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Published in print by Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin, ISBN 978-3-7983-2846-4 ; The Smart City paradigm aims at resource efficient urban development by means of ICT implementation. Cities where we work and conduct our research are building Smart City strategies and that research institutions increasingly fund research into the development of smart infrastructure and. Smart Cities are considered a radical paradigm shift and motors of technological innovation: economic growth, higher quality of life, efficiency and risk control in the face of shrinking resources and impending climate change. This smartification is contrasted by increasing calls by civil society and urban social movements for more encompassing inclusion in decision-making. New urban actors are acquiring agency through situated knowledge, local expertise, social networking, and cooperation and collaboration skills. Behind these movements a seemingly parallel discourse to the "Smart City" paradigm is gaining ground – the discourse of the commons. Commons are defined as the combination of resources, people and practices: resources which are defined and managed by a group of people – of commoners – and a practice of commoning that looks after, takes care for and fosters this resource without exhausting it. Commoning is a practice that seems closer than any other practice to a sustainable way of life. Are these two discourses – the discourse on the Smart City and the discourse on the urban commons – irreconcilable antagonists or do they share a common ground which needs to be uncovered, developed and advocated. This question is by no means merely theoretical. It is also a very practical question which pertains to the management and distribution of the resources we depend on. It is a very political question as it demands negotiation and the taking of sides. And it is an ethical question in that it relates to how we respect and stand up for each other – our fellow human beings and also the non-human nature for which we are responsible. The essays and transcripts of the symposium "Beware of Smart People!" want to make a first contribution and stimulate future research in the field. ; Das Paradigma der Smart City ist Ausdruck der Ambition, Stadtentwicklung durch die Anwendung von IKT effizient und Ressourcen schonend zu gestalten. Städte in denen wir arbeiten und über die wir forschen entwickeln Smart City Strategien und Forschungsförderung spezialisiert sich zunehmend auf die Entwicklung "smarter" Infrastrukturen und Steuerungsmechanismen. Smart Cities werden als radikaler Paradigmenwechsel gelesen und als Motoren technologischer Entwicklung: ökonomisches Wachstum, höhere Lebensqualität, Effizienz und Risikokontrolle angesichts abnehmender Ressourcen und drohenden Klimawandels. Dieser "Smartifizierung" stehen die zunehmenden Forderungen zivilgesellschaftlicher Gruppen und sozialer Bewegungen für mehr und umfassendere Einbindung in Entscheidungsprozesse entgegen. Neue urbane Akteure werden zu Agenten, indem sie ihre Erfahrungswissen, ihre lokalen Kenntnisse, ihre sozialen Netzwerke und Fähigkeiten zur Kooperation und Kollaboration einbringen. Hintergrund diese Bewegungen ist ein augenscheinlich paralleler Diskurs zur "Smart City" welcher sich zunehmend Gehör verschafft – der Diskurs über die Gemeingüter, die Commons. Commons werden definiert als das Zusammenspiel von Ressourcen, Menschen und Praktiken: Ressourcen, die von einer Gemeinschaft – den Commonern - definiert und verwaltet werden, und eine Praxis des Commoning, welche die Ressource schonend bewirtschaftet ohne sie zu verbrauchen. In diesem Sinne scheint Commoning eine Praxis, die einer nachhaltigen Lebensweise am nächsten kommt. Sind diese zwei Diskurse – der Diskurs über die Smart City und jener über die urbanen Gemeingüter – unvereinbare Antagonisten oder teilen sie Gemeinsamkeiten, welche offen gelegt, weiter entwickelt und verfechtet werden sollten? Diese Frage ist keineswegs eine rein theoretische. Sie ist eine sehr praktische Frage, da sie auf das die Verteilung und das Management lebenswichtiger Ressourcen zielt. Sie ist eine politische Frage, da sie Auseinandersetzung und Parteinahme einfordert. Und sie ist eine ethische Frage, denn sie fordert gegenseitigen Respekt und Einsatz ein – für unsere Mitmenschen sowie für die nichtmenschliche Natur für die wir Verantwortung tragen. Die Texte und Aufzeichnungen des Symposiums "Beware of Smart People!" wollen hierzu einen Beitrag leisten und zukünftige Forschungsvorhaben stimulieren.

Globally, land tenure comes in different methods such as inheritance, renting, purchasing and land being offered as gift. Such practices have so far encouraged land fragmentation leading to small holdings which are uneconomical in terms of land use practices resulting into low yields. Such low food productions from small holdings in Ugunja coupled with poor food access from other sub-counties cannot sustain households up to the next harvest hence the problem of severe perennial famine which is an indicator of food insecurity.The broad objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between land fragmentation and food security in Ugunja Sub-county, Siaya County. The study was guided by the specific objectives as follows; to determine causes of land fragmentation, to evaluate the effects of land fragmentation on crop farming and livestock production and to assess attitude of farmers towards land fragmentation on food production. The study aimed at finding out challenges of small holder farmers on land fragmentation and came up with strategies and policies that promote sustainable land use. The study was anchored on Schultz inverse relationship theory on land holding sizes and productivity that also helped to develop the conceptual framework.The study adopted descriptive research designs with both qualitative and quantitative approaches majoring on field observation, purposively interviewing Land and Agriculture Ministry officials and households clustered in their respective locations through questionnaires. This was done to make the researcher be in full contact with the study area and the respondents for collection of ample data. The target population of the study was 21,150 households, from which 378 households were obtained as the study sample size. The data collected was cross tabulated by employing a statistical package for Social Science (SPSS version 19) that generated both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The major findings were as follows; most lands in the area were under ancestral tenure at 66.8%, land inheritance is the main cause of land fragmentation at 68.3%, buying at 26.3%, leasing at 2.7% and lastly land offered as a gift at 1.5%.The second findings were as follows fragmented plots results into low farm acreages which at times are scattered leading to low food production. However, the last finding on farmers attitude indicated that majority of farmers at 67% oppose land fragmentation and only 33% have positive attitude towards land fragmentation. and are able to maximize food production through biotechnological approaches. The study further concluded that small acreages leads to low yields as analysed by chi-square test on farm sizes versus crop yields(x2=1.16@d.f=2,p=0.05).When Rank correlation coefficient of farm sizes versus number of livestock was analysed a strong positive relationship(R=0.99) was established, meaning reduced farm sizes leads to reduced livestock. The study recommends; government policy makers should review settlement policy plans and come up with policies that encourage land consolidation in order to promote food production through modern agricultural practices. Secondly, sensitization strategies for family planning be done to reduce population pressure on the available land. Lastly, agriculture stakeholders to offer loans and incentives to help boost production.

