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The background of this research is the conflict began with an inharmony between political party leaders and legislators, especially those who have become legislative members and intend to advance again as legislative candidates from the same party. It aims to provide solutions for political parties in the election nomination. It reveals conflict in the preparation of candidates in the elections of 2019. Researchers collect data from political party information and media coverage by comparing news. The method is qualitative with analysis using Paul Conn's conflict structure theory to produce alternative solutions. The results is a difference in expectations and designs between political party leaders and incumbent legislators, according to political party leaders that legislative incumbents need to have an evaluation so they are displaced from candidates for those who were not optimally fighting for political parties, different perspectives of incumbent legislators because they feel have struggled be serious and prepare for second (more) contestation. The legislative incumbent who should be eligible to advance back from the same electoral district then tries to find a new path by advancing again as a legislative candidate by using other political parties. The Conclusion is shifting legislative candidates and changes in the acquisition of election results show the dynamics of political party conflict affect the outcome.

Vietnamese 'blue boats' - small wooden-hulled fishing boats - are now entering the territorial waters of Pacific Island countries and illegally catching high-value species found on remote coastal reefs. Crossing several international boundaries and traversing a distance of over 5000 km, these intrusions have alarmed Oceanic countries, including Australia. Lacking administrative capacity as well as jurisdictional authority to effectively control the vast stretches of island coastlines individually, governments and intergovernmental bodies in the region have called for strengthened coordination of surveillance efforts while also pressuring Vietnam diplomatically. This paper reviews these latest developments and is the first to provide a focused assessment of the issue. Through the lens of Copenhagen School of securitisation theory, we analyse responses of national and regional actors and their portrayal in online media to understand how blue boats are constructed as a security threat within a narrative of maritime, food and human security. Arguably, Australia together with the Forum Fisheries Agency, who advise on the governance of offshore tuna resources, have so far acted most decisively - in a way that might see them extend their strategic role in the region. We propose a comprehensive empirical research agenda to better understand and manage this nascent, flammable and largely unpredictable inter-regional phenomenon.

Cosplay, a portmanteau ofcostumeandplay, is a costume inspired by a fictional character originating from a variety of media texts and is typically worn to pop culture conventions. When cosplayers dress up as a fictional character of a different gender than the cosplayer's self-identified gender, this is known ascrossplay. It has been argued that this fannish activity challenges status quo notions of gender through bodily performance, but some scholars have been skeptical about the emancipatory politics surrounding crossplay culture. Thus, an online survey probed on the motivations to do crossplay as well as on the lived experiences of crossplayers. Responses to questions about crossplay motivations as well as social interactions that occurred while wearing crossplay were analyzed using the grounded theory approach. Results suggest that respondents are motivated to perform crossplay by an attachment to a favorite fictional character rather than to express alternative gender identities. However, some respondents indicated that crossplay was a socially acceptable way to present oneself as another gender. A close look at participants' responses about positive and negative feedback from other convention attendees while the participants were engaging in crossplay indicates that gender inequality persists for self-identified men and nonbinary individuals who choose to dress as female characters. This suggests that masculine performativity remains hegemonic even within the play space of fan conventions.

Parliamentary gender quotas have become increasingly prevalent since the 1990s, yet in-depth research illuminating their effects on women's political agency remains scarce. Iraq's political evolution offers a unique perspective on feminist, democratization, and gender quota scholarship as related to Middle Eastern women in politics since the US and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. Throughout Iraq's modern history, Iraqi women's ability to pursue legitimate political agency has fluctuated with changes in the country's political climate. The 2003 invasion set in motion sweeping reforms to the judicial, legislative, and executive governing powers. Women's potential role in the emerging polity was enhanced by enactment of an electoral gender quota stipulating no less than twenty-five percent of seats in the Iraq parliament to be filled by women. This article presents research that sought to elucidate the impact of that quota on women's political mobilization since 2003. Data collected included televised interviews, reports, and media articles that were qualitatively analyzed using a critical literary theory approach. Analysis was aided by NVivo qualitative analysis software. The findings indicate that although the gender quota has nominally increased descriptive representation, it has proven insufficient to support women's substantive and symbolic representation. Issues of women's socioeconomic position, lack of cooperation among female members of parliament, and ongoing security threats must be addressed for women to achieve full political legitimacy.

