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Indonesian Anti-Monopoly Law provides for the exemption of business actors which belong to the category of small scale businesses (Article 50 sub-article h of Law Number 5 Year 1999). This is the materialization of the law's objective, namely ensuring equal opportunities to do business for large-, medium-, and small-scale entrepreneurs. Further assurance for the protection of small businesses is provided for in Law Number 20 Year 2008 concerning Medium, Small, and Micro Enterprises, giving mandate for the implementation of supervision to the business competition authority, namely KPPU (Article 36 paragraph 2). Small-scale business actors which play a role in Indonesia's trading system include, among others, business actors engaging in the retail industry. The retail industry started to emerge with the proliferation of modern retail businesses in urban areas based on the franchise concept. In fact, there have been certain large retail businesses which have been proven of violating the Anti- Monopoly Law, particularly the prohibition of abusing dominant position. With their presence, modern retail businesses have gradually replaced traditional retail businesses which generally include small-scale enterprises (SMEs). The above mentioned government policy on protecting small industries has been based on juridical, political as well as economic considerations. From the juridical point of view, there is a law concerning the treatment of medium, small and micro businesses (MSMEs). At the same time, the political and economic consideration is that the government has the task of materializing a just and prosperous society based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia through national economic development based on economic freedom.

In November 2006 the House of Commons approved a series of changes recommended by its Select Committee on Modernisation that altered the procedures by which parliament scrutinises government bills. The committee stage of the legislative process in the House of Commons, the stage where bills are examined in detail, was overhauled in the interests of achieving enhanced scrutiny and a more informed and accessible legislative process. Standing committees, as were, were re-named 'public bill committees' and endowed with the power to call witnesses and receive written submissions from interested and expert bodies external to parliament, in the course of their scrutiny of a bill. To a limited extent, these committees have become more like select committees. The introduction of public bill committees was an important innovation in the way the House of Commons scrutinises legislation. But it has not been subject to any evaluation. We encouraged Jessica Levy to pursue her Masters dissertation at UCL on this topic. It was a good dissertation, so she was later invited to develop it - following further research - into a report for the Constitution Unit. This is the result. The report draws on a series of almost 30 interviews with many of the key players in public bill committees to date – government and opposition spokespersons, backbenchers, clerks and witnesses – and an examination of documents relating to all such committees in the 2006-07 and 2007-08 sessions. It is the first comprehensive study to review the work of the new committees. Public bill committees have been described as 'a step and a half in the right direction.' In this report Jessica sets out many of their benefits, and also recommends a series of further improvements. If her recommendations are accepted, these important new committees will be moving more strongly in the right direction and making a real contribution to the scrutiny of legislation.

The historical development of the northern end of Tocantins is intrinsically linked to a double bond: the place and identity. In this perspective, the text approaches aspects of the settlement process in the Parrot's Beak, considering, among other characteristics, ownership of free land for the constituent work place in order that links the land from production to residence, the coexistence and socio-cultural practices resulting ultimately in the identity construction that feeds on humanitarian values. The methodological procedure adopted included a literature review subsidized especially by authors of different theoretical affiliations, but convergent to the subject. In this study, we seek to establish the relationship between place and identity in designing training subjects as broader social process in which it is effective for the exchange of knowledge, attitudes and ways of life not institutionalized by school standards, which help to understand the basis of uses and customs of nortense population arising from traditional rural life.

This book highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cities. The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated economic and social impacts have been felt around the world. In large cities and other urban areas, the pandemic has highlighted a number of issues from pressures on urban labour and housing markets, shifts in demographic processes including migration and mobility, changes in urban travel patterns and pressures on contemporary planning and governance processes. Despite Australias relatively mild COVID exposure, Australian cities and large urban areas have not been immune to these issues. The economic shutdown of the country in the early stages of the pandemic, the sporadic border closures between states, the effective closure of international borders and the imposition of widespread public health orders that have required significant behavioural change across the population have all changed our cities in some and the way we live and work in them in some way. Some of the challenges have reflected long-standing problems including intrenched inequality in labour markets and housing markets, others such as the impact on commuting patterns and patterns of migration have emerged largely during the pandemic. This book, co-authored by experts in their field, outlines some of the major issues facing Australian cities and urban areas as a result of the pandemic and sets a course for future of the cities we live in.

This book develops important new insights into the conditions that enable effective collaborations between arts and humanities researchers and SMEs in the creative economy. Drawing on the work of Creativeworks London, an AHRC-funded Knowledge Exchange Hub for the Creative Economy, this is an in-depth study of how co-created and collaborative research projects work on the ground and will be of immense value to all these audiences. Chapters by researchers and practitioners examine a range of collaborative research projects supported by Creativeworks London's vouchers, which cover a large number of creative industry sectors and academic disciplines. The book identifies key learning from these projects that has wider relevance for academics, funders, policy makers, and SMEs in the creative economy. Morag Shiach is Professor of Cultural history at Queen Mary University of London, UK, where she is also Director of Creativeworks London and Vice-Principal for Humanities and Social Sciences. Her publications include Modernism, Labour and Selfhood in British Literature and Culture; Feminism and Cultural Studies; Hélène Cixous: A Politics of Writing; and Discourse on Popular Culture. Dr. Virani obtained his PhD from King's College London, UK. He is a full time researcher for Creativeworks London research project at Queen Mary University of London, UK. His research interests include the role of knowledge in the cultural economy, artistic knowledge within locally bounded artistic communities, and new work spaces in the creative and cultural economy