Dairy industry is a key industry in the regional agribusiness. The experimental results show the crisis in the regional dairy livestock farming. Reducing of the cattle is a sustainable process since 1990-s. Therefore, the dairy production has been reduced significantly and productivity growth does not complement it. The investment prospects are very low and the state support in the dairy industry development doesn't work efficiently. But we are not able to overcome all the crisis phenomena. The regional investment policy is aimed at foundation of the modern automated production seen as the dairy complexes (megafarms), buying of the import bred heifers with high genetic potential, technological devices and equipment for reconstruction of the existed dairy farms, buying high performance forage machinery, specimens, vaccines, sperm for artificial insemination of cows, medicines etc. The paper contains the measures on further development of some sectors of the industry: big dairy complexes, commercial dairy farm, peasant farm enterprise and private subsidiary farming. Development of the small commodity production should be taken into account as its share in the dairy production is more than a half. The researcher sees the development of consumer agricultural cooperatives engaged in buying milk produced by the peasant farm enterprises and private subsidiary farming one of the ways to support the small commodity production. The paper shows the problem solutions by means of investments in the industry and possible risks of the sanctions from the USA and European Union. The author outlines the role of the government and state support for further development of the dairy industry in Russia. ; Молочная отрасль является одной из ключевых в региональном АПК. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о кризисных явлениях в молочном животноводстве региона в последнее время. Процесс снижения поголовья коров имеет устойчивую тенденцию начиная с начала 1990-х годов XX столетия. Соответственно в значительной степени снились объемы производства молока. Рост продуктивности, имеющий место в последнее десятилетие, не в полной мере его компенсирует. Инвестиционная привлекательность находится на низком уровне. Государственная поддержка в развитии отрасли дает определенные результаты. Однако полностью преодолеть кризисные явления в отрасли в полной мере не удается. Инвестиционная политика региона в последнее десятилетие направлена на создание современных высокомеханизированных производств в форме молочных комплексов (мегаферм), приобретение импортных нетелей с высоким генетическим потенциалом, технических средств и оборудования, в том числе для реконструкции имеющихся молочных ферм, покупку высокопроизводительной кормозаготовительной техники, препаратов, вакцин, семени для искусственного осеменения коров, медикаментов и др. Приведены меры по дальнейшему развитию отдельных сегментов отрасли: крупных молочных комплексов, обычных молочно-товарных ферм, К(Ф)Х и ЛПХ. Развитие мелкотоварного сектора нельзя сбрасывать со счетов в ближайшей перспективе, поскольку его доля в физических объемах производства молока занимает более половины. Одним из путей его поддержки является развитие сети потребительских сельскохозяйственных кооперативов, занимающихся закупом молока от ЛПХ и К(Ф)Х. Показаны пути решения проблем путем инвестирования в отрасль и возможные риски, сопряженные с экономическими санкциями России со стороны США и Евросоюза. Подчеркнута роль государства и необходимость его поддержки для дальнейшего развития молочной отрасли.

