Russian imperial models. The EU and Russia meet the three criteria of empires mentioned above. They possess a sizable territory and at the same time have blurred and fuzzy borders. Both actors interfere in their peripheries and seek to establish control over them, using considerable recourses and applying a variety of instruments. Brussels and Moscow are guided by their imperial missions aimed to 'civilize' their external environment. Trying to justify their policy, they persuade others that their actions are motivated by moral and virtuous intensions. Along with a strong regional foreign policy focus, Russia and the European Union see themselves as key world players striving for peace, stability and multilateral cooperation and willing to make major decisions of global importance. Notwithstanding common imperial characteristics, the two empires also differ greatly and represent opposite imperial models. Forms of government in Russia and in the EU, instruments and mechanisms they apply in their foreign policy, nature of center-periphery relations etc. have little in common. Hard style of Russian imperial policy confronts soft European pattern, Russian authoritarian imperialism opposes European normative one. No wonder that Russia (like other imperial actors the US and China) is often viewed as European 'other' and as the antipode of the EU. dash of Russian and European imperial models occurs in the area of common 'external periphery'. Two empires compete within the same territory. Moreover, their civilizing missions confront each other in the sphere of values and norms. Imperial model of the EU is quite successful in general. The Union performs as one of the most significant transformative powers in the world. However, its policy has its limits as well: for several reasons European values are diffused in the world unevenly. Russian imperial construction appears to be less stable. Imperial policy has become a major obstacle to the development of a modern, democratic and economically strong state in Russia. Moscow failed to build trusting relationships with the countries of the periphery. Russia as the autocracy will hardly radically change the situation in the short term.
Lower real incomes in the agricultural sector compared with other sectors of the economy have led to continued migration of rural people xi to urban areas. Despite this movement of surplus people from farm areas, incomes in the rural sector have failed to keep pace with those in urban areas. Fewer social amenities and other conveniences have also contributed to rural-urban migration. This reduction in rural population and the consequent reduction in the economic bases of many rural communities has raised some interesting questions about city and rural government consolidation. What sizes of cities should be encouraged in the rural areas, and how can those services and other amenities which are provided in urban cities be supplied to rural areas. For planning efforts to be successful in solving these problems, it is essential to have some knowledge of the sizes of cities which can provide public services and other amenities at least cost. It was assumed in this study that the tendency for farm families to move their families into the towns and ci t ies had been completed. It was hypothesized that as cities become larger economies of scale in the provision of public services will be downward sloping, but that transportation costs associated with travel to farms, marketing of crops, etc. will rise. xii The summation of a declining public service function and a rising transportation function would give an aggregate long-run average total cost function whose minimum would define the optimum city sizes. Mathematical models were developed to estimate these functions and the relationships between them. The models were then applied to five different types of farm enterprises and road configurations. The public service functions showed the expected U shape with the minimum occurring at approximately 130,000 to 140,000 population. The transportation functions were positive in nature but increasing at a decreasing rate. When the two functions were aggregated, the rate of change in the transportation function was much greater than that for the public service function causing the former to overpower the latter. Most studies of economies of scale based on per capita public service costs alone have concluded that cities must be very large to provide these services at minimum cost. The results of this study lead to the conclusion that when transportation costs are considered along with public service costs, the optimal size of city will be much smaller than is commonly believed. This suggests that there is still a place for small sized cities and that planners should think in terms of perhaps a threelevel hierarchy of cities. The city hierarchy might include a few large central cities, many service centers and numerous local towns. If small cities do not have large enough economic bases to provide adequate services it may be cheaper in the long run to provide financial aid in the form of subsidies rather than to incur the heavy transportation costs associated with larger city sizes.
In 2013, the School District of Philadelphia closed ten percent of its traditional public schools. Citing poor academic performance, declining enrollments, and fiscal constraints, the District deployed school closure as an education reform strategy. Other districts mirror Philadelphia's efforts, closing from five to fifty percent of their public schools. This dissertation examines how public school closures, sales, and reuse can be seen not only as education reform policy, but also as urban policy, transforming the physical, social, and political fabric of a city. This dissertation thus extends the work on the education-related impacts of school closures, and demonstrates the salience of school closures from an urban policy and planning perspective.Using Philadelphia as a case study, I draw on theories of frame analysis and use ethnographic methods to explore the discourses of closure that circulate among policy makers, residents, and the broader public. I conducted seven months of fieldwork in Philadelphia, including 118 interviews with City and School District staff, residents, and non-profit leaders, and participated in City, School District, and neighborhood association meetings. I look not only at the closure decision-making process, but also follow the trajectory of school buildings from vacancy to the transformation of schools into capital assets to the reimagining of school reuse. Examining the discursive frames of school closures, sales, and reuse is a first step at grappling with the racialized tensions and material consequences of this policy intervention. Chapters 1 and 2 provide an introduction to the issue of and current empirical research on public school closures, and background on the City and School District of Philadelphia. Chapter 3 situates the Philadelphia case in a larger national context by examining newspaper media coverage in 13 cities across the country. Coverage fosters a conflictual and dichotomous framing of closures, reducing plural meanings of schools to two competing and singular arguments: arguments for closure, based in rationality and technical expertise and arguments opposing closure, based in emotionally laden messaging. Media are predominantly sympathetic to the problem definition and causal interpretations of school closure proponents. Newspaper media do not maximize their role as a democratic institution, and neglect the disproportionate and racialized impact of closures.In Chapter 4, I move to the Philadelphia case. I use Philadelphia's school closures as a revelatory case to shed light on the multifaceted values that schools have to neighborhoods, planning, and urban governance. Schools are valued economically, socio-spatially, and symbolically, and this extreme case expands the scope of these values currently found in the literature. Economically, schools are an employment center, often for neighborhood residents; assets or liabilities that contribute to school district fiscal solvency; and redevelopment sites and vehicles for private profit making. Socio-spatially, closures reveal how school buildings have potentially negative value, as attractive nuisances in the absence of stewardship. Schools are key physical landmarks in the urban fabric, serving as nodes on pathways throughout the neighborhood, shaped by individual perceptions of safety and community. Symbolically, closures stand in for larger processes of neighborhood change, triggering or exacerbating fears about gentrification or continued disinvestment. Decisions about schools represent a larger and historically racialized relationship between particular communities and the public sector, one that is defined by systemic respect or disrespect. In Chapter 5, I build on the values identified in Chapter 4 and describe the three discursive frames of school closures that emerged from my research: closure as crisis management, closure as loss, and closure as oppression. Each one places schools in a different spatial context – from the a-spatial market (crisis management) to the school site and/or neighborhood (loss) to broader citywide patterns of re/development (oppression). This variation is tied to different notions of time, which foreground the past, present, and future in divergent ways. Chapter 6 concludes with reflections on the racialized nature of school closures, sales, and reuse, and on directions for practice and research. My findings demonstrate that to understand the consequences of school closures, research needs to examine not only the moment of closure, but also the subsequent sales and reuse of school buildings. "Placing" schools in this way situates this education reform policy in its spatial context, and reveals how school infrastructure is urban infrastructure, playing a central role in urban change. This study also illustrates the importance historicizing school closures, and considering links to past and present place-based policies that have sought to improve poor neighborhoods, yet have had racist impacts. This study documents how the administrative boundaries of the school district and school attendance catchment areas define people's mental maps of their neighborhoods, and challenges planners to consider school district or school attendance boundaries as a spatial unit of analysis. The tensions over perceived lines of accountability, political action, and resistance around school closures, sales, and reuse also suggest more reflection and attention by practitioners to bridge cross-sector silos and reconsider silo-ed public engagement processes. This research reveals the ways that schools are sites of contestation in the politics of place. It helps further understanding of the geographic and geopolitical boundaries that are tied to school sites and school districts. It enhances planners' conceptualization of and work at the nexus of place and schools. From an urban policy or planning perspective public school closures, sales, and reuse call for a recalibration or assessment of interventions in neighborhoods, cities, and regions.
Considering Ukraine's membership in the WTO and the entry into force of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, the state has undertaken to implement and comply with European rules on state aid in the field of economic. The implementation of the reform of the state aid system will allow us to move closer to the standards of the European Union by reducing budget expenditures, protecting the competitive environment, rational use of state resources, as well as restructuring and reequipment of state-owned enterprises and structural modernization of the national economy.Many scholars have researched the legal aspects of state support for economic entities. However, despite this, the phenomenon of «state support» still belongs to the fully unexplored problems of both general theory of law and sectoral legal sciences.The purpose of the article is to investigate at a theoretical level the legal problems of the definition, content and forms of state aid to economic entities and to propose directions of improvement of legislation in this sphere of regulation.It is established that the rules of granting state aid to economic entities belonging to the system of state support of any economic activity should be implemented by Ukraine not only within the framework of the current contractual base of relations with the EU, but also as a modern economic way of assistance and an instrument for regulating relations in the sphere of economic activity. It has been found out that the legal literature discusses the nature and content of legal categories such as "state support" and "state aid". In the law on state aid to economic entities, the legislator defines the concept of state aid to economic entities through the term of support, effectively identifying the two concepts.The definition of state aid is proposed and the Law "On state aid to economic entities" provides a list of areas of activity where state aid may be extended. It is justified in the Law to define the conditions under which state support is recognized as state aid and to interpret the terms used as "state aid which is admissible" and "state aid which may be considered admissible". ; Ураховуючи членство України у Світовій організації торгівлі та набуття чинності Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом, держава взяла на себе зобов'язання імплементувати та дотримуватися європейських правил стосовно державної допомоги у сфері господарювання. Реалізація реформування системи державної допомоги дозволить наблизитися до стандартів Європейського Союзу через зменшення витрат із бюджету, захист конкурентного середовища, раціональне використання державних ресурсів, а також здійснити реструктуризацію і технічне переоснащення державних підприємств і структурну модернізацію національної економіки.Дослідження правових аспектів державної підтримки суб'єктів господарювання здійснювалось багатьма науковцями. Однак, не зважаючи на це, феномен «державної підтримки» до цього часу належить до не досліджених повною мірі проблем як загальної теорії права, так і галузевих юридичних наук.Мета статті – на теоретичному рівні дослідити правові проблеми визначення, змісту та форм державної допомоги суб'єктам господарювання та запропонувати напрями вдосконалення законодавства в цій сфері регулювання.Встановлено, що правила надання державної допомоги суб'єктам господарювання, що належить до системи державної підтримки будь-якої економічної діяльності, мають дотримуватися Україною не тільки в рамках виконання чинної договірної бази відносин з Європейським Союзом, а і як сучасний економічний спосіб допомоги й інструмент регулювання відносин у сфері господарської діяльності. З'ясовано, що в юридичній літературі триває дискусія науковців про сутність і зміст таких правових категорій, як «державна підтримка» та «державна допомога». У законодавстві про державну допомогу суб'єктам господарювання законодавець визначає поняття державної допомоги суб'єктам господарювання через термін підтримки, фактично ототожнюючи ці два поняття.Запропоновано визначення державної допомоги, а також у Законі «Про державну допомогу суб'єктам господарювання» передбачити перелік сфер діяльності, де може поширюватися державна допомога. Обґрунтовано необхідність визначити в Законі умови, за яких державна підтримка визнається державною допомогою, та розтлумачити зміст таких уживаних термінів, як «державна допомога, що є допустимою», «державна допомога, що може бути визнана допустимою».