National in front of the Camera, Soviet behind it: Central Asia in Press Photography, 1925–1937 While photography in early Soviet Union is a well-researched field, researchers addressed hitherto mostly Soviet Russia. The history of photography in the Central Asian Soviet Republics, though, lacks research. This article focuses on the means of production and distribution of photographs taken in Uzbekistan 1926–1937. With Roland Barthes theory of «connotation», it interprets the visual invention of the Soviet Orient. Photographs by Georgij Zel'ma and Maks Penson of Uzbekistan that were published in Soviet mass media are analyzed, determining style, content and function. Through additional textual analysis, I discuss the network of photographers on the periphery and image agents on the centre. Socialist connotations are derived from appropriations of pre-revolutionary photographs accompanied by false textual framing, innovative compositions of ethnographic images and combinations of local cultural symbols with Soviet modernity. As photographers, primarily from Moscow, travelled to Central Asia, they greatly dominated its visual depiction. Although they emphasized Soviet modernity, they also reproduced older stereotypes about the Orient. Besides offering a history on photography, this article also discusses the establishment of Soviet cultural structures between the centre and the periphery as well as the subordinated agency of local actors at the periphery.

The article offers a modified theoretical approach toward the issue of secession and international recognition. Based on the novel political theory of secession as presented by Milena Sterio and the measurement of external involvement in secessionist attempts as researched by Alexis Heraclides, the article provides a theoretical model of modified (super)power rule. The article, based on preliminary conclusions from an internal dataset of secessionist attempts between 1946 and 2016 containing 63 items, argues that effective (super)power support is a sufficient condition for the de facto independence of any secessionist entity. The model is tested on cases of Somaliland, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Kosovo, and Transnistria.Related Articles

Antwi‐Boateng, Osman, and
Geraldine Maria O'Mahony. 2008. "." Politics & Policy 36 (): 132‐178. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00097.x


Haar, Roberta. 2015. "" Politics & Policy 43 (): 287‐314. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/polp.12111


Peralta, Salvador J. 2013. "." Politics & Policy 41 (): 479‐508. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/polp.12024
Related Media

Messer, Mackie. 2015. "The Coconut Revolution." http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2x5eul


Rickerd, Kurt. 2014. "Katanga, the Untold Story (of UN Betrayal)." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvgBvwfW5Dw

. 2015. "Transnistria: Places that Don't Exist." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiioOj85X9E

. 2014. "The Sahara's Forgotten War." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ju4WrjiJbGc

We develop theory on how a contentious moral market can develop, and we test it with data from a study of the commercialization of Buddhist temples in China from 2006 to 2016, as local government officials try to boost the local economy by transforming temples into tourist enterprises that charge admission fees. The practice is resisted by monks and the public such that the central government, which values public appearances of social justice, is pressured to support their resistance to local officials' economic demands. Using a data panel of 141 temples, we show that temples' admission fees are significantly related to the pressure that local government officials face to develop the economy. We also find that resistance to the fees exploits a factional political structure, as the monk-led movement leverages the influence of one political clique that is highly concerned with public appearances of social justice to resist the request of another. In addition, bottom-up channels such as the Internet and marketized media help the public voice its grievances, coordinate collective action, and therefore align with and mobilize the central government to override local government. The contentious view enhances our understanding of how resistance can be possible and effective, especially in an authoritarian regime.