"Pilsoniskās sabiedrības organizācijas" ir vienas no būtiskākajiem spēlētājiem pēdējā laika sarunu procesos ar Turciju un ES. Eiropas Savienība pievērš lielu uzmanību tam, lai veidotu kontaktu un sadarbotos ar pilsoniskās sabiedrības organizācijām kandidātvalstīs. Šajā kontekstā Turcija, kā kandidātvalsts, cenšas turpināt šo procesu pilsoniskās sabiedrības dialoga ietvaros, kas pirms tam ir ticis palēnināts politiskās situācijas dēļ, lai gan Turcijas ES kandidatūra ir kalpojusi par kritisku izvērtējumu Turcijas PSO vēsturiskajam insitucionālismam. Vēl jo vairāk, ES Eiropas Komisijas ģenerālsekretārs un Eiropas Komisijas delegācija Turcijā cenšas paātrināt procesu ar daudzveidīgiem projektiem un programmām. Šī pētījuma mērķis ir izskaidrot Pilsoniskās sabiedrības organizāciju (PSO) vispārējo spēku un pienākumus lai pastiprinātu atbildību Turcijā, kā arī kas ir nepieciešms, lai nodrošinātu ilgtspējīgu PSO lomu demokrātiskā procesā. Šajā pētījumā arī tiek apskatīts Turcijas iestāšanās process ES, kādēļ ES ir nepieciešams veidot dialogu ar pilsonisko sabiedrību, kāda loma un ietekme ES ir pilsoniskajai sabiedrībai, kā un kādēļ Nevalstiskajām organizācijām Turcijā vajadzētu piedalīties pievienošanās procesā, ar kādām grūtībām var nākties saskarties šajā procesā, un ko var darīt, lai novērstu šo grūtību rašanos. Šajā pētījumā tiek parādīts, ka pilsoniskā sabiedrība Turcijā neizpilda paredzēto lomu valsts demokrātiskajā konsolidācijas procesā, kā arī attiecībā uz virzību integrācijai Eiropā. Neskatoties uz to, Pilsonisko sabiedrības orhanizāciju iesaistīšanās ES integrācijā izpaužas caur pragmatismām un mērķtiecīgām aktivtātēm, piemēram, resursu palielināšanu, fondu piesaisti vai fondu nodrošināšanu, kā arī pro-ES kampaņām. ; "Civil Society Organizations" are one of the significant player of recent issues while the Turkey's EU negotiation process. European Union cares a lot about being in communication and cooperation with civil society organizations in the candidate countries. In this context, Turkey as a candidate country tries to continue the process within the framework of a Civil Society Dialogue, which has been slowed because of its current political agenda. Even though Turkey's EU candidacy has served as a critical juncture for the evolution of path dependency for Turkish CSOs. Additionally, the EU Secretariat General of the European Commission and the European Commission Delegation to Turkey are trying to accelerate the process with a variety of projects and programs. In this study, it is aimed to explain the overall capacities and responsibility of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and to strengthen accountability within the Turkey and to guarantee a sustainable role of the CSOs in the democratic process. In the study, these questions have been answered about accession process of Turkey to EU, Why EU needs a dialogue with the civil society; roles and influences of civil society in the EU, Why and how NGOs in Turkey should take part in the accession process, the difficulties of the process, and what can be done. In the study, it is argued that civil society in Turkey does not indicate an expected role in the country's democratic consolidation process as well as its steps towards integration into Europe. However, the involvement of CSOs in EU integration has been very much concerned with interest-based, pragmatic approaches, such as involvement through capacity-building, fund demanding or providing, or pro-EU campaigning.

This article examines the politics and practices of Fairtrade certification in order to assess whether this alternative trading system could contribute to innovative solutions for global food security. The analysis begins by assessing the main challenges and problems characterizing the contemporary global food system. It then explores the history, vision and certification standards of the Fairtrade label. In the third section, the results of the impact studies of Fairtrade certification on producer livelihoods are discussed, analyzing the various strengths and weaknesses. Finally the article analyzes whether, and how, the Fairtrade system could positively contribute to improving global food security. To conclude this paper argues that the greatest strength of Fairtrate is not the certification mechanism itself but rather the social and environmental principles it represents. Fairtrade standards could serve to inform broader international policies, which could lead to a sustainable transformation of the global food system. ; Este ensayo examina las políticas y prácticas de la certificación de comercio justo (fairtrade) con el fin de evaluar si este sistema de comercio alternativo puede contribuir con soluciones innovadoras a la seguridad alimentaria mundial. Para ello, se examina en primer lugar los principales retos y problemas a los que se enfrenta el sistema alimentario mundial. En segundo lugar, se explora la historia, visión y estándares de certificación del sello fairtrade. En tercer lugar, se evalúan los efectos de fairtrade sobre la calidad de vida de los pequeños agricultores del sur global para entender las fortalezas y debilidades de este sistema de certificación. En cuarto lugar, se analiza si, y en qué forma, el sistema fairtrade podría contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria mundial. Para concluir, este ensayo sugiere que el mayor valor de fairtrade no reside en su sello de certificación, sino más bien en sus principios sociales y ambientales. De hecho los estándares de fairtrade tienen el potencial de inspirar políticas internacionales que podrían conducir a una transformación sostenible del sistema alimentario mundial. ; Este ensaio examina as políticas e práticas da certificação de comércio justo (fair trade) com o objetivo de avaliar se o sistema de comercio alternativo pode contribuir com soluções inovadoras à segurança alimentar mundial. Para tanto, examina-se em primeiro lugar os principais desafios e problemas que enfrenta o sistema alimentar mundial. Em segundo lugar, explora-se a história, visão e padrões de certificação do selo fair trade. Em terceiro, são avaliados os efeitos do fair trade sobre a qualidade de vida dos pequenos agricultores do sul global para entender as fortalezas e debilidades deste sistema de certificação. Em quarto lugar, analisa-se se, e em que forma, o sistema fair trade poderia contribuir à segurança alimentar mundial. Para concluir, este ensaio sugere que o maior valor de fair trade não reside no selo de certificação, se não mais bem em seus próprios princípios sociais e ambientais. Na verdade, os patrões de fair trade têm o potencial de inspirar políticas internacionais que poderiam levar a uma transformação sustentável do sistema alimentar internacional.