Considering Ukraine's membership in the WTO and the entry into force of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, the state has undertaken to implement and comply with European rules on state aid in the field of economic. The implementation of the reform of the state aid system will allow us to move closer to the standards of the European Union by reducing budget expenditures, protecting the competitive environment, rational use of state resources, as well as restructuring and reequipment of state-owned enterprises and structural modernization of the national economy.Many scholars have researched the legal aspects of state support for economic entities. However, despite this, the phenomenon of «state support» still belongs to the fully unexplored problems of both general theory of law and sectoral legal sciences.The purpose of the article is to investigate at a theoretical level the legal problems of the definition, content and forms of state aid to economic entities and to propose directions of improvement of legislation in this sphere of regulation.It is established that the rules of granting state aid to economic entities belonging to the system of state support of any economic activity should be implemented by Ukraine not only within the framework of the current contractual base of relations with the EU, but also as a modern economic way of assistance and an instrument for regulating relations in the sphere of economic activity. It has been found out that the legal literature discusses the nature and content of legal categories such as "state support" and "state aid". In the law on state aid to economic entities, the legislator defines the concept of state aid to economic entities through the term of support, effectively identifying the two concepts.The definition of state aid is proposed and the Law "On state aid to economic entities" provides a list of areas of activity where state aid may be extended. It is justified in the Law to define the conditions under which state support is recognized as state aid and to interpret the terms used as "state aid which is admissible" and "state aid which may be considered admissible". ; Ураховуючи членство України у Світовій організації торгівлі та набуття чинності Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом, держава взяла на себе зобов'язання імплементувати та дотримуватися європейських правил стосовно державної допомоги у сфері господарювання. Реалізація реформування системи державної допомоги дозволить наблизитися до стандартів Європейського Союзу через зменшення витрат із бюджету, захист конкурентного середовища, раціональне використання державних ресурсів, а також здійснити реструктуризацію і технічне переоснащення державних підприємств і структурну модернізацію національної економіки.Дослідження правових аспектів державної підтримки суб'єктів господарювання здійснювалось багатьма науковцями. Однак, не зважаючи на це, феномен «державної підтримки» до цього часу належить до не досліджених повною мірі проблем як загальної теорії права, так і галузевих юридичних наук.Мета статті – на теоретичному рівні дослідити правові проблеми визначення, змісту та форм державної допомоги суб'єктам господарювання та запропонувати напрями вдосконалення законодавства в цій сфері регулювання.Встановлено, що правила надання державної допомоги суб'єктам господарювання, що належить до системи державної підтримки будь-якої економічної діяльності, мають дотримуватися Україною не тільки в рамках виконання чинної договірної бази відносин з Європейським Союзом, а і як сучасний економічний спосіб допомоги й інструмент регулювання відносин у сфері господарської діяльності. З'ясовано, що в юридичній літературі триває дискусія науковців про сутність і зміст таких правових категорій, як «державна підтримка» та «державна допомога». У законодавстві про державну допомогу суб'єктам господарювання законодавець визначає поняття державної допомоги суб'єктам господарювання через термін підтримки, фактично ототожнюючи ці два поняття.Запропоновано визначення державної допомоги, а також у Законі «Про державну допомогу суб'єктам господарювання» передбачити перелік сфер діяльності, де може поширюватися державна допомога. Обґрунтовано необхідність визначити в Законі умови, за яких державна підтримка визнається державною допомогою, та розтлумачити зміст таких уживаних термінів, як «державна допомога, що є допустимою», «державна допомога, що може бути визнана допустимою».
"DOLL STEPS" AS A BRAINSTORMING GAME TO IMPROVE THE SPEAKING SKILL IN PROCEDURE TEXT OF THE NINTH GRADERS OF SMPN I MOJOKERTO JOURNAL BY ELIASANTI AGUSTINA NIM. 102084007 ADVISOR Dra. THERESIA KUMALARINI, M.Pd. NIP. 19521014 197903 2 001 SURABAYA STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM 2014 "DOLL STEPS" AS A BRAINSTORMING GAME TO IMPROVE THE SPEAKING SKILL IN PROCEDURE TEXT OF THE NINTH GRADERS OF SMPN I MOJOKERTO Eliasanti Agustina English Study Program FBS Surabaya State University elia.englishedu2010@gmail.com Dra.Theresia Kumalarini, M.Pd. Lecturer of English Study Program FBS Surabaya State University kumala_rini52@yahoo.co.id ABSTRAK Pengajaran berbicara bahasa Inggris di banyak sekolah tidak memfasilitasi siswa untuk menjadi terampil. Akibatnya, keterampilan berbicara mereka masih kurang memuaskan. Dengan demikian, guru harus menggunakan cara yang tepat untuk mengajarkan keterampilan berbicara berdasarkan kebutuhan siswa. Di sini peneliti menyarankan guru untuk menerapkan permainan brainstorming bernama "DOLL STEPS" yang bertujuan untuk membantu siswa memiliki kesempatan yang sama untuk menjadi aktif dan kritis, membangun kebiasaan untuk berbicara menggunakann bahasa Inggris, berbagi dan mendapatkan pengetahuan, berbicara dengan fasih dan bebas , berkaitan dengan topik yang diberikan , siap dengan tugas inti dalam pelajaran berbicara, dan belajar untuk memperhatikan pembicara yang lain. Penelitian ini fokus pada berbicara teks prosedur. Penelitian kuantitatif eksperimental ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kemampuan berbicara siswa setelah penerapan "DOLL STEPS". Populasinya adalah siswa kelas Sembilan di SMPN 1 Mojokerto, sedangkan sampelnya adalah IX E sebagai kelompok eksperimen dan IX F sebagai kelompok kontrol. Untuk mendapatkan data, masing-masing kelompok diberi pre-test untuk menemukan kesetaraan kemampuan dan post-test untuk menemukan pencapaian yang berbeda. Peneliti menggunakan rumus t -test untuk menganalisa data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skor post-test dari kelompok eksperimen lebih tinggi daripada kelompok kontrol. Kesimpulannya, direkomendasikan kepada guru bahasa Inggris bahwa permainan "Doll Steps" dapat digunakan untuk mengajar keterampilan berbicara sehingga dapat mencapai target belajar bahasa Inggris . Keyword : "Doll Steps", Keterampilan Berbicara , Teks Prosedur ABSTRACT The teachings of speaking in many schools do not facilitate students to be skillfull in speaking. Consequently, their oral skill is still unsatisfactory. Thus, the teacher has to use an appropriate way to teach speaking based on the students' need. Here the researcher suggested the teacher to implement brainstorming game namely DOLL STEPS which aims to help students have the same chance to be active and critical, build a habit to speak English, share and get knowledge, speak in fluent and free way, be enganged with the topic given, be ready in the main speaking task, and learn to pay attention to other's talk. This study focuses on speaking procedure text.This experimental quantitative research aims to know how the students' speaking skill after the implementation of "DOLL STEPS" is. The population was the ninth graders of SMPN 1 Mojokerto, whose sample was IX E as the experimental group and IX F as the control group. To get the data, each group was given a pre-test to find their equality and post-test to find the different achievement. The researcher used t-test formula to analyze the data. The result of the study showed that the post-test scores of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group. Finally, it is recomended that English teachers use Doll Steps game in teaching speaking skill to meet the target of learning English. Keyword: Doll Steps, Speaking Skill, Procedure Texts INTRODUCTION English proficiency is a must in the era of communication and globalization. English is seriously learned by many people to have a good prospect in the communication and also to get more information of international world. It can be seen in Indonesia that English is learned by children from elementary school to students of higher education. Therefore, our government seriously provides the appropriate curriculum about this subject. English lesson in junior high school function as a tool of self-development of students in science, technology and art. After completing their studies, they are expected to grow and develop into individuals who are intelligent, skilled and personable also ready to take a role in national development. In line with the explanation above is Indonesian law number 20 year 2003 about National Education System Article 37 paragraph 1, one of them states that language study materials include a foreign language with consideration of foreign languages, especially English is an international language which is a very important utility in global society (2006 : 282). Hence, English language become the principle subject which determines student graduation. This is proven by the fact that English is the subjects that is always included in the national examination in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of National Education Number 78 Year 2008 on National Examination for Secondary level in Article 6 states that the subjects tested in the examination include Indonesian, English, Mathematics, and Science. In the process of learning English, a teacher must be able to master the language pretty well. Moreover she must be able to master how to teach English properly and how to transfer knowledge and experience of the teacher to the learners. Thus, there has to be many efforts to do in order to create an interesting English learning that can motivate students to enhance learners' capacity in learning English. That is why, it is recommended that the teaching of English, should bring English atmosphere in it. Being a good teacher, she should be able to bring it in teaching and learning process, because if the atmosphere can not be brought into the process, the students will not get a clear purpose, why they have to learn the lesson and what is the importance of learning it for their daily lives. According to Depdiknas (2006:307), the teaching of English consists of four language skills, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing and other three components, pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Each skill has different purposes to help students master English. The uppermost important language skill in learning English is a skill in oral communication or generally called speaking. As declared by Aliakbar & Jamalvadi, speaking is crucial since it is the vehicle of social solidarity, social rank, the business world and as a medium for learning language. Learning objectives of speaking have been clearly stated in the English curriculum. The goal is students are able to communicate efficiently. "Learning speaking should improve the communication skills of learners to be able to express and learn to follow the appropriate social and cultural development" (Kayi, 2006: 1). Unfortunately the current condition shows that English Foreign Language (EFL) learners, in this term is Indonesian learners, are reluctant to speak English in the classroom. The problem is commonly found in EFL class. It is caused by some factors such as they do not have the confidence to do conversation in English, they are afraid of making mistakes and then laughed by their peers, they have limited vocabulary so that they know what to say in bahasa but not in English and many more. Sometimes the topic given is too high for them so they prefer to be silent. In addition, some students did not get a chance to speak in class because of the domination by particular learners. Consequently, students have fewer opportunities to learn from speaking than the more oral students. For sure it will affect to their ability and their score in speaking skill as well. Students who do not take charge in their learning are unable to take full advantage of learning opportunities. This is a problem that faces many Asian students who are generally more reserved than western students (Tsui , 1996). As teachers, we can try to overcome students' problem by using suitable warm-up activities, in this case called brainstorming game. Basically the use of brainstorming game in teaching and learning activities is not a must considering the effectiveness and time required. However, occasionally it is necessary to use the game to support the implementation of learning English. Brainstorming game can facilitate and create a strong positive effect on the atmosphere and also relaxed for students in doing classroom learning activities, considering that English is still a scourge for most students. That warm-up activity also helps students to have an overview about the main speaking task. In addition, the nature of game is fun so it can increase students' motivation and able to overcome shyness. Consequently, they will be able to express their ideas freely because through playing the game they may not consider that they are learning. Implementation of learning strategy in SMPN 1 Mojokerto strongly support the achievement of the speaking purpose itself. Learning strategy requires students to be independent, critical, and active in expressing their opinion. However at the presentation time most of the students do not focus in listening to the speaker. Sometimes they are busy with their own tasks even do not appreciate the presenter. Moreover, frequently there are learners who like to cut the talks of presenter with things that are not discussed. This affects condition of other students and causes confussion in the classroom. Teachers will be exhausted to remind them repeatedly. Dealing with the issues above, a teacher needs appropriate strategy and media which can control the class order and boost students' score in speaking English. There are some alternatives of speaking games that can be used in order to improve the students' speaking ability. One of the games that can be used is the Doll Steps game. This game is actually taken from the Chain Story ideas that are commonly used in the teaching of narrative text and also Talking Stick, but the writer gives a little modification in the content of the media itself, so that produces a new media that is Doll Steps game. As a result students will pay attention to the presenter when she is speaking. This teaching strategy can be used in teaching any texts. Based on Competence Based Curriculum Issued (KTSP) 2006, there are five genres that are introduced to Junior High school students. Those are procedure, descriptive, recount, narrative and report text. Those kinds of texts are expected to be mastered by the students well. Among those genres, a procedure text is easily understood by the students as it is commonly found in their environment. The text can be found on the sachet of instant foods and beverages also on the box of electronic machine. Additionally, procedure text is a genre which has to be mastered by students, especially the ninth graders as it is already stated in Standar Isi and Standar Kompetensi. In procedure text, students are told the way how something is achieved by doing sequence steps. The text includes set of suggestion on how to do something, how to operate something and how to get to a certain place or direction. To apply Doll Steps for procedure text, the speaker gives direction or step. All students will be treated fairly. They will get same chance to speak, so it is expected by applying this game, students will be able to speak English effortlessly and without hesitant. Doll Steps will be very advantageous for teaching speaking procedure text of the ninth graders in SMPN 1 Mojokerto. This study will discus the activities during the learning process using Doll Steps. The implementation here will be different from the concept in general as it will be modified by the music so that students feel comfortable. Researcher found a previous study on the use of brainstorming carried out in Oral Communication classes at a Japanese senior high school which was observed by Culen (1998) entitled, "Brainstorming Before Speaking Task". Brainstorming used was Information Gap. The evaluation of the study showed that an increase in speaking time and a more positive atmosphere are two benefits that brainstorming can bring to speaking class. Based on the background and the problems above, the research conducted to investigate how the students' speaking skill after the implementation of Doll Steps is. METHOD Concerning with the research question in the previous chapter, the writer used