Abstract
An examination of various fashion-related media revealed a significant lack of racial diversity and a preference for fit, muscular male bodies. The ideals related to race have also been studied extensively in numerous academic disciplines' textbooks and yielded similar results. Scholars have analysed women's bodies in fashion-related textbooks, but men have largely been ignored from these analyses. Using intersectionality theory as a lens, we critically examined the representation of men in fashion illustration textbooks and asked the following questions: how many men are represented? Is there racial diversity, and how are men's bodies represented? We focused on fashion illustration textbooks as drawing bodies and garments are often the foundation to the design process, and current industry projections suggest that the men's market is expected to expand significantly over the next few years. Therefore, we question the types of messages being communicated through the imagery in these important educational tools. We analysed the fashion illustration textbooks published since 2000 using the content analysis method, and coded race, skin colour, body size, muscularity and body position. Not surprisingly, we found a significant lack of racial diversity and preferences for lighter-skinned Blacks. In addition, male bodies were often fit and muscular. Implications for authors and college-level instructors are provided.

ObjectiveTo investigate stratification within gay fatherhood communities.BackgroundAs laws and attitudes have become friendlier to queer families in recent decades, gay fathers have experienced increased visibility in and through both media and scholarship. However, this visibility has been distributed unevenly along normative patterns of marital status, race, class, and kinship.MethodParticipant observation of gay fathers groups was conducted in California, Texas, and Utah over a period of 61 months. Using theoretical sampling of group members, 56 gay fathers also participated in semistructured interviews. Themes were identified and refined through a 3‐stage iterative coding process, consistent with a grounded theory approach.ResultsFindings suggest that single gay fathers, gay fathers of color, and gay fathers who had children in heterosexual contexts occupy marginalized statuses within the gay fatherhood community. Gay fathers develop distinct mechanisms of resilience to respond to the challenges associated with their marginalization.ConclusionThe experiences of gay fathers on the margins highlight the negative consequences of gay fatherhood discourses that reproduce family normativity. The resources available through gay parenting groups simultaneously played a role in gay fathers' well‐being, resilience, and marginalization.ImplicationsEfforts to expand opportunities for gay families should consider coalitions with other marginalized family forms. Gay parents who had children in heterosexual unions should be specifically targeted through gay parenting outreach.

This paper was published in the journal Journalism and the definitive published version is available at https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918762848. ; How journalists construct the authority of their sources is an essential part of how news comes to have power in politics and how political actors legitimize their roles to publics. Focusing on economic policy reporting and a dataset of 133 hours of mainstream broadcast news from the five-week 2015 U.K. general election campaign, we theorize and empirically illustrate how the construction of expert source authority works. To build our theory we integrate four strands of thought: an important, though in recent years neglected, tradition in the sociology of news concerned with "primary definers"; the underdeveloped literature on expert think tanks and media; recent work in journalism studies advocating a relational approach to authority; and elements from the discursive psychology approach to the construction of facticity in interactive settings. Our central contribution is a new perspective on source authority: the identification of behaviors that are key to how the interactions between journalists and elite political actors actively construct the elevated authoritative status of expert sources. We call these behaviors authority signaling. We show how authority signaling works to legitimize the power of the U.K.'s most important policy think tank and discuss the implications of this process.

The purpose of this research is to study the impact of playing modern military shooter (MMS) video games, and how they influence the perceptions of players. This is specifically in terms of how patriotic they consider themselves to be and what they think of American foreign policy. The literature review explores the media framing theory as it relates to video games, as well as the connection between video games and the military as both a recruiting and training method. The methodology sections describes how the participants were involved in the study through a survey inquiring about their political views, how patriotic they believed themselves to be, and the amount of time per week spent playing MMS video games. The data that was gathered from this survey was then processed through an ANOVA test to find the results. The researchers created three hypotheses: 1) as the hours of play increase within MMS games, so will an individual's perception of American patriotism, 2) conservative gamers will identify more with pro-American points of view in MMS games than liberal gamers, 3) a gamer's age will determine how they perceive American patriotism and imperialism in MMS games. Finally, the researchers discuss the data and its implications, what limitations inhibited the study, and what future research projects can improve on.