Justice concerns are at the core of struggles and conflicts brought about by the ineluctable trade-offs related to agrobiodiversity conservation. This work's point of departure lies in trying to understand how these concerns find support in bottom-up conservation initiatives in Western Europe; and how this relates to conservation outcomes. I argue that rights-based governance approaches (i.e. approaches involving themselves with social and environmental justice) to agrobiodiversity conservation are not only compatible with effective conservation and farming outcomes, but that they are a condition to their long-term success. To study these rights-based approaches, this work adopts a critical theory perspective, albeit one that involves itself heavily with environmental concerns. In the context of agrobiodiversity conservation, an environmental critical theory requires thinking of conservation not only as the management of a socio-ecological system, which may or may not be effective, but as a broader socio-political process, in which forces of cultural, economic and political domination are at play. More in particular, I look at a series of bottom-up agrobiodiversity conservation cases in Western Europe and explore their justice-relevant governance arrangements. First, following recent work on environmental justice and drawing on Nancy Fraser's conception of justice as 'parity of participation', a three-dimensional justice framework is used to understand how different rights find support in the cases. Second, drawing on the literature on participatory governance and citizenship developed in the environmental and development studies, I ask under which conditions these rights-based governance arrangements have led to effective conservation outcomes. Third, I focus on one of the dimensions of justice, i.e. cultural recognition, by exploring its meaning and specificity in the context of the agrobiodiversity conservation. This leads to a deepening of the issue of recognition by looking explicitly at its epistemic dimension in the context of agrobiodiversity conservation, using insights from decolonial thought. It appears that agrobiodiversity conservation is not simply an environmental or agricultural matter. In the different cases studied in this work it is an instrument for a broader struggle; a struggle for justice. In their efforts to conserve agrobiodiversity, farming organizations redefine the conditions under which their members participate in society. Governance arrangements for the conservation of agrobiodiversity are used to redistribute or communalize available resources; to oppose institutional threats to farmer's culture, knowledge and livelihoods; to (re)build a common rural identity and citizenship; and to encourage self-determination and foster empowerment. Under the banner of peasant, local and/or organic agriculture, through the reintroduction of traditional varieties, the creation of new varieties using farm-based knowledge, and the redesign of innovation models, individual farmers are connected to collective movements demanding justice and a more efficient agricultural model. It is the combination of injustice and inefficiency of the current farming model that spurs the emergence of movements of resistance, such as those studied in this work. An effective agrobiodiversity conservation strategy hence will need to address both dimensions simultaneously. Movements adopting such an approach are key for the reinvention and the sustainable transformation of European agriculture and the conservation of agricultural biodiversity. ; (POLS - Sciences politiques et sociales) -- UCL, 2016

Policy makers have for many years taken for granted that implementing dedicated structures aimed at supporting start-ups had a positive impact on the development of those start-ups. Indeed, building on insights provided by the literature on National/Regional Innovation Systems (Lundvall 1992; Nelson 1993; Cooke et al. 1998; Asheim et al. 2003) and Incubations mechanisms (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, 2000; Hackett and Dilts, 2004; Phan et al., 2005; Bergek and Norman, 2008; Bruneel et al, 2012) policy makers perceive such "business incubators" as a way to promote regional economic growth through the support of young and innovative firms. The underlying assumption is that incubators help young firms to develop their innovative products, commercialize them, and maintain a sustainable growth during the start-up period. As a consequence local policy makers have been and still are very enthusiastic in establishing and/or granting financial supports to incubators. For example, the National Business Incubation Association estimates that the number of incubators in the United States has increased from 12 in 1980 to 1,250 in 2012 and that there were about 7,000 such structures across the world. However, there is surprisingly little empirical validation of the positive impact of those structures, with few or no evaluation of their long term performance in helping incubated firms (Vanderstraeten et al., 2014; Schwartz, 2011). As a result, there is evidence of potential political pressure to keep some results under the radar (Fromhold-Eisebith and Eisebith, 2008; Amezcua, 2010; Bergek and Normann, 2008; Mian, 1997). Indeed, some studies indicate that among the new firms incubated, few became fast-growing firms and/or reached the status of middle-sized companies (Schwartz, 2011; Amezcua, 2010; Barringer, Jones and Neubaum, 2005; Phan, Siegel, and Wright, 2005). Besides the above-mentioned mixed research results (Amezcua, 2010; Phan, Siegel, and Wright, 2005), related methodological, theoretical, and empirical limitations (Yu and Nijkamp, 2009) raise criticism about incubator performance studies. Furthermore, those studies rely upon either quantitative (accounting) data available about the incubated start-ups to measure their development, or the qualitative coding and interpretation of interviews using standard content analysis techniques (Lincoln and Guba, 1985). (See for example Barringer, Jones and Neubaum, 2005, with both suffering from the typical limitations of such approaches). In particular it remains largely unknown whether incubation really helps overcoming the resource deficiencies that young firms face in the first years after their market entry (Hannan and Freeman 1984; Stinchcomb, 1965). Overall, an assessment of public policies regarding incubators is still needed (Bergek and Norrman, 2008; OECD, 2006; Mian, 1996a; Mian, 1997). Moreover, there are few studies investigating the impact of incubation on incubated ventures' performance from their own point of view (Fromhold-Eisebith and Eisebith, 2008; Schwartz, 2013; Vanderstraeten et al., 2014). As a consequence, research call for more qualitative bottom-up approach (see Diez, 2001) to explore the impact of incubators' support on incubated firms. In particular, how do incubators create a context that helps firms bring together the various resources they need (Hellmann & Puri, 2002)?