experimental quantitative research design. According to Ary, (1985) in Denik lejar (2012) Experimental design refers to the conceptual framework where the experiment is conducted. There were two groups involved in this study, experimental group (class IX E ) and control group (class IX F), which were randomly assigned. The two groups were given a pre-test to examine whether they were in the equal level or not. Then the experimental group was given a treatment by using Doll Steps in their teaching and learning process for several times. On the contrary, the control group was taught conventionally. At the end, both of the groups were given a post-test to measure the effectiveness of Doll Steps for teaching speaking procedure texts to Junior High school. The population used in this research was the ninth graders of SMP Negeri I Mojokerto. The researcher chose two classes randomly as the samples. In this research, the researcher chooses probability sampling, especially cluster random sampling. After getting two classes, the researcher randomly assigned which one was the experimental group and which was the control group. The two chosen classes should be equal, to avoid any unexpected effect. In this study, the sample was class IX E as the experimental group, and class IX F as the control group. Each of them consists of 26 students. This study used test as the instrument. The tests consisted of pre-test and post-test. The items used in the tests were exactly the same. The pre-test and post-test were administered to know whether the model of learning is successful or not. From the two tests, the researcher got scores of speaking tests as the data. Before the tests were administered, a tryout was conducted to analyze the reliability of the test be used for pre-test and post-test also to know the appropriate test items for the students' level. The try-out test was given to the students who were given neither pre-test nor post-test. The number of the test items was just 2 instructions in the form of oral test. The results showed that the test items had a high validity because all of the components of the test items were according to the standard competency (see table 1) and has been approved by the experts (lecture of UNESA and the English teacher of SMPN I Mojokerto). While to know the reliability, the researcher used interrater reliability method. It means, one test will be administered once, but it is scored by two people. If the result from those two people are same or almost the same, means the test are valid and can be used in collecting data. Therefore, for the results showed that the test items were in high validity and reliability. Table 1 Scale of Validity Test Item Standard Competency Validity How to send a picture through e-mail How to make a glass of iced lemon tea 4.2.1 Mengungkapkan makna dalam monolog pendek sederhana dengan menggunakan ragam bahasa lisan secara akurat, lancar, dan berterima untuk berinteraksi dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dalam teks berbentuk procedure Valid Valid When the students came in front of the class and produced a monologue related to the lesson given, their performance was analyzed and scored based on some aspects. They are pronunciation, grammar, fluency, vocabulary, organization and comprehension. Each aspect has its own point and description. The measurement adopted from Oller (Language Tests at School, 1979, pp. 320-323). A quantitative data analysis was conducted in this study. The scores of students' speaking tests were analyzed by using t-test formula because the result of the study was determined by the comparison of the post-test scores of the two groups. Moreover it is used to analyze the significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the two groups. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Result The Implementation of Doll Steps in Teaching Speaking The research was done on December 9th up to 12th 2014. Furthermore, six meetings were needed to accomplish the research; try-out, pre-test, treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3, and post-test. It is held to find out the influence of using brainstorming game called "DOLL STEPS" to improve students' speaking skill in Procedure text. It was investigated through comparing the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test between the experimental and control group. Below is the statistics table of scores of both groups in pretest and posttest. Table 2 Scores of Pre-test for Experimental and Control Group Based on the calculation of the scores, it was found that the mean of the pretest scores of the experimental group was 70.2 and the control group was 65.4. From the table above, it can be seen that the Tvalue of pretest of the Experimental and control group with the level of significance of .05 and 58 (60) degree of freedom was 1.3 and the Ttable was 2,009. If the T table was higher than the Tvalue . it means that there is no significant difference between Experimental and Control group. Oller's speaking measurement considers that both of the groups belong to level 3. From those results, the researcher assumed that the members of the two groups had equal level of speaking ability before the treatments were given. Table 3 Scores of Post-test for Experimental and Control Group From the calculation, the Mean of Experimental group was 81.9 which belongs to level 3+ and the Mean of Control group was 66.8 which belongs to level 3. It was clearly seen that the scores of experimental group the Mean of experimental group was much higher than the Mean of control group. Moreover the level of experimental is one level above the control group. The scores also have a better improvement. It can be seen at the pretest, the mean of experimental group was 70.2 and belongs to level 3. It significantly increased at the post-test the mean of which 81.9 and belongs to level 3+. It is because the experimental group was given a treatment by using Doll Steps game. The game was able to help students to produce oral speaking text fluently. The significant difference of the post-test scores of experimental The T value of post-test scores of experimental and control groups with level significance .05 and 58 (60) degree of freedom was 8.9 and the T table was 2.009. From the table above, it can be seen that the result of T table was lower than the T value. Therefore, it shows that there was a significant difference between two groups. In other words, there was a significant improvement between those who were taught by using Doll Steps game. Discussion As stated in chapter II, Kattlen (2005:31) defines that speaking as an interactive process of constructing meaning involves producing, receiving and processing information. However, some teachers and pupils mean every sound which comes out of the mouth is called speaking activity. It is totally wrong since speaking is human daily activity in which human expresses the ideas through the oral words about his need, feelings and thought that he wants other people hear. It must use his oral words not the words from the texts, recorders or other people's words. In the second chapter, it can be seen that speaking is a productive skill not a receptive skill, so here the speaker must produce meaningful words not copying or imitating. Therefore, it is necessary that students not only be able to pronounce words correctly but also produce oral words fluently in order to improve the speaking skill of the students, in this case is in a procedure text. Then, the researcher favored Doll Steps game as an alternative way to ease students creates a procedure text orally. The oral words should create spontaneously which means that the words must be original words from the learners. Moreover from the contrasting scores of the post-test between two groups, it can be stated that Doll Steps game can be an effective game for teaching speaking procedure texts. The test items consisted of two instructions. In this section, the researcher tried to analyze the findings of the research which was conducted in SMP Negeri I Mojokerto. The first analysis was about the pre-test scores of the experimental and control groups. The result of the pre-test showed that there was no significant difference of both groups. It means that the two groups have equal ability. The second analysis was the post-test scores of Experimental and control groups. Table 3 shows that the mean of post-test scores for Experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Furthermore, the calculation of the t-test showed that there was a significant difference of post-test scores of Experimental and Control group. It seems that the treatments given to experimental group was successful. Table 3 describes clearly that Doll Steps game is effective for teaching speaking procedure texts. It is supported by the result showed that the scores between experimental and control were significantly different. It caused by the treatments given to experimental groups affected the students' speaking ability. The treatments were given three times. During the treatments, the researcher applied steps of Doll Steps game. At the first treatment, the researcher explained and modeled the steps of Doll Steps first. After the researcher explained the strategy and the material, the students were taught a procedure text by applying Doll Steps game. From several treatments, the researcher was sure that "Doll Steps" is effective as an alternative strategy for teaching speaking procedure texts for the ninth graders in SMP Negeri I Mojokerto. Applying Doll Steps allows the following benefits some of which are stated in the second chapter: It takes students to be a critical learner as they develop independence in practicing speaking. It allows students to practice freely. Here they may speak fearless as no one will cut or correct their says as long as it relates with topic given. All the students will be active speakers for they will get their turn to speak up. It engages students in speaking around the topic. It makes students learn to focus on what his friends' saying because in this game they should listen to the step mentioned by their friends to continue the next step. It scaffolds speaking with a variety of texts in all curriculum areas. It helps students to have a habit in speaking English. It makes students easy to produce the procedure text orally in the main activity since this game gives them chance to take and share knowledge with each other. It creates good English athmosphere in class which brings fun and purpossive learning activity. 10. Learners learn to appreciate one another. In conclusion, the calculation of the post-test from experimental and control groups using t-test showed that there was significant difference between them. Moreover the scores of Experimental group increased rapidly. It is statistically proved that Doll Steps game is effective for ninth graders in SMP Negeri I Mojokerto to improve their ability to speak the Procedure texts. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion According to the findings in this research, in the previous chapter, it can be concluded that the post-test scores of the experimental group, who were taught by using Doll Steps game are higher than those of the control group who was taught as usual. It was proven by comparing the mean of post-test between the experimental (81.9) which is considered as level 3+ and control group (66.8) with just in level 3 which is clearly stated by the statistical computation between those two groups. Moreover, it was found that the t value of the t-test (8.9) was higher than the t table (2.00). The result of speaking ability of the experimental group students showed that most of them are very good in spoken procedure with the 3+ level. Some of them got excellent scores with the level 4 even 4+. It means that most of them were able to speak the language with suffecient structural accuracy and vocabulary to participate effectively in most formal and informal conversation on practical, social, and professional topics. Whereas some of them who got 4 and 4+ level were able to use the language fluently and accurately at all levels normally pertinent to professional needs (Oller:1979). Therefore, the research question of this study has been answered well. From the findings above, it can be stated that the Null hypothesis, which stated that there is no significant difference in the speaking ability of procedure texts between the students who are taught by using Doll Steps game and those who are not is rejected. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis which stated there is a significant difference in the speaking ability of procedure texts between the students who are taught by using Doll Steps game and those who are not is confirmed. It can be assumed that teaching speaking procedure texts to ninth graders by using Doll Steps game helps the students to create a procedure text orally in a fluent way and reach a higher achievement. If the teacher implements the Doll Steps game to teach speaking of procedure texts, the students will be able to produce oral procedure text not only easily but also well structured and fluently because from the Doll Steps game they will become confident and critical learners, use their previous knowledge for the speaking task, feel free and confident through the game. Through their friends' sentences they will gain new knowledge such as new vocabulary and how to arrange a good procedure text, so that they can produce the oral text well. In conclusion, it can be said that Doll Steps game is one of the effective teaching speaking games that can be used to teach speaking production of procedure text in the classroom. Suggestion Based on the result of the study, the researcher recommends some advices which are essential. The suggestion may be beneficial for the English teachers and other researchers who conduct a study on speaking skill. For the English teacher Nowadays, when the teaching and learning process is no longer teacher centered but student centered, so the teachers should have some criterion namely: Creative teacher Creative means teachers can do variation in teaching process such as adapting and creating new technique, media, strategy or even game. Good facilitator It means that as a facilitator, teachers should be able to explore students' ability, for instance courage them to solve their learning problem, produce much ideas, give same chance to each students, and give supportive feedback. Selective teacher Teacher should selective in choosing the media, technique, strategy and game used to teach. The things must be appropriate to the curriculum, need, proficiency, and age of the students so that the learning process can meet the target. From all the characteristics above, students will be excited in practicing English orally Linked to the 2006 curriculum, the objective is to make learners able to express the text orally to be used for communication purpose (BSNP, 2006:24). Accordingly, the teacher should use suitable way, one which is giving Doll Steps game. Doll Steps game can give benefits and be implemented as an appropriate game for the students to produce oral procedure texts. For the other researchers Relating to the successful usage of brainstorming game called "DOLL STEPS" to boost speaking score of the ninth graders of SMPN 1 Mojokerto, other researchers who are interested in investigating speaking skill are recommended that they look further on other related aspects of this study. Furthermore, it is suggested to develop this study by exploring the use of this game for other kinds of genre, skills, and level of the students REFERENCES Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C. K., & Razavieh, A. (2010).Introduction to Research in Education (8th Ed). USA: Wadsworth engage Learning. Bartz, A. E. (2001). Basic Statistical Concept i Education and the Behavioral Science. Moorhead, Minesota: Concordia College. Brown, H. D. (2004). Language Assessment Principle ad Classroom Practices. San Francisco: Pearson Education. Cullen, B. (1998). Brainstorming Before Speaking Tasks. The Internet TESL Journal , VOL IV No. 7. Harmer, J. The Practice of English LAnguage TEaching (3rd edition ed.). Cambridge, UK: Longman. Hayriye, K. (2006). Teaching Speaking: Activities to Promote Speaking in a Second Language. The Internet TESL Journal , VOLl XII No. 11. Houston, H. (2006). A Brainstorming Activity for ESL/EFL Students. The Internet TESL Journal , Vol. XII, No. 12. Liu, T.-Y., & Chu, Y.-L. (2010). Using Ubiquitous Games in an English Listening and Speaking Course : Impact on LEarning Outcomes and Motivation. ELSEVIER , 1. Manshouri, F. (2008). Second Language Acquisition Research : Theory - Construction ad testinng. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Nunn, F., & Nunn, R. (2005). Guiding ESL Students Towards Independent Speech Making. The Internet TESL Journal , Vol. XI, No. 2. Oller, John. W. (1979). Laguage Tests at School : A Pragmatic Approach. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Longman.