This book provides a unique empirical study of criminal trials in China. Western observers such as the media, politicians and the legal scholars alike, have rarely had the exposure to the vast majority of the ordinary criminal trials in China. A number of legal reforms have been implemented in Chinese criminal courts in recent years, but there has been little research on whether these reforms have been effective. This book fills that gap, by unveiling the day-to-day reality of criminal cases tried by the lowest level courts in China. The data used in this study include hundreds of criminal trial observations, complete criminal case dossiers, and a comprehensive questionnaire survey of criminal justice practitioners from one large province located in China's Southeast coast. These data were collected over a two-year period, with a generous research grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, by scholars already working in the Chinese legal system. The work opens with a historical framework of the Chinese criminal justice system, both Western and Chinese interpretations, and an overview of the current state of the system. It will provide unique analysis of how criminal trials are being carried out in China, with a useful context for scholars with varying levels of familiarity with the current system. The research framework for gathering data discussed in this book will also provide a useful basis for studying the criminal justice system in other regions

This book reviews one hundred years of educational reforms worldwide. Characterized by a tension between governing public and professional forces, the waves of educational reform reflect myriad efforts to define and fulfill professional and public expectations for the world of education. The first wave of reform, based on "progressive" ideals, spread across the globe after World War I, striving to place the student at the center of the education process and respond to the diverse needs of children and youth in a world that included massive population shifts. The second wave nearly obliterated the ideals of the progressive movement that had prevailed for sixty years. Drawing its principles from the business world, the second wave imposed competition, uniform standards, and measurable outputs on students, teachers, and schools, even at the cost of harming at-risk populations and encouraging the infiltration of private sector values into public education systems.The third wave was launched at the turn of the twenty-first century. Seeking to adjust instructional methods to modern reality, this reform rejected standardized curricula in favor of developing skills such as independent thinking, curiosity, innovation, collaboration among learners, and the ability to mine and process information. Book I reviews the three waves of reform in the United States, England, Canada, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, and Finland. Book II focuses on Israel's education system - past, present, and future.

This book reviews one hundred years of educational reforms worldwide. Characterized by a tension between governing public and professional forces, the waves of educational reform reflect myriad efforts to define and fulfill professional and public expectations for the world of education. The first wave of reform, based on progressive ideals, spread across the globe after World War I, striving to place the student at the center of the education process and respond to the diverse needs of children and youth in a world that included massive population shifts. The second wave nearly obliterated the ideals of the progressive movement that had prevailed for sixty years. Drawing its principles from the business world, the second wave imposed competition, uniform standards, and measurable outputs on students, teachers, and schools, even at the cost of harming at-risk populations and encouraging the infiltration of private sector values into public education systems. The third wave was launched at the turn of the twenty-first century. Seeking to adjust instructional methods to modern reality, this reform rejected standardized curricula in favor of developing skills such as independent thinking, curiosity, innovation, collaboration among learners, and the ability to mine and process information. Book I reviews the three waves of reform in the United States, England, Canada, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, and Finland. Book II focuses on Israels education system past, present, and future.

Terrorists realize that ideological commitment to their organizational goals is a prerequisite to their survival as an effective fighting force. Consequently, they carefully avoid taking any action which might fall beyond the umbrella of a real or a contrived popular cause. Thus, the terrorist has learned how to skillfully manipulate social conditions & grievances, & execute specific criminal acts gauged to impact upon a preselected target audience. Additionally, the management practices, cellular & columnar structures, personnel selection, & internal control measures utilized by the terrorist are intended to enhance the effective & efficient implementation of organizational goals & objectives; however, the United States police, especially, have caused terrorist groups to adjust their methods of operation & style of organization, & to regulate & restrict their membership. The increased sophistication of the police, therefore, particularly in the areas of communication, mobility, & information, seems to have impaired greatly the organization & extension of terrorist groups in the United States. 1 Figure. Modified HA.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an immense development program announced by the Chinese government in late 2013, which knitted around trade routes. Since scientific and technological cooperation is an integral part of BRI, the Alliance of International Science Organizations (ANSO) was established in 2018 as a non-governmental organization. In this work, conditions for effective cooperation in science and technology among countries are discussed first. Then, the research ecosystem's current situation is analyzed in terms of the number of scientific articles and trends while some results from the literature on international collaboration patterns are reviewed. Considering the current situation, scientific cooperation mechanisms are reviewed, and it is argued that ANSO can serve as a networking tool or seed for a future organization and that an inter-governmental body is necessary for the long run. After a short comparison with the Framework Programmes of the European Union, basic principles on which such a body should be established are discussed. A "fair return" principle, availability of flexible contribution options and, simplified bureaucratic procedures are proposed. Mechanisms to avoid the creation of a dominant core that can cause a brain drain in the long term are also recommended following the balanced and inclusive spirit of BRI. Then, a set of criteria is proposed for the choice of cooperation areas, and the research areas suggested in the literature are discussed under the light of these criteria.