Автор демонстрирует идею конформирования в исследовании проблем внутрикорпоративного устройства, корпоративного капитала и экономических (производственных) отношений в условиях специфических системных социально-экономических преобразований. Динамизм и глубина происходящих преобразований заставляют задуматься над характером изменений, их объективной обусловленностью, зависимостью от действующих факторов. Проблемы системных рыночных преобразований проецируются на частные преобразования. Они касаются как отдельных экономических субъектов (фирм, предприятий, корпораций), так и отдельных регионов, территорий, национального хозяйства. Меняются и корректируются цели развития экономической системы, переоцениваются имеющиеся возможности. В процессе реформирования российской экономики заимствуемые элементы частично отвергались как неадекватные и социально неприемлемые, а частично модифицировались по ходу внедрения и так встраивались в общественную жизнь, при этом нередко служа противоположным целям в сравнении с теми, для которых они заимствовались. В статье миссия конформирования раскрывается как органичное встраивание данного процесса в контекст системных социально-экономических преобразований, обеспечение необходимой соразмерности трансформаций, предотвращение возникающих в данном отношении разрывов, угрожающих устойчивости движения корпоративного сектора и системной организации экономических отношений на внутрикорпоративном уровне. Стержневое развитие противоречий, ростки пострыночных отношений, компонентов традиционной рыночной капиталистической организации в условиях социально-экономических преобразований в России оказывают влияние на экономическое поведение корпораций и специфику внутрикорпоративных отношений и интересов. Поведение корпорации всегда ориентировано на специфику внутригосударственных отношений, устойчивость правовой системы, политическую стабильность государства, защиту прав собственности, сохранение особенностей национальной культуры и др. Автор в данном исследовании опирается на использование системного, институционального и политэкономического категориального аппарата. ; The author shows the idea of conformation at studying the issues of intra-corporate structure, corporate capital and economic (productive) relations in the context of specific systemic socio-economic transformations. The dynamism and depth of current changes makes reflect on their nature, their objective conditionality, their dependence on existing factors. The problems of systemic market reforms are projected to private transformations. They relate both to individual economic entities (firms, companies, corporations), and to individual regions and territories of the national economy. In such conditions the aims of economic system development are changing and being corrected, and the possibilities are being reestimated. In the process of reforming the Russian economy some of the borrowed elements were rejected as inadequate and socially unacceptable. The other part was modified and embedded in public life in the course of implementation, so that they often served the opposite purposes in comparison with those for which they were borrowed. The article reveals the mission of conformation as a seamless integration of this process into the context of systemic socio-economic reforms, ensuring the necessary proportionality of transformations, the prevention of arousing gaps that threaten the sustainable movement in the corporate sector and systemic organization of economic relations at the intra-corporate level. Core development of contradictions, sprouts of post-market relations, components of the traditional capitalist market organization in terms of socio-economic transformation of Russia have impact on the economic behavior of corporations and on the specifics of intra-corporate relations and interests. The corporation's behavior is always focused on the specifics of domestic relations, the stability of legal and political system, property rights protection, preservation of national culture, etc. The author carries out the present research on the basis of systemic, institutional and political-economic categorical apparatus.

As development and humanitarian agencies frame the education and empowerment of women and girls as the cornerstone of sustainable development; the rise of a new generation of transnational feminist scholarship and advocacy, is consolidating attention and policy commitments toward critical perspectives on education and democracy. In India this movement is crystalizing through youth activism, social medias, rapid urbanization, and multinational economic partnerships: prompting raucous debates about gender roles, communal positions, and the function of political leadership and global identity. Multinational collaboration and global market shifts continually influence national policy structures as they are practiced today; while public intellectuals and academics dissect how the frameworks of key strategic policy documents respond to the dialogue and resource interface of international aid, and center to state transfer mechanisms. This economic context – an eddy of inter- and intra-relationships formed under the long shadow of colonialism – requires the exploration of educational governance through a critical examination of policy leadership, language, ideas, and knowledge formation, to ensure that unequal gender relations do not alienate and propagate violence, silence, and discrimination. This study concentrates on national policy articulations of women's educational opportunity and the historical development of women as political objects and subjects. Tracing the meta-narratives of masculinity and femininity that fed into educational initiatives, this historical narrative charts the exercise of post-colonial nationhood and the institution of education aiding this cause. The questions guiding this endeavor do not take for granted terms or analytic categories, but seek the orchestrations of political commitments and their consequent creation of the Indian Woman as a political agent. I study primary policy articulations like the Report on the Commission on Women's Education (1959), Report on the Differentiation of Curricula for Boys and Girls (1964), the Education Commission Report (1966), Towards Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of Women in India (1974), the National Policy on Education (1968; 1986), and Right to Education (2005); as well as other key primary accounts by policy actors. Since my study takes a gendered perspective on the performance of political leadership, the historical narrative is organized based on the Government of India's incumbent Prime Minister and Union Council of Ministers. Through rich narrative, the catachrestic tensions that distance policy constructions from sociopolitical realities are critically analyzed through feminist theory's gendered analysis and public policy frameworks. Since the goal was to identify the socio-political construction of women's positions in educational policy, the historical narrative of Indian policymaking is followed by a deconstructive analysis of the structures, symbols, and mechanisms for systemic gendered heteronormativity. The test of legitimacy for any given practice should be embedded in the capacity to respond to the needs for whom the practice exists. Unless policy design mimics the diversity within its target populations and is punctured by the inclusion of more data points, policy making for education will remain an exercise in abstraction, a solipsism bound by socio-political singularities.