El punto de partida de la presente investigación sobre el significado y la función que la mimesis tiene en el pensamiento de Aristóteles está dado por la adopción de una perspectiva de estudio "amplia", i.e. no restringida a la esfera de las artes miméticas y que atienda al vasto y diverso registro de usos del vocabulario mimético atestiguado en el Corpus Aristotelicum. La exégesis contemporánea -paradigmáticamente representada por Halliwell (2002)- acuerda en recortar la superficie textual de investigación al dominio de la Poética (especialmente, al de sus tres primeros capítulos) y en menor medida, al libro VIII de la Política. Aún cuando es innegable el valor que la Poética tiene en la reconstrucción de la significación aristotélica de mimesis, la consideración de otras obras y otros pasajes en los que el filósofo recurre al empleo de este vocabulario, v.gr. H.A., Mete., Phys., Met., permite comprender el lugar destacado que Aristóteles le otorga a la habilidad y a las artes miméticas en el marco general de su pensamiento. La reevaluación general del significado de esta familia de palabras en el Corpus se organiza en dos partes principales. La primera está dedicada al análisis de la habilidad y de las artes miméticas como formas de aprendizaje a partir de los empleos atestiguados en Poética y en Política VII-VIII. A pesar de no ofrecer en la Poética ni en ninguna otra parte del Corpus una definición del término, el análisis realizado en el primer capítulo de la tesis sobre los principales usos del vocabulario mimético en dicha obra, i.e. capítulos 1-3, 4, 9, 24 y 25, revela que la habilidad y las artes miméticas, en cuanto que derivan de ella, constituyen para Aristóteles formas más o menos complejas de aprendizaje por medio de la identificación de semejanzas. En el segundo capítulo se examina el valor pedagógico que en los dos últimos libros de la Política Aristóteles le reconoce a la mimesis, y la singularidad que le atribuye a la mimesis musical entre las artes miméticas. El carácter antropológico de la mimesis como habilidad primaria de adquisición de conocimientos, ligada al deseo humano de conocer, permite explicar la función ético-política que le otorga a la música y de manera plausible, a las restantes artes miméticas en el programa educativo utópico del Estado ideal. La segunda parte está consagrada a investigar el empleo del vocabulario mimético en el resto del Corpus, i.e. aquellos usos no referidos a las artes miméticas y que permiten esclarecer la significación general de este concepto, y comprender mejor su empleo en relación a ese grupo de artes. En el tercer capítulo se consideran diversos pasajes que revelan el valor didáctico y heurístico que dicho vocabulario tiene en el ámbito de la investigación natural. El cuarto capítulo responde a la exigencia metodológica según la cual, es preciso comprender la mimesis aristotélica a la luz de su historia efectual. El principio conforme al cual las artes imitan a la naturaleza ha sido el eje de la recepción de la mimesis aristotélica hasta el siglo XIX. Completamente ajeno al interés primariamente estético de la exégesis actual, el principio es visto como una amenaza que atenta contra la singularidad del arte. A pesar de esta actitud generalizada por parte de los estudios histórico-sistemáticos contemporáneos se rescata el valor de este principio pues, si bien es cierto que fue formulado por Aristóteles en relación a todas las artes (miméticas y no-miméticas), su aplicación al primer grupo permite elucidar cuál es la función de ellas respecto al fin que la naturaleza ha establecido para el hombre. Finalmente, el apéndice está dedicado a la consideración de la innegable actualidad que la mimesis aristotélica tiene en la reflexión filosófica sistemática sobre el arte. ; The point of departure of this research about the meaning and function of mimesis in Aristotle s thought is the adoption of a wide perspective of study, i.e. not limited to the sphere of the mimetic arts and taking care of the huge and diverse record of meaning of the mimetic vocabulary attested in the Aristotelian Corpus. The contemporary exegesis -paradigmatically represented by Halliwell (2002)- agrees to delimitate the area of inquiry to the domain of the Poetics (especially to its first three chapters) and to a lesser extent, to the last book of the Politics. Although it is not possible to reject the value that the Poetics has in the reconstruction of the aristotelian meaning of mimesis, the consideration of other works and other passages in which the philosopher employs this vocabulary, v.gr. H.A., Mete., Phys., Met., makes possible to understand the importance he recognize to the mimetic ability and arts within the framework of his thought. The reevaluation of the significance of this word family in the Corpus is organized in two main parts. The first is devoted to the analysis of the ability and the mimetic arts as forms of learning taking into account the uses of this vocabulary attested in the Poetics and the Politics VII-VIII. Despite that Aristotle does not offer a definition of the word in the Poetics and nowhere in the Corpus, the analysis done in the first chapter of this thesis of the most important uses of it in the work, i.e. Poet. 1-3, 4, 9, 24 y 25, reveals that the mimetic ability and the arts that derive from it are for him more or less complex forms of learning through the identification of similarities. The second chapter is dedicated to examine the pedagogical importance that Aristotle recognizes to mimesis and the singularity that attributes to the musical mimesis in the last two books of the Politics. The anthropological character of mimesis as a primary ability in the acquisition of knowledge inherently tied to the human desire of knowing explains the political and ethical function that he gives to music and plausibly, to the other mimetic arts in the utopian educative program of the ideal State. The second part is dedicated to explore the usage of the mimetic vocabulary in the rest of the Corpus, i.e. the uses that not refer to the mimetic arts and that make possible to understand the general meaning of this concept, and better comprehend their use in relation with this group of arts. The third chapter is devoted to the consideration of diverse passages that show the didactic and heuristic value of this word group in the sphere of natural research. The forth chapter answers to the methodological requirement of understanding the Aristotelian mimesis looking at the history of its reception. The principle that arts imitate nature used to be the axis of the reception of the aristotelian mimesis until the XIX century. Completely strange to the primary aesthetic interest of the actual exegesis, the principle is seeing as a menace against the singularity of art. In spite of this generalized attitude of the contemporary historical and systematic studies is necessary to reassess the significance of this principle though, it was formulated by Aristotle in relation with all the arts (mimetic and non-mimetic), its application to the first group allows to elucidate which is the function of this arts in relation with the goal that nature has establish for man. Finally, the appendix is devoted to the consideration of the undeniable actuality that aristotelian mimesis has in the systematical philosophical reflection about art. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación
The objective of this article is to form the basis for strengthening the fiscal stimulus spatial development of regional economic systems in the context of decentralization. The methods of research: dialectical, synthesis, analysis, generalizations and monographic, abstraction and generalizations. Results. The authors consider the «fiscal space» as a certain economic spatial formation, formed by elements of the regional economic system, which are involved in the construction of budget components and management of financial flows. The positive impact of the fiscal policy's implementation in the context of decentralization is highlighted, as well as a certain imbalance of certain areas that provoke the search for ways of fiscal policy objectives intra-regional coordination. Summarizing the experience of European countries on fiscal stimulation of the development of regional economic systems, the following trends are highlighted: first, the main regulatory instruments are tax and budgetary policies, the level of their development and independence in the regions of countries; secondly, regional fiscal policy is always subordinated to the national economic development strategy; thirdly, taxes are becoming a tool for both stimulating and restraining the regions' development. The article proposes the ways to smooth out negative challenges and the task of regional development's fiscal stimulation is defined. The experience of European countries allows us to explore the prospects for developing tools for fiscal stimulus to ensure the sustainability and modernization of the regional space. Conclusions. The experience of European countries in the implementation of fiscal policy in the context of decentralization and the functioning of local self-government is studied. Despite the binding nature and dominance of European norms in fiscal policy, each country has formed its own strategic goals in economic development. This allowed preserving the national identity of individual territories, the specificity of the cultural value's impact on the fiscal stimulation of regional economic systems. The authors come to the conclusion that the adaptation of the best practices in European countries in the Ukrainian economy's conditions requires their reformatting under the goals and strategies of national economic policy. Directions of implementation of EU countries' experience in fiscal stimulus of regional space in Ukraine are identified in the article. ; Мета статті полягає у формуванні основи для посилення фіскального стимулювання просторового розвитку регіональних економічних систем у контексті децентралізації. Методи дослідження: діалектичний метод, монографічний метод, методи синтезу, аналізу, узагальнення, абстрагування та систематизації. Результати. Автори розглядають поняття «фіскальний простір» як певне економічне просторове утворення, сформоване елементами регіональної економічної системи, які задіюються в побудові бюджетних складових та управлінні фінансовими потоками. Висвітлено позитивний вплив реалізації фіскальної політики в контексті децентралізації, а також певний дисбаланс окремих напрямів, що провокують пошук шляхів внутрішнього регілнального узгодження завдань фіскальної політики. Узагальнюючи досвід європейських країн щодо фіскального стимулювання розвитку регіональних економічних систем, виділено такі тенденції: по-перше, основними регулятивними інструментами є податкова і бюджетна політики, рівень їхнього розвитку і самостійності в регіонах окремих країн; по-друге, регіональна фіскальна політика завжди підпорядкована національній стратегії економічного розвитку; по-третє, податки стають інструментом як стимулювання, так і стримування розвитку регіонів. Запропоновано шляхи згладжування негативних викликів і визначено завдання фіскального стимулювання регіонального розвитку. Досвід європейських країн дозволяє дослідити перспективи розроблення інструментів для фіскального стимулювання для забезпечення стійкості та модернізації регіонального простору. Висновки. Досліджено досвід європейських країн у реалізації фіскальної політики в контексті децентралізації та функціонування місцевого самоврядування. Попри домінування європейських норм у фіскальній політиці, кожна країна сформувала свої стратегічні цілі економічного розвитку. Це дозволило зберегти національну ідентичність окремих територій, специфіку впливу культурної цінності на фіскальне стимулювання регіональних економічних систем. Автори приходять до висновку, що адаптація передового досвіду європейських країн до умов української економіки вимагає їхнього переформатування під цілі та стратегії національної економічної політики. Визначено напрями впровадження досвіду країн ЄС щодо фіскального стимулювання регіонального простору в Україні.