Background: Hospitals are confronted with increasing safety demands from a diverse set of stakeholders, including governmental organisations, professional associations, health insurance companies, patient associations and the media. However, little is known about the effects of these institutional and competitive pressures on hospital safety management. Previous research has shown that organisations generally shape their safety management approach along the lines of control- or commitment-based management. Using a heuristic framework, based on the contextually-based human resource theory, we analysed how environmental pressures affect the safety management approach used by hospitals. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted into hospital care in the Netherlands. Five hospitals were selected for participation, based on organisational characteristics as well as variation in their reputation for patient safety. We interviewed hospital managers and staff with a central role in safety management. A total of 43 semi-structured interviews were conducted with 48 respondents. The heuristic framework was used as an initial model for analysing the data, though new codes emerged from the data as well. Results: In order to ensure safe care delivery, institutional and competitive stakeholders often impose detailed safety requirements, strong forces for compliance and growing demands for accountability. As a consequence, hospitals experience a decrease in the room to manoeuvre. Hence, organisati

2018 Summer. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; This research study examines and deconstructs the identity formation and development of black mixed-race women and highlights the ways in which black mixed-race women have engaged in developing a "borderlands consciousness" that fosters a sense of positive identity as they navigate hegemonic monoraciality and white supremacist heteropatriarchy in the U.S. This qualitative research study analyzes data from three sources: one-on-one interviews; a focus group; and blog posts on the social media platforms Twitter and Facebook that discuss the identity development of black mixed-race women. In this study, grounded theory methodology is used to explore and theorize around the identity development of black mixed-race women and their potential to utilize a "borderlands consciousness" to embody a disidentified position in response to the dualistic stance and counterstance positions that reify monoraciality within the social and political context of the Midwestern state of Colorado. The following themes with incorporated sub-themes emerged from the three aforementioned data sources with an overarching theme of the borderlands: external oppression representative of a stance position; internal responses to oppression representative of a counterstance position; proximity to whiteness representative of both external oppression and internal responses to oppression; and creating a third space towards a position of disidentification.

In China, the demand for public infrastructure projects is high due to the acceleration of urbanization and the rapid growth of the economy in recent years. Infrastructures are mainly large scale, so local governments have difficulty in independently completing financing work. In this context, public sectors often seek cooperation from private sectors, in which public&ndash ; private partnership (PPP) is increasingly common. Although numerous studies have concentrated on sustainable development, the unsustainability performances of infrastructures are often reported on various media. Furthermore, studies on the sustainability performances of PPP-type infrastructure (PTI) projects are few from the perspective of private sectors&rsquo ; behaviors. In this study, we adopted the modified theory of planned behavior and the structure equation model and conducted a questionnaire survey with 258 respondents for analyzing the sustainable behaviors of private sectors. Results indicated that behavioral attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm interact significantly. They have direct positive effects on behavioral intention and then indirectly influence actual behavior through this intention. Actual sustainable behaviors of private sectors have significantly positive effects on the sustainable development of cities. We offer theoretical and managerial implications for public and private sectors on the basis of the findings to ensure and promote the sustainability performances of PTI projects.

Intercultural communication is an unavoidable thing in the globalization era. Based on this fact, Non Government Organization Bina Antarbudaya chapter Surabaya has a specific purpose to deliver intercultural learning through intercultural programs. However, to attract the target public, which is high school students has several obstacles. This research discusses about Public Relations Strategy of Bina Antarbudaya chapter Surabaya, by using Public Relations Mix theory as a tool of analyzing the data. Moreover, this research is using qualitative method and descriptive approach. Data collection is done by conducting interviews and observing the system of Public Relations strategy in Bina Antarbudaya chapter Surabaya.It was found a new fact during the research, Bina Antarbudaya chapter Surabaya has changed several things in their Public Relations strategy, due to the expansion of public targets. The new strategy is to make a Roadshows program to schools outside Surabaya that has no information about Bina Antarbudaya chapter Surabaya yet. Besides the Roadshow progam, as the first goal of Bina Antarbudaya chapter Surabaya also still doing publications that very dependent on the power of social media, especially Instagram, Direct Approach also still implemented by carry out routine activities as one of a way to show organizational existence and to reach their target for high school students' interest in participating in the Intercultural Program.Keywords: intercultural program, non government organization, public relations