В условиях сложившейся экономической ситуации в Российской Федерации необходимо сосредотачивать внимание на сельском хозяйстве, у государства есть все необходимые ресурсы для развития данной отрасли. Сельское хозяйство является важной отраслью любого государства, где по ряду естественных причин она может существовать. Обеспечение продовольствием населения государства является необходимым жизненным фактором, лежащим в основе всей дальнейшей жизнедеятельности социума. В частности, отрасль сельского хозяйства имеет достаточные перспективы, которые в последствии смогут реализоваться в экономически эффективные результаты как для каждого региона, так и для государства в целом. На примере субъекта РФ Нижегородской области в настоящей статье рассмотрены конкретные экономические результаты, которых можно добиться при решении проблем земель, пригодных для сельского хозяйства. На данный момент в Нижегородской области реализованы процедуры по предоставлению в собственность отдельным категориям граждан земельных участков из земель, находящихся в государственной собственности Нижегородской области, для индивидуального жилищного строительства. Данная процедура не подразумевает дальнейшее развитие частных сельскохозяйственных угодий. В данном контексте рассматриваются процессы импортозамещения продовольственной продукции, цель на которые установлена Правительством РФ в ситуации обостренной экономической обстановки. Устойчивое развитие сельских территорий должно решить и поставленные задачи, связанные с обеспечением населения Нижегородской области высококачественными продуктами питания, созданием комфортных условий жизнедеятельности в сельской местности. В ходе решения показанных проблем сельскохозяйственной земли Нижегородской области будут улучшены не только экономические показатели, но и социальные, в том числе и касающиеся занятости населения региона. ; In the current economic situation in the Russian Federation it is necessary to focus on agriculture the state has all necessary resources for the development of the industry. Agriculture is an important sector of any state where by a number of natural reasons for it may exist. The provision of food to the population of a state is necessary vital factor underpinning all future activities of the society. In particular, the agricultural sector has sufficient prospects, which will subsequently be realized in a cost-effective results for each region and for the state as a whole. For example, the subject of the Russian Federation the Nizhny Novgorod region the article considers the specific economic results that can be achieved by solving problems of land suitable for agriculture. At this point in the Nizhny Novgorod region has implemented procedures for the provision of property to separate categories of citizens the land plots from lands in state ownership of the Nizhniy Novgorod region for individual housing construction. This procedure does not imply a further development of the private farmland. In this context focuses on the processes of import substitution of food products, the aim of which is established by the Government of the Russian Federation in a situation of acute economic situation. Sustainable development of rural territories should be solved and the tasks associated with the maintenance of the population of Nizhny Novgorod region with quality food and creating comfortable living conditions in rural areas. In the solution shown problems of agricultural land in the Nizhny Novgorod region will be improved not only economic indicators but also social, including employment of the population of the region.

В условиях глобализации и возрастания угроз национальной безопасности особое место занимает государственный сектор экономики. В рыночной экономике госсектор активно используется как средство регулирования для достижения многих государственных социально-экономических целей, в том числе для обеспечения стабильного развития важных стратегических отраслей народного хозяйства. В связи с этим актуальной становится задача формирования сильного и эффективного государственного сектора страны для поддержания производства общественных благ и предоставления государственных услуг, обеспечения устойчивого развития отраслей народного хозяйства и улучшения качества жизни населения в целом. В статье рассмотрены понятие и сущность государственного сектора, определена его роль в развитии экономики и страны в целом. Проведено сравнение понятий государственный сектор и государственная собственность. Представлена структура государственного сектора, включающая сектор государственного управления и сектор государственных корпораций и организаций. Рассмотрено понятие государственной корпорации как неотъемлемого элемента государственного сектора. Приведены статистические показатели и общие параметры развития государственного сектора российской экономики. Проведенный анализ позволил выявить тенденцию к сокращению числа предприятий государственного и муниципального сектора, с одной стороны, и снижение темпов приватизации с другой. Среди перспективных направлений развития госсектора российской экономики выделены создание вертикально-интегрированных структур, головная организация которых находится под контролем государства, и поддержка государственно-частного партнерства. Дальнейшее функционирование предприятий государственного и муниципального сектора по-прежнему связано с решением важных вопросов определения масштабов, границ, а также оценки эффективности госсектора. ; In the context of globalization and the increasing threats to national security a special place is given to the public sector of the Russian economy. In a market economy, the public sector is actively used as a means to achieve the regulation of many public social and economic goals such as stable development of important strategic sectors of the economy. In this connection, the urgent task consists in forming a strong and effective public sector for maintaining the production of public goods and the provision of public services, ensuring sustainable development of the national economy and improving the quality of life of the population as a whole. The article describes the concept and essence of the public sector, defined by its role in the development of the economy and the country as a whole. The authors compare the concepts of the public sector and public property. The structure of the public sector includes general government and the sector of public corporations and organizations. The concept of state corporations is considered to be an integral part of the public sector. The statistical indicators and the general parameters of the public sector of the Russian economy are described. The analysis revealed a tendency to reducing the number of enterprises in the state and the municipal sector on the one hand, and the slowdown in the privatization, on the other hand. Among the promising areas of the public sector of the Russian economy the authors point out the creation of vertically integrated structures, the organization of which is controlled by the state and public-private partnerships support. The following operation of the state and municipal enterprises sector is still associated with the solution of important issues determining the scope, boundaries, and evaluating the effectiveness of the public sector.