The objective of this article is to form the basis for strengthening the fiscal stimulus spatial development of regional economic systems in the context of decentralization. The methods of research: dialectical, synthesis, analysis, generalizations and monographic, abstraction and generalizations. Results. The authors consider the «fiscal space» as a certain economic spatial formation, formed by elements of the regional economic system, which are involved in the construction of budget components and management of financial flows. The positive impact of the fiscal policy's implementation in the context of decentralization is highlighted, as well as a certain imbalance of certain areas that provoke the search for ways of fiscal policy objectives intra-regional coordination. Summarizing the experience of European countries on fiscal stimulation of the development of regional economic systems, the following trends are highlighted: first, the main regulatory instruments are tax and budgetary policies, the level of their development and independence in the regions of countries; secondly, regional fiscal policy is always subordinated to the national economic development strategy; thirdly, taxes are becoming a tool for both stimulating and restraining the regions' development. The article proposes the ways to smooth out negative challenges and the task of regional development's fiscal stimulation is defined. The experience of European countries allows us to explore the prospects for developing tools for fiscal stimulus to ensure the sustainability and modernization of the regional space. Conclusions. The experience of European countries in the implementation of fiscal policy in the context of decentralization and the functioning of local self-government is studied. Despite the binding nature and dominance of European norms in fiscal policy, each country has formed its own strategic goals in economic development. This allowed preserving the national identity of individual territories, the specificity of the cultural value's impact on the fiscal stimulation of regional economic systems. The authors come to the conclusion that the adaptation of the best practices in European countries in the Ukrainian economy's conditions requires their reformatting under the goals and strategies of national economic policy. Directions of implementation of EU countries' experience in fiscal stimulus of regional space in Ukraine are identified in the article. ; Мета статті полягає у формуванні основи для посилення фіскального стимулювання просторового розвитку регіональних економічних систем у контексті децентралізації. Методи дослідження: діалектичний метод, монографічний метод, методи синтезу, аналізу, узагальнення, абстрагування та систематизації. Результати. Автори розглядають поняття «фіскальний простір» як певне економічне просторове утворення, сформоване елементами регіональної економічної системи, які задіюються в побудові бюджетних складових та управлінні фінансовими потоками. Висвітлено позитивний вплив реалізації фіскальної політики в контексті децентралізації, а також певний дисбаланс окремих напрямів, що провокують пошук шляхів внутрішнього регілнального узгодження завдань фіскальної політики. Узагальнюючи досвід європейських країн щодо фіскального стимулювання розвитку регіональних економічних систем, виділено такі тенденції: по-перше, основними регулятивними інструментами є податкова і бюджетна політики, рівень їхнього розвитку і самостійності в регіонах окремих країн; по-друге, регіональна фіскальна політика завжди підпорядкована національній стратегії економічного розвитку; по-третє, податки стають інструментом як стимулювання, так і стримування розвитку регіонів. Запропоновано шляхи згладжування негативних викликів і визначено завдання фіскального стимулювання регіонального розвитку. Досвід європейських країн дозволяє дослідити перспективи розроблення інструментів для фіскального стимулювання для забезпечення стійкості та модернізації регіонального простору. Висновки. Досліджено досвід європейських країн у реалізації фіскальної політики в контексті децентралізації та функціонування місцевого самоврядування. Попри домінування європейських норм у фіскальній політиці, кожна країна сформувала свої стратегічні цілі економічного розвитку. Це дозволило зберегти національну ідентичність окремих територій, специфіку впливу культурної цінності на фіскальне стимулювання регіональних економічних систем. Автори приходять до висновку, що адаптація передового досвіду європейських країн до умов української економіки вимагає їхнього переформатування під цілі та стратегії національної економічної політики. Визначено напрями впровадження досвіду країн ЄС щодо фіскального стимулювання регіонального простору в Україні.
An article is devoted to the analysis of the functions and formats of political parties in consociational democracies. In particular, it is defined that parties that represent the interests of certain subcultures in society and that reach a consensus among themselves at the level of political agreements are called segmental. At the same time, parties that encapsulate different subgroups of the society that cooperate inside the party within main features of the consociational theory (grand coalition, mutual veto, proportionality in representations, and independence of segments or society subcultures) are called consociational. The theory of consociationalism has received a wide range of theoretical additions and criticism from political scientists over the past fifty years. And while political parties should have been, by definition, one of the key aspects of research within such democratic regimes (parties are part of large coalitions and agents of representation of certain subcultures), there is very scarce number of literature that focuses on this aspect. Therefore, the presented article provides a description of the functions of political parties that could be observed as inside their subcultures as well as in interaction with other segmental parties. Based on the experience of two European countries in the period of "classical" consociationalism (Belgium and the Netherlands), we explain the functions of the parties we have defined in such societies with examples of relevant consociational practices in them. Simultaneously with the analysis of segmental parties, the article also offers the characteristics of consociational parties. The emergence of such parties has its own institutional and historical features. The way of further development of the party system and the level of preservation of consociational practices makes it possible to understand the nature of changes in the societies. Similarly, the analysis of the forms of party competition and interaction between segmental parties makes it possible to outline the forms of those consociational changes that are taking place in the research countries. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу функцій політичних партій у консоціальних демократіях і того, якого формату вони можуть набувати. Зокрема, зазначається, що партії, які є виразниками інтересів певних субкультур у суспільстві та які між собою досягають консенсусу на рівні політичних домовленостей, доцільно називати сегментними. Водночас партії, що інкапсулюють різні субкультури суспільства в рамках ключових для теорії консоціоналізму ознак (велика коаліція, взаємне вето, пропорційність у репрезентації й незалежність сегментів або субкультур суспільства), називаємо консоціальними. Теорія консоціоналізму за понад п'ятдесят років отримала широке коло теоретичних доповнень і критики з боку політологів. І хоч політичні партії, за визначенням, мали б бути одним із ключових аспектів дослідження в рамках таких демократичних режимів (саме партії є складниками великих коаліцій та агентами репрезентації певних субкультур), літератури, яка фокусується на цьому аспекті, украй мало. Відповідно, представлена стаття дає характеристику функцій, які виконують політичні партії як у середовищі своїх груп, так і у взаємодії з іншими сегментними партіями. Ґрунтуючись на досвіді двох європейських країн у період «класичного» консоціоналізму (Бельгії й Нідерландах), ми пояснюємо визначені нами функції партій у таких суспільствах прикладами відповідних консоціальних практик у них. Водночас із аналізом сегментних партій також запропоновано характеристики «консоціальних партій». Виникнення таких партій має власні інституційні й історичні особливості. Шлях подальшого розвитку партійної системи та рівень збереження консоціальних практик дає змогу зрозуміти природу змін у досліджуваних суспільствах. Так само аналіз форм партійної конкуренції та взаємодії між сегментними партіями дає змогу окреслити форми тих консоціональних змін, які відбуваються в досліджуваній країні.
An article is devoted to the analysis of the functions and formats of political parties in consociational democracies. In particular, it is defined that parties that represent the interests of certain subcultures in society and that reach a consensus among themselves at the level of political agreements are called segmental. At the same time, parties that encapsulate different subgroups of the society that cooperate inside the party within main features of the consociational theory (grand coalition, mutual veto, proportionality in representations, and independence of segments or society subcultures) are called consociational. The theory of consociationalism has received a wide range of theoretical additions and criticism from political scientists over the past fifty years. And while political parties should have been, by definition, one of the key aspects of research within such democratic regimes (parties are part of large coalitions and agents of representation of certain subcultures), there is very scarce number of literature that focuses on this aspect. Therefore, the presented article provides a description of the functions of political parties that could be observed as inside their subcultures as well as in interaction with other segmental parties. Based on the experience of two European countries in the period of "classical" consociationalism (Belgium and the Netherlands), we explain the functions of the parties we have defined in such societies with examples of relevant consociational practices in them. Simultaneously with the analysis of segmental parties, the article also offers the characteristics of consociational parties. The emergence of such parties has its own institutional and historical features. The way of further development of the party system and the level of preservation of consociational practices makes it possible to understand the nature of changes in the societies. Similarly, the analysis of the forms of party competition and interaction between segmental parties makes it possible to outline the forms of those consociational changes that are taking place in the research countries. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу функцій політичних партій у консоціальних демократіях і того, якого формату вони можуть набувати. Зокрема, зазначається, що партії, які є виразниками інтересів певних субкультур у суспільстві та які між собою досягають консенсусу на рівні політичних домовленостей, доцільно називати сегментними. Водночас партії, що інкапсулюють різні субкультури суспільства в рамках ключових для теорії консоціоналізму ознак (велика коаліція, взаємне вето, пропорційність у репрезентації й незалежність сегментів або субкультур суспільства), називаємо консоціальними. Теорія консоціоналізму за понад п'ятдесят років отримала широке коло теоретичних доповнень і критики з боку політологів. І хоч політичні партії, за визначенням, мали б бути одним із ключових аспектів дослідження в рамках таких демократичних режимів (саме партії є складниками великих коаліцій та агентами репрезентації певних субкультур), літератури, яка фокусується на цьому аспекті, украй мало. Відповідно, представлена стаття дає характеристику функцій, які виконують політичні партії як у середовищі своїх груп, так і у взаємодії з іншими сегментними партіями. Ґрунтуючись на досвіді двох європейських країн у період «класичного» консоціоналізму (Бельгії й Нідерландах), ми пояснюємо визначені нами функції партій у таких суспільствах прикладами відповідних консоціальних практик у них. Водночас із аналізом сегментних партій також запропоновано характеристики «консоціальних партій». Виникнення таких партій має власні інституційні й історичні особливості. Шлях подальшого розвитку партійної системи та рівень збереження консоціальних практик дає змогу зрозуміти природу змін у досліджуваних суспільствах. Так само аналіз форм партійної конкуренції та взаємодії між сегментними партіями дає змогу окреслити форми тих консоціональних змін, які відбуваються в досліджуваній країні.
This paper deals with process of forming the essence of the notion of "territorial community". In the article presented the author investigates in detail the etymology of the word "community" and the understanding of its essence among historians, scholars and existing legislation. The various approaches of scientists concerning the theoretical and methodological bases of the study of the concept "territorial community" are highlighted. It is proved that the territorial community should include in the complex and the level of provision of social services, the development of culture, in particular its infrastructure within the limits of social, taking into account the geographical location, the ecological situation in this territory, external relations with other communities, cultural potential. The author discusses the concept of rural community in the category "rural territory", examines the scientific views on the differentiation and varieties of this category, examines the foreign experience of existing models of development of rural areas and their support. The main priorities of the development of rural areas are determined, namely, the identification of specific features of these territorial communities as a unified system, and secondly, the definition of the nature of their inter-component relationships. On the basis of this, the actual vision of the definition of "rural community" is presented. Thus, the author, under the rural community means a certain association of residents of a limited area of the village or settlement, which show the initiative to jointly solve the problems of the community, taking into account the features of the territory, infrastructure, economic development, the state of agriculture and cultural traditions. ; В представленной статье автором подробно исследована этимология слова «общество»и понимание ее сущности среди историков, ученых и существующего законодательства. Освещены различные подходы ученых по теоретико-методологических основ изучение понятия «территориальная община». Доказано, что территориальная община должна включать в комплексе и уровень предоставления социальных услуг, развитие культуры, в частности ее инфраструктуры в рамках социальной, учета географического положения, экологической ситуации на этой территории, внешних взаимосвязей с другими общинами, культурного потенциала. Раскрытие понятия сельской территориальной общины автором рассматривается с категорией «деревенская территория », изучено научные взгляды относительно дифференциации и разновидностей данной категории, Проанализированы зарубежный опыт существующих моделей развития сельских территорий и его поддержки. Определены основные приоритеты развития сельских территорий, а именно, выяснения специфических особенностей этих территориальных общин как единой системы, во-вторых, определение характера их меж- компонентных связей. На основе чего, представлено собственное видение дефиниции «деревенская территориальная община ». Так, автором, под сельской территориальной общиной понимается определенное объединение жителей ограниченных территорией села или поселка, которые проявляют инициативу совместного решения проблем общества с учетом особенностей территории, инфраструктуры, экономического развития, состояния сельского хозяйства и культурных традиций. ; В представленій статті автором детально досліджено етимологію слова «громада» та розуміння її сутності серед істориків, науковців та існуючого законодавства. Висвітлено різноманітні підходи вчених щодо теоретико-методологічних основ вивчення поняття «територіальна громада». Доведено, що територіальна громада повинна включати в комплексі і рівень надання соціальних послуг, розвиток культури, зокрема її інфраструктури в межах соціальної, врахування географічного положення, екологічної ситуації на цій території, зовнішніх взаємозв'язків з іншими громадами, культурного потенціалу. Розкриття поняття сільської територіальної громади автором розглядається з категорією «сільська територія», вивчено наукові погляди щодо диференціації та різновидів даної категорії, аналізовано зарубіжний досвід існуючих моделей розвитку сільських територій та його підтримки. Визначено основні пріоритети розвитку сільських територій, а саме, з'ясування специфічних особливостей цих територіальних громад як єдиної системи, по-друге, визначення характеру їх між-компонентних зв'язків. На основі чого, представлено власне бачення дефініції «сільська територіальна громада». Так, автором, під сільською територіальною громадою розуміється певне об'єднання жителів обмежених територією села чи селища, які виявляють ініціативу спільного вирішення проблем громади з врахуванням особливостей території, інфраструктури, економічного розвитку, стану сільського господарства та культурних традицій.
