Hauptbeschreibung Wie verhält sich der tatsächliche Befund eines maßgeblich von öffentlichen oder jedenfalls öffentlich geförderten Kultureinrichtungen geprägten kulturellen Lebens zu dem künstlerischen und kulturellen Freiheitsparadigma, das dem Grundgesetz zugrunde liegt? Sophie-Charlotte Lenski rekonstruiert vor dem Hintergrund dieser Frage ein einheitliches Recht der Kulturverwaltung, in dessen Mittelpunkt die Zeichenfunktion von Kulturwerken als zentrales Unterscheidungsmerkmal steht. Den politischen wie rechtlichen Widerstreit zwischen der Bewahrung von Vorhandenem und der Schöpfung von Neuem, zwischen Schutz und Förderung von Kultur, löst sie dabei über das verbindende Element der geistigen Wertschöpfung und legt so den Blick frei auf den Konflikt zwischen gesellschaftlicher Funktionalisierung der Kultur und kultureller Freiheitsentfaltung des Einzelnen.
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The European Union's ambitious Mediterranean policy has the declared goal of bringing about economic and political transformation by explicitly linking reform with rewards. Drawing on mechanism design theory, we argue that the EU's Mediterranean policy has the potential to reveal information about the respective partner countries' reform 'types'. However, the current incentive structure of the EU's Mediterranean policy does not fit with the requirements of incentive compatibility, which would allow for screening, because it does not encourage partner countries to reveal the costs of reform. Data on the political and economic reform performance of Mediterranean partner countries reveal the pooling pattern that we would expect from a screening model. By offering two differentiated reward agreements that are not specifically targeted towards each country's progress on reform, the European Commission could learn which countries are sincere about reforming.
This article investigates the impact of policy complexity on the duration of legislative negotiations in the European Union employing survival analysis. We conceptualize policy complexity as a three-dimensional construct encompassing structural, linguistic and relational components. Building on this conceptual framework, we measure the complexity of 889 Commission proposals published under the ordinary legislative procedure between 2009 and 2018. Controlling for institutional and political drivers of legislative duration identified by previous studies, we show that different types of policy complexity influence the duration of the decision-making process in the European Union to varying degrees, at different points in time and partially in unexpected ways. On a general level, our study highlights that developing a better understanding of the origins and consequences of policy complexity in the European Union is a key task for scholars of European integration.
Mestrado APNOR ; Lobbying is itself not a very new topic. However, the current practices of the lobbying in the European Union (EU) and the relationship between lobbying firms' expenditures and their main performance indicators, like firms' annual turnover, their annual productivity growth, annual value-added, annual patents, annual profit margins and firms' annual regulation intensity are still a new topic and has not been drown enough attention in the literature. The literature mostly focuses on the lobbying tactics, successfailure of the lobbyists and generally provides theoretical and qualitative analyses. This research aims to shed light on the current practices of lobbying in the EU and the correlation between lobbying expenditures and firms' key performance indicators by using qualitative and quantitative analysis. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the evolution and current practices of lobbying in the EU, examine the particular case of Portuguese Businesses and determine if there is any relationship between lobbying firms' expenditures and their annual turnover, annual productivity growth, annual value-added, annual patents, annual profit margins and annual regulation intensity. The study undergoes exploratory research in which both qualitative and quantitative data is gathered and analysed. The research used the online quantitative data set available regarding the lobbying activities of European countries and their firms between 2016-2020. One of the main data sources used provides information about the last five years. The other source of information used provides information since 2008. The study findings show that lobbying activities and registration in the transparency register increased in the last ten years, and the volume of lobbying expenditures also increased significantly. The digital, banking, energy, technology, and car manufacturing sectors were found to be spending the most. It is also found that there is a positive relationship between a firm's expenditures and the firm's annual turnover, its value-added yearly, and its yearly regulation intensity in the EU. ; O lobbying em si não é um tópico muito novo. No entanto, as práticas atuais de lobby na União Europeia (UE) e a relação entre os gastos das empresas de lobbying e seus principais indicadores de desempenho, como a faturação anual das empresas, o crescimento anual de produtividade, valor anual acrescentado, as patentes, as margens de lucro anuais e a intensidade da regulamentação anual das empresas ainda são um tópico novo e não têm atraído atenção suficiente na literatura. A literatura concentra-se principalmente nas estratégis de lobbying ou no sucesso/fracasso dos lobista e, geralmente, fornece apenas análises teóricos e qualitativas. Assim, este trabalho de investigação visa lançar uma luz sobre as práticas atuais de lobby na UE e a correlação entre as despesas de lobbying e os principais indicadores de desempenho das empresas, usando uma análise qualitativa e quantitativa. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a evolução e as práticas atuais de lobbying na União Europeia, examinar o caso particular das empresas portuguesas e determinar se existe alguma relação entre as despesas das empresas em lobbying e o seu volume de negócios anual, produtividade anual crescimento, valor acrescentado anual, patentes anuais, margens de lucro anuais e intensidade de regulamentação anual. O estudo constitui-se como um trabalho de investigação exploratório em que dados qualitativos e quantitativos são recolhidos e analisados. A investigação utilizou um conjunto de dados quantitativos disponíveis online sobre as atividades de lobbying dos países europeus e suas empresas entre 2016-2020. Uma das fontes de dados utilizadas fornece informações sobre os últimos cinco anos. A outra fonte de informação utilizada fornece informações desde 2008. Os resultados do estudo mostram que as atividades de lobbying e o seu registro aumentaram nos últimos dez anos assim como o volume das despesas. Os setores digital, bancário, de energia, tecnologia e produção de automóveis foram os que mais gastaram. Também se constatou que há uma relação positiva entre os gastos de uma empresa e a sua faturação anual, o seu valor acrescentado anual e sua intensidade de regulamentação anual na UE.
Considers the importance of geographical and institutional factors in the development of clusters and industrial districts as a response to economic integration in the European Union (EU). Theoretical works by economists, economic geographers and organisational theorists are synthesised to provide a framework for the analysis of the emergence and/or development of the geographical concentration of firms in response to economic integration in the EU. An explanation based on competitive advantages from creating or developing geographical concentration in response to economic integration is proposed. A threefold classification is made to distinguish between different types of industrial geographical concentration – clusters, industrial districts type I, and industrial districts type II. Argues that the main difference between these three kinds of geographical concentration is attributed to the nature of their networks. Finally, the paper illustrates the importance of geographical concentrations for international business by considering a famous Italian industrial district, the ceramic tile industry in Sassuolo.
Background: In many countries, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has gradually become a relevant disease in elderly populations. The aim of this study was to analyse trends of mortality caused by AD in the 28 member countries in the European Union (EU) over the last two decades. Methods: We extracted data for AD deaths for the period 1994-2013 in the EU from the Eurostat and World Health Organization database. Age-standardised mortality rates per 100,000 were computed. Joinpoint regression was used to analyse the trends and compute the annual percent change (APC) in the EU as a whole and by country. Analyses by gender and by European regions were conducted. Results: Throughout the study period, mortality from AD has risen in the EU. Most of the countries showed upward trends, with the sharpest increases in Slovakia, Lithuania and Romania. In men and women, we recorded a 4.7% and 6.0% statistically significant increase in mortality rates in the whole EU, respectively. Several countries showed changing trends during the study period. According to the regional analysis, Northern and Eastern countries showed the steepest increases, while in the latter years in Western countries mortality has declined. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that AD mortality has increased in the EU, especially in Eastern and Northern European countries and in the female population. Our results could be a reference for the development of primary prevention policies.