Сельскохозяйственная потребительская кооперация играет важную роль в развитии малых форм хозяйствования на селе, укреплении экономического потенциала сельскохозяйственных товаропроизводителей по обеспечению продовольственной безопасности, в устойчивом социально-экономическом развитии сельских территорий. Сельскохозяйственная потребительская кооперация вместе с другими малыми формами хозяйствования во взаимосвязи с корпоративными производственными сельскохозяйственными организациями способна обеспечить трудовую занятость сельских жителей, их благосостояние и оказать существенное влияние на повышение уровня качества жизни сельского социума. Поэтому ее позитивное развитие будет способствовать решению исключительно важных социально-экономических задач не только на селе, но и в целом в государстве. За последние годы органы государственной власти Российской Федерации и субъектов РФ принимают реальные меры по экономической поддержке малых форм хозяйствования, в том числе сельскохозяйственных потребительских кооперативов. Финансово-экономические механизмы господдержки определены в утвержденной постановлением Правительства РФ от 14 июля2012 г. № 717 Государственной программе развития сельского хозяйства и регулирования рынков сельскохозяйственной продукции, сырья и продовольствия на 2013-2020 годы, в которой имеется подпрограмма «Развитие малых форм хозяйствования». Господдержка сельскохозяйственных потребительских кооперативов и других малых форм хозяйствования оказывается из бюджета субъектов федерации, а в отдельных случаях из бюджета органов местного самоуправления. В ряде субъектов Российской Федерации получает развитие частно-государственное партнерство в области малых форм хозяйствования в аграрной сфере. В статье рассмотрены вопросы правового регулирования функционирования малых форм хозяйствования в аграрной сфере, в том числе сельскохозяйственной потребительской кооперации, содержание экономического механизма государственной поддержки малых форм хозяйствования, функционирования сельскохозяйственной потребительской кооперации в Свердловской области. ; Agricultural consumer cooperation plays an important role in the development of small forms of enterprises in rural areas, strengthening the economic capacity of agricultural producers to ensure food security, sustainable socio-economic development of rural areas. Agricultural consumer cooperation, together with other small entities in conjunction with the corporate agricultural production organizations is able to provide employment of rural people, their welfare and have a significant impact on improving the quality of life in the rural society. Therefore, the positive development will contribute to the solution of critical social and economic problems not only in rural areas but in the whole state. In recent years, the state authorities of the Russian Federation and subjects of the Russian Federation take real measures for economic support of small farms, including agricultural consumer cooperatives. Economic and financial mechanisms of state support are defined and approved by the RF Government decree of July 14, 2012 № 717 in State program of development of agriculture and regulation of markets of agricultural products, raw materials and food for 2013-2020, which has a subprogramme "Development of small forms of managing". State support of agricultural consumer cooperatives and other small farms is from the budget of subjects of federation, and in some cases from the budget of local governments. In a number of subjects of the Russian Federation public-private partnership has development in the field of small forms of managing in agrarian sector. In the article the questions of legal regulation of small farms in the agricultural sector, including agricultural consumer cooperatives, the content of the economic mechanism of state support of small forms of managing, the functioning of agricultural consumer cooperation in the Sverdlovsk region discussed.

Grasslands are an important landscape element in Europe. However, the grassland area has been reduced in the last 50 years. This article assesses potential impacts of a scenario that redistributes CAP direct payments to maintain or increase permanent grassland areas using a farm-level modelling approach in Germany, Wales and Switzerland. Our results indicate that a reallocation of support payments can help to prevent abandonment or conversion of permanent grassland to more intensive land use. This may be more difficult to achieve when there is a limited arable area to transfer budget from, as demonstrated by results in Wales. Policy effects at the level of farm type can often vary due to the heterogeneities and complexities of permanent grassland farming systems. Our results also show that unintended 'slippage' effects such as increased temporary grassland area may occur, though this could also be seen as a form of sustainable intensification. Other difficulties include: a) potential for negative effects on specific farm types despite a positive overall effect, and b) distortions within land markets due to the attractiveness of support payments within sectors of low profitability . ; Les superficies en herbe forment un élément important du paysage en Europe. Elles ont cependant été réduites au cours des cinquante dernières années. Cet article évalue les incidences potentielles d'un scénario de redistribution des paiements directs visant à conserver ou augmenter les superficies toujours en herbe, à l'aide d'une approche de modélisation au niveau de l'exploitation portant sur l'Allemagne, le Pays-de- Galles et la Suisse. Selon nos résultats, une redistribution des paiements de soutien peut contribuer à empêcher l'abandon des superficies toujours en herbe ou leur conversion à un usage plus intensif. Ceci peut être plus difficile à réaliser lorsque les terres arables dont on pourrait détourner les fonds budgétaires sont limitées, ce que montrent les résultats obtenus pour le Pays-de- Galles. Les effets de la politique varient souvent selon le type d'exploitation du fait de l'hétérogénéité et de la complexité des systèmes d'exploitation des superficies toujours en herbe. Selon nos résultats, des effets non recherchés de glissement, comme une hausse temporaire des superficies toujours en herbe, peuvent survenir, même si cela pourrait aussi être considéré comme une forme de d'intensification durable. Il existe d'autres difficultés comme : a) de possibles effets négatifs sur certains types d'exploitations malgré un effet total positif, et b) des distorsions sur les marchés fonciers liées à l'attractivité des paiements de soutien dans des secteurs à faible profitabilité . ; Grünland ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der europäischen Kulturlandschaft, der jedoch seit 50 Jahren zunehmend an Fläche verliert. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die potenziellen Auswirkungen einer Umverteilung der Direktzahlungen der GAP zugunsten von Dauergrünland. Die Analyse wird mit Hilfe eines Modellierungsansatzes auf Betriebsebene für Deutschland, Wales und die Schweiz durchgeführt. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass eine Umverteilung der Unterstützung dazu beitragen kann, einen Verlust von Dauergrünland durch Umbruch oder Umwandlung in intensiver genutzte landwirtschaftliche Flächen zu vermeiden. Jedoch könnte sich dies dort etwas schwieriger gestalten, wo die landwirtschaftlich nutzbare Fläche begrenzt ist und somit Mittel auch nur in begrenzter Höhe übertragen werden können, wie die Ergebnisse aus Wales zeigen. Die betrieblichen Auswirkungen unterscheiden sich aufgrund der Heterogenitäten und Komplexitäten grünlandbasierter Betriebssysteme häufig zwischen den Betriebstypen. Unsere Ergebnisse belegen zudem, dass unbeabsichtigte indirekte Effekte wie z.B. die Erweiterung von temporärem Grünland auftreten können; dies kann jedoch auch als eine Form von nachhaltiger Intensivierung ausgelegt werden. Weitere Schwierigkeiten bestehen u.a. darin, dass es a) trotz einer positiven Gesamtwirkung zu negativen Auswirkungen für bestimmte Betriebstypen und b) aufgrund attraktiver Direktzahlungen in Bereichen mit niedrigen Gewinnen zu Verzerrungen auf landwirtschaftlichen Bodenmärkten kommen kann.