This paper deals with process of forming the essence of the notion of "territorial community". In the article presented the author investigates in detail the etymology of the word "community" and the understanding of its essence among historians, scholars and existing legislation. The various approaches of scientists concerning the theoretical and methodological bases of the study of the concept "territorial community" are highlighted. It is proved that the territorial community should include in the complex and the level of provision of social services, the development of culture, in particular its infrastructure within the limits of social, taking into account the geographical location, the ecological situation in this territory, external relations with other communities, cultural potential. The author discusses the concept of rural community in the category "rural territory", examines the scientific views on the differentiation and varieties of this category, examines the foreign experience of existing models of development of rural areas and their support. The main priorities of the development of rural areas are determined, namely, the identification of specific features of these territorial communities as a unified system, and secondly, the definition of the nature of their inter-component relationships. On the basis of this, the actual vision of the definition of "rural community" is presented. Thus, the author, under the rural community means a certain association of residents of a limited area of the village or settlement, which show the initiative to jointly solve the problems of the community, taking into account the features of the territory, infrastructure, economic development, the state of agriculture and cultural traditions. ; В представленной статье автором подробно исследована этимология слова «общество»и понимание ее сущности среди историков, ученых и существующего законодательства. Освещены различные подходы ученых по теоретико-методологических основ изучение понятия «территориальная община». Доказано, что территориальная община должна включать в комплексе и уровень предоставления социальных услуг, развитие культуры, в частности ее инфраструктуры в рамках социальной, учета географического положения, экологической ситуации на этой территории, внешних взаимосвязей с другими общинами, культурного потенциала. Раскрытие понятия сельской территориальной общины автором рассматривается с категорией «деревенская территория », изучено научные взгляды относительно дифференциации и разновидностей данной категории, Проанализированы зарубежный опыт существующих моделей развития сельских территорий и его поддержки. Определены основные приоритеты развития сельских территорий, а именно, выяснения специфических особенностей этих территориальных общин как единой системы, во-вторых, определение характера их меж- компонентных связей. На основе чего, представлено собственное видение дефиниции «деревенская территориальная община ». Так, автором, под сельской территориальной общиной понимается определенное объединение жителей ограниченных территорией села или поселка, которые проявляют инициативу совместного решения проблем общества с учетом особенностей территории, инфраструктуры, экономического развития, состояния сельского хозяйства и культурных традиций. ; В представленій статті автором детально досліджено етимологію слова «громада» та розуміння її сутності серед істориків, науковців та існуючого законодавства. Висвітлено різноманітні підходи вчених щодо теоретико-методологічних основ вивчення поняття «територіальна громада». Доведено, що територіальна громада повинна включати в комплексі і рівень надання соціальних послуг, розвиток культури, зокрема її інфраструктури в межах соціальної, врахування географічного положення, екологічної ситуації на цій території, зовнішніх взаємозв'язків з іншими громадами, культурного потенціалу. Розкриття поняття сільської територіальної громади автором розглядається з категорією «сільська територія», вивчено наукові погляди щодо диференціації та різновидів даної категорії, аналізовано зарубіжний досвід існуючих моделей розвитку сільських територій та його підтримки. Визначено основні пріоритети розвитку сільських територій, а саме, з'ясування специфічних особливостей цих територіальних громад як єдиної системи, по-друге, визначення характеру їх між-компонентних зв'язків. На основі чого, представлено власне бачення дефініції «сільська територіальна громада». Так, автором, під сільською територіальною громадою розуміється певне об'єднання жителів обмежених територією села чи селища, які виявляють ініціативу спільного вирішення проблем громади з врахуванням особливостей території, інфраструктури, економічного розвитку, стану сільського господарства та культурних традицій.
The Context The National Collaborative Outreach Programme (NCOP) was developed to support the Government in meeting three goals: 1. Double the proportion of young people from disadvantaged backgrounds in higher education (HE) by 2020 2. Increase by 20 per cent the number of pupils in HE from ethnic minority groups 3. Address the under-representation of young men from disadvantaged backgrounds in HE. In the East Midlands the NCOP consortia is the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire Collaborative Outreach Programme (DANCOP) which is a progression of NEMCON (North East Midlands Collaborative Outreach Network) and is comprised from several universities and colleges of further education. DANCOP's initial two goals were: 1. Raise learners' motivation to work hard and their understanding of the importance of education in their future: 2. Equip learners to plan for progression and make appropriate choices for post-16 study and HE. Aim/Methods This interim report includes an extensive review of literature on widening participation, collaboration and networks and details a formative evaluation undertaken by The International Centre for Guidance Studies (iCeGS) using data collected from February 2017 to March 2018. It reports on the progress made by DANCOP up until March 2018 with respect to: 1. The development of an effective collaborative network 2. The extent to which schools have been engaged 3. The nature of student feedback received so far and distance travelled with respect to knowledge/attitudes/intentions pertaining to future options and in particular higher education 4. Innovations in collaborative working and widening participation The formative evaluation has so far captured data from surveys, interviews and focus groups from DANCOP team members, management group members, students and third party providers. Key Findings 1. The network is well established amongst the HEIs, external stakeholders and some FE colleges 2. FE colleges are facing an unprecedented upheaval with significant changes to the sector, pressures on staff to meet targets, mergers and redundancies. In this difficult and uncertain climate some of the college partners have been unable to engage effectively in the partnership. 3. It has taken a long time to establish the central and hub teams, primarily because of the policies and processes inherent in HEIs and FECs. Additionally it takes a long time to build awareness in schools and develop good working relationships so that WP activities can be delivered. The project life span needs to be extended for its full potential to be realised and for impacts to be properly evaluated. 4. DANCOP could work more quickly if legal issues and executive sign off could be facilitated. Dealing with the implications of GDPR has taken a lot of capacity. 5. Collaborative work has been supported by: a. Representation of key partners across different management groups b. The structural and physical location of teams and individuals c. An agile Steering Group d. 'Blended Professionals' who have significant experience, knowledge and skills and are able to cross boundaries to get work done 6. DANCOP has been able to engage with a large number of learners although these have tended to be located in a small number of schools. At March 2018 the majority of interactions had been delivered through the third party provider IntoUniversity. Year 11 students were the year group who have had the most engagement with activities. 7. Innovative approaches to WP can be seen already but some may not be eligible for the funding or able to demonstrate specific impacts which may be at a cost to pupils. 8. Initial feedback, both quantitative and qualitative, from pupils indicates that activities are perceived positively. The activities, in the short term at least, have a favourable impact on levels of knowledge, confidence, intentions to attend and motivation to work hard Recommendations 1. That the lifespan of the initiative is increased significantly in order to meet targets and evaluate long term impact. 2. That NCOP provides legal advice and support regarding elements such as data sharing agreements. 3. That there is more efficacious system for executive sign off on contracts for projects. 4. That colleges and hubs consider how to integrate their team members both within the institution (i.e. located structurally and physically within appropriate departments) and with each other to facilitate support, communication and collaboration. 5. That DANCOP produces a shared calendar of events for hubs and central team members. There might also be an internal online forum for all partners and members of teams to access in order to share best practice, challenges and develop resolutions. The Final Report Will include data from more students, teaching and SLT staff, Governance Board members, all third party providers and follow ups with the DANCOP team. Additionally it will include analyses of the CFE survey data from October 2017 and September 2018 to examine shift in knowledge, attitudes and intentions over time. Finally it will include case studies on innovative widening participation activities ; Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire Collaborative Outreach Programme (DaNCOP)
Abstract: Transcription of Utah International shareholder's meeting to finalize the merger with General Electric. The meeting took place December 15, 1976. Speakers are Edmund Littlefield (EL), Bruce Mitchell (BM), Charles Travers (CT), and seven unknown speakers labeled by number as they appear. Also, when the audience speaks as a group, it is labeled All. This document is transcribed verbatim, with a few changes included to provide clarity. December 15, 1976 Transcript: EL: I see we are playing to a packed house and I would like to suggest that there is a whole row of seats down here in the front that we would be glad to have you come use. Well good morning ladies and gentlemen, would the meeting please come to order. Welcome to this special meeting of the shareholders of Utah International, called for the purpose of considering the proposed merger with the General Electric Company. I am Edmund W. Littlefield, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer. On my left are Alexander M. Wilson, President and Chief Operating Officer and Director, and Bruce T. Mitchell, Secretary of the company. It is my privilege to introduce to you the other members of our board of directors who are here today, Alf E. Brandon, Senior Vice President of the company; Val A. Browning, Chairman of the Board, Browning; Thomas D. Dee, Vice President of First Security Bank, Ogden, Utah; William R. Hewlett, President of Hewlett-Packard Company; J. B. Ladd, President of Ladd Petroleum Corporation, a subsidiary of the company; Arjay Miller, Dean, Graduate School of 2 Business, Stanford University; Paul L. Wattis Jr., President of Wattis Construction Company; and last and certainly by no means least, a gentleman who's served on this board for fifty-six years, Marriner S. Eccles, former President and Chairman of the Board of the company and now Honorary Chairman of the Board. [Applause] Thank you. These gentlemen, together with the two of us on the platform, who you met earlier, constitute the Board of Directors. Unfortunately, Ernest C. Arbuckle, Chairman of the Board of Wells Fargo Bank and our host for this meeting is unable to be with us today. Fred J. Borch, George Eccles and Bill Kimball are also unable to be with us. Ernie, unfortunately, is undergoing some surgery at this time. We also have with us today representatives of Arthur Anderson, our auditors, Pillsbury Madison and Suite our counsel, and Lehman Brothers and Dean Company, and our investment brokers are also present here today. I now ask the secretary to report on the notice of the meeting, the presence of a quorum, and other matters relating to this meeting. BM: Mr. Chairman, there are available the following documents: 1) A list of the stockholders of Utah International Inc. as of the close of business on October 29, 1976 being the stockholders, entitled to notice of and to vote at this special meeting. 2) An affidavit of the company's transfer agent to the effect of written notice of the special meeting was mailed to each stockholder entitled to vote more than twenty days before the date of the meeting as required by Delaware general corporation law. 3) A signed registration of all stockholders and proxy holders 3 present at the meeting. Management proxies received and other proxies who are personally present represent more than the majority of 31,540,032 shares of stock entitled to vote at the meeting, and constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. This meeting is accordingly properly called and constituted, and is empowered to proceed as a special meeting of the stockholders of Utah International Inc. EL: Thank you, the Board appoints Mr. J. B. Nelson and Mr. Swineheart of Utah International Inc. and Mr. Dennis Conco of the Crocker National Bank, inspectors of election to inspect assigned proxies and credentials presented to the meeting and to conduct a voting to receive and count the votes and to determine the results of the meeting. In the notice of the Special Meeting in the attaché proxy statement, the only item of business to be considered by the stockholders is a proposal for the adoption and approval of the agreement in plan, the reorganization and agreement of merger as amended by which Utah International Incorporated will become a wholly owned subsidiary of General Electric Company. The secretary is requested to submit the resolution which has been prepared for this purpose. BM: Mr. Chairman, the resolution is as follows: resolved that the merger of G. sub of Delaware Inc. with an end to this corporation as set forth in the agreement and plan of reorganization dated as of April 1, 1976; as amended by an amendment dated as of August 13, 1976, attached are annex one and annex two respectively, and the agreement mergers set forth as exhibit A to said annex one to the proxy statement dated October 29, 1976, and mailed to stockholders of record at the 4 close of business on October 29, 1976. Also included are the terms and conditions of the purposed agreement and plan of reorganization as amended, along with the agreement of the merger, providing among other things, for this corporation to become a wholly owned subsidiary of General Electric Company, and the mode of carrying such terms and conditions into effect; as well, the manner and basis of converting the shares of common stock of this corporation into shares of common stock of General Electric Company, as therein provided be and hereby are, approved. 1: Mr. Chairman, I'm a stockholder and I would like to move the adoption to resolution. EL: Thank you. Is there a second? 