В новой экономической реальности возникли потребности в веде-нии такой формы бизнеса, которая могла бы быть максимально без-опасной для общества и природы, а также была бы этична и отвеча-ла принципам устойчивого развития. Примером такой практической работы является развитие рынка социальных инвестиций. Цель ра-боты состоит в освещении четырех современных направлений такой формы инвестирования: отказ от вложений во «вредные» активы; решение социальных проблем общества в условиях рынка; вложения в человеческий капитал сотрудников корпорации; инвестиции в разви-тие регионов присутствия. Для достижения цели автором использо-вались такие методы, как исторический, структурный, функцио-нальный, экономико-статистический, системный, формально-логический, а также приемы познания. Было выявлено, что появление социального инвестирования является продолжением социальных и экологических практик ответственных коммерческих структур. Это обусловливается, с одной стороны, вниманием правительств разви-тых государств, с другой появлением высоких моральных устоев общества и отдельных предпринимателей. Настоящий этап разви-тия корпоративной социальной ответственности через форму соци-ального инвестирования позволяет полноценно перейти от затрат-ных и несистемных видов благотворительности к оптимизации соци-альной политики бизнес-структур, от единовременных пожертвова-ний и раздач средств к формированию полноценной стратегии плани-рования будущих проектов и программ, а также оценке их результа-тов. Такие результаты связаны с тем, что обозначенный вид инве-стирования способствует выравниванию уровня жизни в регионах, решает проблемы инфраструктуры и трудовых отношений, а следо-вательно, сглаживает социальную напряженность и формирует у общества и государства лояльность по отношению к бизнес-структурам.In the new economic reality there was a necessity in the conduct of such businesses, which could be safe as possible for the society and nature and was ethical and consistent with the principles of sustainable development. An example of this practical work is the development of the market for social investment. The aim of the work is the coverage of the four modern direc-tions of such forms of investment: waiver of investment in "bad" assets; the decision of social problems in the market; investment in human capital of employees of the corporation; investment in the development of regions of presence. To achieve the goal the author used such methods as historical, structural, functional, economic-statistical, systematic and formal-logical and methods of learning. It was revealed that the emergence of social in-vestment is a continuation of social and environmental responsible practices of commercial structures. This is due on the one hand the attention of the governments of developed countries, with another, the appearance of the high moral principles of society and individual entrepreneurs. The present stage of development of corporate social responsibility through social in-vestment enables you to move from costly and non-systemic types of charity to the optimization of social policy of business structures, from one-time do-nations and distributions of funds to the formation of full planning strate-gies for future projects and plans and assessing their results. These results are related to the fact that the investment contributes to the alignment of liv-ing standards in the regions, solves the problems of infrastructure and labor relations and, consequently, smoothes social tension and forms of society and the state loyalty to the business structures.

Mining is an industry activity very important but pollutes the environment through exposure to its wastewater containing toxic heavy metals like mercury, which contaminates the water, soil, and the animal and plant wildlife. Therefore, there is a need to minimize or removal this heavy metal from the mine effluents. One eco-friendly and sustainable technology of toxic heavy metal removal is phytoremediation. The objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of the aquatic macrophyte water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in a constructed wetland with subsurface flow for phytoremediation of a real mining wastewater containing mercury. The study was done in two phases: i) transplant and acclimatization of the plants which lasted 24 days, and ii) phytoremediation of mining effluent about 7 months. The plants responded positively to environment. Moreover, mercury initial concentration for contaminated effluent was 0.325 mg/L. This value is high enough to exceed the permissible limit (0.002 mg/L) stipulated by Colombian legislation for discharge of meaning wastewater into surface water, however, the plants effectively removed up to ï¾ 71% of Hg from the contaminated water. Most of the mercury removal occurred during the first month. It was not possible further Hg reductions to drinking water standards (0.001 mg/L), however, considering the high removal efficiencies of Hg by these aquatic macrophytes, these plants can be recommended for fast removal of mercury in the initial stage of water body remediation. ; La minería es una actividad industrial muy importante, pero contamina el medio ambiente debido a las descargas de sus aguas residuales conteniendo metales pesados tóxicos como el mercurio, el cual contamina agua, suelo y flora animal y vegetal. Por lo tanto, hay una necesidad de minimizar o remover este metal pesado de los efluentes de las minas. Una tecnología ecológica y sostenible para la eliminación de metales pesados tóxicos es la fitorremediación. El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el desempeño del buchón de agua (Eichhornia crassipes) en un humedal de flujo sub-superficial para la fitorremediación de un efluente real contaminado con mercurio. El estudio se realizó en dos fases: i) trasplante y adaptación de las plantas durante 24 días y ii) fitorremediación del efluente durante 7 meses. Las plantas respondieron positivamente al periodo de adaptación. La concentración inicial de mercurio en el efluente fue 0.325 mg/L, este valor supera el límite máximo permisible (0.002 mg/L) establecido por la normatividad colombiana para las descargas de aguas residuales de la industria minera a cuerpos de aguas superficiales, no obstante, las plantas removieron efectivamente hasta un 71% del mercurio presente en el agua residual. La mayor cantidad de Hg se removió en el primer mes, pero no fue posible reducirlo a los niveles estándares establecidos para el agua potable, sin embargo, considerando la alta eficiencia de remoción de esta macrófita acuática, estas plantas pueden ser recomendadas para la remoción de mercurio en una etapa inicial de remediación de un cuerpo de agua