2: Second. I hereby second the motion. EL: Thank you. It has been moved and seconded that the resolution which the secretary has read be adopted. The affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding shares of the corporation will be required to carry the motion and adopt the resolution. Before opening the matter for general discussion, I would like to make some comments. This is a special meeting of the shareholders of Utah International Incorporated. It is special in two ways, first in the statutory sense in that it is not a regular annual meeting, but calls specifically to consider and act upon the merger of Utah and General Electric. It is also special in the sentimental sense in that it is destined to be the last public held meeting of this fine company whose antecedents go back to January 1900, when its 5 predecessor was incorporated with six shareholders. When the business of the day is done, Utah International will be merged with a single shareholder. General Electric has of record some 529,000 shareholders, Utah 23,000. These are located in fifty states and in many foreign countries. The actual number of shareholders is far greater. For often the shareholder of record is a broker or trust department of a bank acting as a nominee for many, many shareholders. You received a rather weight proxy statement. If the proxy material required and printed for the Utah and General Electric shareholders meetings today were stacked one on top of the other the pile would be over three and a half miles high. If the individual pages were laid end to end these would cross the continental United States three and three-quarter times. The proxy statement contains, and it's a hundred and seventy-six pages, considerable detail of the terms of the merger, historical financial and operating information of both companies, formal statements of the merge company and other information which the Board of Directors of the respective companies and or the Securities and Exchange Commission deem pertinent and appropriate to put before the shareholders so they may arrive at an informed decision. The merger has been recommended by each Board of Directors. It has been examined on Utah's behalf by the investment banking firms of Lehman Brothers Incorporated and Dean Whitter and Company Incorporated. Each of whom has expressed the opinion that the exchange ratio is fair and equitable to the shareholders of Utah. The same information has been put before the shareholders of General Electric, who met today, this morning, in Stratford, 6 Connecticut at 9:30 AM eastern standard time and they have approved the merger. The Utah shareholders have also considered the merger, and the company is in receipt of proxies representing over 86% of the shares issued and outstanding. The proxies have been instructed how the shares are to be voted and as a consequence, the outcome of the voting on the proposals before us has already been determined and from a practical standpoint, nothing we can say or do here will in fact change that. Even though the outcome is ordained I have no intention of conducting these proceedings in a perfunctory manner. Many of us in this room have devoted most of our working lives to the furtherance of the fortunes of Utah International and we come to today's proceedings with mixed emotions. We recognize and stipulate that it is in the best interest of the Utah shareholders and its employees, that over the years we have given much of our substance into making this company what it is today. We are proud of our handy work and I believe properly so. We do not intend to let this moment pass into history, without noting these accomplishments and recording the concerns that caused us to believe that a merger between these two great companies would serve the best interests of the shareholders of each. Let's pick up the story twenty years ago when the company had 257 shareholders, some 2,400 employees and gross revenues less than 43 million dollars of which 76% was derived from performing contract construction. The stock was traded over the counter at a book value of $1.12 a share and trade from a low of $1.18 to a high of $1.51. That year the company earned 4.2 million dollars or 16 ¢ a share, and paid a dividend of 4.9 ¢ a share. With that as a 7 starting point let us examine the progress that has been recorded. Gross revenues grew, not always steadily, but over the years have climbed to over 944 million in the last fiscal year. The composition of these gross revenues has changed as the nature of the company has changed. Until we sold our heavy construction assets in 1969, construction was the major source of gross revenues. With the sale of construction assets to 1969, and the dredges in 1971, mining became and remains overwhelmingly the dominant business of the company. Gross revenues from land development have been on the decline. More recently through the acquisition of Ladd Petroleum and other companies, gross revenues from oil and gas have become a significant item. As our business grew, so have our earnings, from the 4.2 million earned in 1956, earnings have risen to 178.8 million dollars the past year and have set record highs in each of the last 12 years. In only three out of the last twenty years have earnings been lower than the preceding year. Earnings have increased from 16 ¢ in '56 to $5.67 this year and the dividend has gone from 4.9¢ to $1.15 this year. As the company grew and prospered the stock was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. As you can see the number of shareholders has increased very substantially. Inevitably, death and taxes forced the estates of some of the long time shareholders to bring shares to the market. The company sold convertible debentures to obtain funds for expansion and conversion of these debentures, and our merger with Lucky Mc, Ladd Petroleum and LVO have also contributed to the increase in the number of shareholders. There has been some modest decline in the number of shareholders since the acquisition of LVO in 1974, but 8 today we still have almost 100 times as many shareholders as we did twenty years ago. The increase in the number of employees required the conduct growing business of the company has not tracked the change in either gross revenues or net income. Construction is a labor intensive activity, while mining is capital intense. Our employment peaked in 1958 at 12,000, dropped sharply when we sold our heavy division assets, but has gradually expanded as the company's mining activities have grown rapidly. Our mineral sales backlog was insignificant twenty years ago, and even ten years ago was only about a sixth of its' size today. Nevertheless, the creation of the mineral sales backlog was and is an important aspect of Utah International's character and one that distinguishes it from most other mining companies. Very frankly, when we were embarking upon the rapid expansion of our mining business, we had neither the capital, nor the credit to finance the growth at the pace we wished to pursue without resorting to forward sales of new production to strengthen our credit. We made a virtue out of a necessity and today Utah's mineral sales backlog has grown from a modest 1.1 billion dollars in '66 to 6.1 billion dollars today. 96% of this backlog is represented by long term contracts with escalation clauses protecting against future cost changes. It was the existence of this backlog which in considerable measure excited investor interest in the shares of Utah International and caused the price of the stock to increase dramatically over the years. From a low of a $1.18 in 1956, the stock has closed at a higher price than the preceding year in sixteen out of the last twenty years, including the $65 price of the stock on October 31 the close of this 9 last fiscal year. In the early years, the stock sold close to its' book value. Again, in the early years, price earnings ratios on the stock were also modest, generally below twelve times the earnings. As the investing public came to realize the growth, earnings and the qualities of those price earnings ratios rose and remained for several years in excess of twenty times earnings, until the last few years, when investors have not been willing to accord so high a multiple for Utah shares, nor in fact for virtually shares of all other growth companies. Those who have invested in Utah shares and maintained faith in its management and its future have fared well. Earnings have grown at the compound rate of 19% for the last twenty years, 23% for the last fifteen years, 28% for the last ten years, and a startling 37% for the last five years. If you had invested a thousand dollars in the stock in 1956, you would have received in the interim dividends of $4,291, and the stock would have appreciated to $42,900. If you had made the same investments, but reinvested your dividends in Utah shares at the last price for each of the ensuing years, your $1,000 investment would have been worth $69,800 at the close of fiscal 1976. While I have not attempted to research the matter thoroughly, certainly there are few, if any, companies who have served their shareholders so well and so consistently in a period measured in five year, ten year, fifteen year or twenty year spans. Why then would a company who has so outstanding a record consider a merger even with the best of companies? The reason lies in the changing nature of the company's business and the source of its profits, present and prospective. Twenty years ago the company derived 87% of its' gross revenues from North 10 America, Later, even though we were heavily involved in contract construction outside North America, our gross revenues were well balanced for most of the time during the last twenty years. Ten years ago, only 8% of our mining revenues came from outside of North America, but this has been changing drastically in the last six years. As the next slide shows, 1976 witnessed 74.3% of the gross revenues earned outside North America and only 25.7% within North America. All of our land development and oil and gas gross revenues are earned within North America, but today only 22% our mining gross revenues are earned within North America and only 13.6% in the United States itself, far more significance, in my view, than the source of gross revenues or the sources of gross profit and other income. In the remarks that follow, I shall refer to this income account category simply as gross profits, but please consider it includes income from affiliates, joint ventures and partnerships as well as the gross profit earned by the parent company and its subsidiaries. This figure has grown from 8.7 million dollars in '56 to over 353 million dollars this past year. In the earlier years, the share provided by affiliate companies like Marcona and Cypress Pima, joint ventures and partnerships was a significant factor in the total. Reaching a high of 51% in 1967, but earnings from these sources have not been significant the last two years, dropping to a half of 1% in 1975 and actually producing the loss of 9 million dollars in 1976, the decline being primarily the result of the ill fortunes that have befallen Marcona. Mining has become increasingly the source of the company's gross profit. As you can see, ten years ago in 1966, mining contributed 31% of 11 the total of 22.7 million dollars gross profit, while in 1976 it contributed 344.7 million dollars or 97% of the gross profit and other income of 353.7 million dollars. However, it is not the concentration of gross profit and mining that so concerns us as it is the concentration of mining gross profit in a single commodity in a single country. Let's compare gross profits in '66 with those of '71 and those of '76. The well diversified business we enjoyed in '66 and indeed even in '71 has given way to a growing concentration of earnings from coal. Not only was our business increasingly concentrated in coal, but the earnings potential was increasingly concentrated outside North America. Earnings from North American sources provided 56.4% of gross profits in 1966. This has followed the 7.7% in 1975 and 14.2% in 1976 when the sharp increase in uranium increases did boost North American income. However, this trend toward increasing concentration of earnings from metallurgical coal produced in Australia is likely to continue for two probable reasons. The first indication is found in the mineral sales backlog which total 6.1 billion at the close of '76 with 71.3% of this related to future production outside of North America and 69.3% represented by metallurgical coal. The second reason this trend is likely to continue comes because of the undeveloped reserves that we have in hand. Certainly, one of the companies most promising investment prospects is the new metallurgical coal mine called Norwich Park in Australia, and we have abundant other coal reserves in the Queensland area that can and should be developed in the future using both surface and underground mining methods. Pursuit of our most promising prospect will make Utah less 12 diversified rather than more diversified and more dependent on Australia for the major share of its' gross profits and its' futures growth. I repeat that this concentration of mining was not in our view in and of itself alarming, but the composition of the mining gross profit and the concentration coking coal produced in a single country, and so primarily is a raw material for the steel industry in Japan and Europe, was too much concentration of risk for our company standing alone to bare. We cannot, and we should not, be so dependent on either a single commodity or single country no matter how solid either or both now appear. The attitude of the Australian government when the Labor Party was in power was a matter of extreme concern to us and this concern was no doubt deepened by having Marcona's assets in Peru expropriated by the government. We have great confidence in the people and political institutions of Australia and in the present government, and we are proceeding to increase our investment there because we have the coal reserves to do so and an attractive investment opportunity. However, with this abiding faith in Australia, in our view, this concentration of earning power in a single country and in a single mineral is too great a risk to be born alone, either by the shareholders of Utah or the employees of Utah whose livelihood while employed or in retirement are necessarily deeply affected by the fortunes of Utah International. This concern about the concentration of Utah's earning power was evidently shared by the investment community, which no longer was willing to assign a price earnings ratio of twenty-six to twenty-seven times earnings that prevailed in 1971, 1972 and 1973, but dropped the ration to 13.9% in 1974 and 13 to 13.3% in 1975. Thus we found ourselves faced with a paradox of having both our earnings and our dividends sharply increasing and the price of our shares flat and failing to respond. Certainly in these circumstances it seems only prudent to seek diversification of this risk. There were two broad courses that could be pursued. The first was to go on an aggressive acquisition program and seek to acquire other companies. This course of action posed considerable peril. First, the magnitude of the assignment was mind boggling, even if we were to attempt to reduce the risk to say roughly 50% and on the assumption that we could acquire other companies at ten times the earnings, we were faced with the necessity of attempting to acquire in short order, assets of around 1.5 billion dollars. Obviously, any effort to do this in the mining field would very quickly bring us under attack from the Federal Trade Commission or the Department of Justice. This in turn meant that we had to seek these investments outside the field of our expertise and in areas of business we knew little or nothing about. We were almost certain to make mistakes along the way. All in all the prospects of trying to diversify by a series of acquisitions seemed an unpromising and even perilous course to follow. The other broad path to diversification was to seek merger with a company already diversified, but the company had to be large enough to digest a 2 billion dollar bite. This narrowed the field. There are indeed companies larger than General Electric, but none so well diversified nor in my view so ably managed. 14 The risks that were of concern to Utah International standing alone were not the least unreasonable to take when the assets of General Electric and Utah were combined. General Electric is one of the largest and most diversified industrial corporations in the world. It is engaged in well over a hundred different businesses and in most of these it occupies a leading position in the market it serves. These businesses range from consumer items to capital goods, from fairly simple and well known technologies to the most advanced technologies required for aerospace and the jet age. While General Electric operates in more foreign countries than does Utah, its' business is far more oriented to the domestic market, and the merged company will be nicely balanced between domestic and foreign operations. There will be no undue concentration of merged company. Out of the merger, the Utah shareholders will in my view be exchanging the prospect of a faster rate of growth with its attendant risks in exchange for greater diversification, higher yield, and a premium on their shares as the other parties to the bargain. The General Electric shareholders will acquire assets with earning power and potential for growth that would indicate an increase in General Electric's earnings per share, entering into the natural resource business giving GE still further diversification and what I believe to be, although my views are obviously biased, the best mining organization and the best mining company in the world, each of the parties to the bargain is benefited. It is the biggest merger ever undertaken and I am confident that history will prove it to have been the best. 15 Before entertaining discussion of the motion that is before us, I would like now to introduce to you the principle officers of the company who are with us today and whose labors are responsible for the record of accomplishments that I have presented to you. First, Edwin C. Demoss, Senior Vice President Manager of Mining Division and newly named President of Lucky Mc Uranium Corporation, Ed Demoss; Keith G. Wallace, Senior Vice President Manager of Australia Division; John S. Anderson, Vice President Manager of Domestic Coal Operations: James T. Curry, Financial Vice President and Treasurer; W. Drew Leonard, Vice President of Corporate Purports and Internal Audit; Ralph J. Long Vice President Manager of Australian Operations; Charles K. McArthur, Vice President Manager of Metal Mining and newly named Manager of Mining Division; Boyd C. Paulson, Vice President Manager of Construction Services; M. Ian Ritchie, Vice President of Technical Services and newly Manager Operations Lucky Mc Uranium Corporation; Robert O. Wheaton, Vice President Manager of Exploration. Thank you. Nor would the list be complete without acknowledging that there are others in the audience that have made great contributions, but who are now retired. Let me ask those that I have spotted here to stand and be recognized: Albert L. Reeves, formerly Senior Vice President Secretary of the Director of the company, Albert; Orville Dykstra, Financial Vice President; Joseph K. Allen, Vice President; Weston Bourret, Vice President; and Charles Travers, Vice President. Thank you very much, and now the chair will entertain the discussion of the motion and will be pleased to answer such questions as we can regarding the purposed merger. Are there questions or discussions? If there is no 16 discussion of the resolution, if not the matter will… the meeting will proceed to vote upon the motion to approve the purposed merger with General Electric. 3: Mr. Chairman? EL: Yes? 3: Would you describe the status of the attitude of the federal government towards this motion? EL: What we did was to put the matter before the Department of Justice and asked in advance for their approval under the business advisory clearance procedure. While it was sometime in coming, it was forthcoming. To meet the concerns they expressed about it, Utah has agreed and has put its uranium assets in a separate subsidiary company that is now called Lucky Mc Uranium Corporation. When the merger becomes effective, the voting stock of that the company will be put in the hands of five independent voting trustees who will see to it that the company will elect the board of that company, and see to it that that company's affairs are conducted in a way that does not help GE in such things as the sale of its nuclear aspects. That company is not allowed to sell uranium to GE, but from the standpoint of the government we think we are completely in the clear. Any other questions? If not, any stockholder who is present who has not executed a proxy should raise his hand in order that the inspectors of election may give him a ballot, which he may now cast. If you have sent in your proxy you need not cast a ballot unless you wish to do so. Are there those that would like to vote in person? One here, one there, Boyd, one up here too. Boyd, 17 there's two in the back of the room, three. Will the inspectors of election proceed to collect the ballots? Those who have ballots would you raise them when they are completed so they can be picked up? Thank you. Over here Boyd. If the ballots are all collected would you please advise us of the inspectors report? Are you ready to speak to that? John, there's another one up here. You will bring them to me and I'll read the numbers, right. BM: Mr. Chairman? EL: Mr. Secretary? BM: The inspectors report that more than 27,147,464 shares of common stock of the company were voted in favor of the resolution and that not more than 200,456 shares of common stock were voted against such resolution. Accordingly, the purpose merger has been approved. When the exact number voted for and against the resolution has been ascertained, the inspectors will execute a certificate setting forth such number. EL: Thank you Mr. Secretary. We have acted on the business that was to come before the meeting. Is there any other business to come before the meeting? CT: Mr. Chairman, I would like to present a resolution at this meeting of these shareholders. My name is Charles Travers, I am a stockholder and I retired from the company. You've heard the view from the top. I think now maybe you ought to get the view from the ranks. The view from the top had to necessarily be 18 austere, maybe Mr. Chairman I can be a little more lighthearted. I started at Utah about twenty-four years ago. Mr. Littlefield hired me. I remembered the office in San Francisco as a very small office, very small and compact and you had to go in the front door, which was the only entryway, and there was a row of offices on your left as you walked in. Those were the executive offices. Mr. Littlefield's office was the first office as you came in the door and he assigned me an office down at a sharp right angle off the main corridor. I also remember as a young fellow reading Horatio Alger's book, Ragged Dick, and in that book the way it said to get ahead in business, one of the ways at least, was to get to the office early and beat the boss in if you could. Well I found that was a very difficult task at Utah. You had to go through the front door and Mr. Littlefield always kept his door open, his light on. The first morning was a Monday morning and I got in about ten minutes ahead of time. I think our starting time was 8:15, but Mr. Littlefield said hello to me as I came in the door. We went on through that week. I got my time narrowed down a little more each day. By Wednesday, I was down to five minutes to 8:00 and on Friday I got there at twenty minutes to 8:00 and Mr. Littlefield said good morning to me every time I came in the door. So that weekend I figured out that there was a better way to do this and I'd get in real early and I'd beat him to the punch. So on Monday morning, I got there twenty-five minutes past 7:00, I walked in the door and the office was dark there was no light on, the door was open and Mr. Littlefield was not there. So I went to my office and at 8:15 I came sauntering down figuring now this is where I get my punch line. He's going to see me going out the door, he's 19 there and I say hello to him this time first. I looked in, the light was on, but Mr. Littlefield wasn't there. So I walked over to his secretary and said, "Where is Mr. Littlefield?" and he said, "Oh, he went to Chicago." [laughter] He left on the seven o'clock train. With all that due diligence I figured we ought to get ahead pretty fast some way or the other. And so I waited for my first year. You had to be in the Utah profit sharing plan one year in order to get your first statement. I waited my first year and I got my first statement. I have it here with me and I'd like to tell you that the date of it is December the 15th 1954. That's exactly twenty-two years ago to this day and here is what it says, extract: "Seasons greetings. Utah Construction Company retirement plan based on profit sharing, December 15, 1954. Dear fellow employee, your account in the retirement plan based on profit sharing on October 31, 1954 stood as follows: balance on October 31, 1953, zero. Added during the year by income, zero. So October 31, 1954, zero. And then it says during 1954, the net profit earned did not reach the levels your profit sharing permits. Your company would be required to make a contribution to the plan." And then it says, "Despite the fact that it is not required to do so, your company through its management is desirous of sharing with you a portion of the profits earned during 1954. To accomplish this, the board has approved a contribution of $50,000." Then it says, "we're going to try to get the IRS approval for that, and if so we will contribute the $50,000 to your fund, but if not we'll have to pay your share in cash. If the amount is received by you in cash, you will have to pay income taxes on it. Your share of the $50,000 contribution would be $201.75." I was beginning 20 to think that Horatio Alger wasn't right after all, $201.75 for getting in all those first eighteen months at 7:30 in the morning didn't seem fair to me, but nobody quit. I didn't, management didn't. About three weeks ago, I received this news release from the company in the mail, it's dated as of December 3, 1976 and here's what it says in the first few lines: "Utah International Inc. reports record earnings for fiscal 1976, San Francisco. E. W. Littlefield, Chairman of the Board, reported today that Utah International earned $178,821,000 or $5.67 per share. This fiscal year ended October 31, 1976." We have come a long way since those days in 1954. But Utah had more than profits. It had the forward look. My view from the ranks runs something like this: Utah's profit sharing and incentive plans were way ahead of their time back in those days. Mr. Littlefield, to my knowledge, had a rare understanding of the corporations standing in the social structure, what the corporation's obligations were to society. Utah's mine lands were restored to better than what nature had them long before that became a primary concern of many people in the United States. Utah's mining operations were conducted on a basis of we'll go sell the merchandise and then we'll get the production and that reduced the risk very greatly. Even today, Utah's section on environment stands out as a very aggressive and important function that helps to finish the project properly in the eyes of the people of this country. Well, I could go on and spend many more minutes saying that, but I think it's time now for me to present my resolution and I would like to do that. Mr. 21 Chairman, I will give you a copy of the resolution so you will have it for the record and I would like to read the resolution. EL: Thank you, Charlie. CT: The resolution says resolve about the stockholders of Utah International Inc., meeting for the last time as public shareholders in San Francisco, California on this 15th day of December 1976, do hereby express their gratitude and sincere appreciation to Edmund W. Littlefield, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer; Alexander M. Wilson, President and Chief Operating Officer and the Director; Marriner S. Eccles, Honorary Chairman; and to all the officers, directors and employees of Utah International Inc. for their devoted services in behalf of the shareholders. 4: Mr. Chairman, I move the resolution. EL: Thank you, Mr. Travers. I must say Charlie, you always speak well, but you don't speak briefly. [laughter] I think that comes from attending too many meetings of Town Council in Alameda. The motion has been presented to the shareholders, is there a second? Thank you, I must say that those of us at this end of the room, I'm sure have an abiding faith and agreed with its sentiments, but since we do not control the vote. I will put it to vote. All those in favor please say aye. All: Aye 22 EL: Opposed? Thank you. Thank you very, very much. And thank you Charlie. [applause]. There's no other business, the proposed merger has been approved. I thank you. Excuse me. 5: On behalf of all of the stockholders, I wish to thank all of the officers and directors of Utah International for having worked so well for us. I also think at this time, it would be appropriate to bow our heads in silence for one minute in memory of E. O. Wattis who was founder of Utah International and also for all of those who worked and lost their lives to make the company what it is today. Amen. EL: If you would amend that to include all of the founders the chair will entertain it. On the assumption that it is so included, we will so do. Thank you. With the merger approved and not further business, I'll entertain that motion to have the meeting adjourned. 6: I'll back the motion. EL: Thank you, is there a second? 7: Second. EL: All those in favor, please say aye. All: Aye. EL: Opposed? Thank you, the meeting is adjourned. ; This is a myriad of items throughout the UC/UI collection. It includes the minutes of the stockholder's meetings with both Utah International and General Electric, correspondence, a reel-to-reel tape of the merger meeting and the official merger documents. ; 4.25 x 6.5 - 8.5 x 11 in. handwritten or typed on paper ; Reynolds Securities Inc. Transamerica Pyramid 600 Montgomery Street San Francisco, Calif. 94111 Telephone 983-8000 Members New York Stock Exchange, Inc. and other leading exchanges Main Office 120 Broadway New York, N. Y. 10005 December 13, 1976 Mr. Edmund W. Littlefield Utah International 550 California Street San Francisco, Ca. 94104 Dear Ed: I regret that I will be unable to attend the meeting Wednesday because I will be in the East for a Directors meeting. This is an occasion that I hate to miss, but I am sure that many of your other happy stockholders will be there. Sincerely, Gerry Gerald F. Brush GFB: 1c
