Jyrki Ruohomäen väitöskirja käsittelee kysymyksiä tutkijan ja tutkimuksen poliittisuudesta sekä kysyy voiko tutkimuksella politikoida. Pohjois-Irlannin unionismiin poliittisesti sitoutuneiden yhteiskuntatieteilijöiden ja tutkijoiden argumentointia analysoiva väitöskirja tarkastelee esimerkiksi sitä, miten tutkija voi tietyissä tilanteissa toimia poliitikon kaltaisesti sekä sitä, miten politiikan teoriaa voidaan käyttää materiaalina päivänpoliittisessa argumentoinnissa. Ruohomäki tarkastelee Pohjois-Irlannin rauhanprosessissa keskeistä ajanjaksoa, joka päättyi Belfastin rauhansopimukseen vuonna 1998.Väitöskirjan aineisto muodostuu tutkimuksista tai tutkijoiden teksteistä, joista löytyy tieteellisen sisällön lisäksi myös päivänpoliittista kantaaottavuutta. Ruohomäen mukaan tutkijalta ja poliitikolta vaaditaan usein samankaltaisia ominaisuuksia, ja väitöskirja osoittaakin, että tiede ja politiikka voidaan toiminnalliselta logiikaltaan nähdä pitkälti toistensa kaltaisina.Pohjois-Irlannin unionismi ja irlantilainen nationalismi politisoivat helposti lähes kaikki Pohjois-Irlannissa käytävät keskustelut. Siitä huolimatta usein oletetaan, että Pohjois-Irlannin politiikantutkimus on, tai että sen tulisi olla, näistä konflikteista riippumatonta. Tämä johtuu osaltaan tieteellisen objektivismin oppikirjamääritelmän kritiikittömästä hyväksymisestä, eli käsityksestä, jonka mukaan tutkijan ja tutkimuksen täytyisi pysytellä poliittisten ristiriitojen yläpuolella eikä tutkija saisi tehdä tutkimustaan poliittisesti sitoutuneena. Ruohomäen tutkimus kuitenkin tarjoaa toisenlaisen näkökulman, jonka mukaan tutkijan poliittista sitoutumista voidaan tarkastella samanlaisena tutkimuksellisena perspektiivivalintana kuin tutkimuksen metodin tai materiaalin valintaa.- Politiikan teoriaa käytetään Pohjois-Irlannin päivänpoliittisissa debateissa korostettaessa unionismin maallista ja modernia luonnetta, silloin kun unionismia halutaan verrata vanhanaikaisena ja ulossulkevana esitettyyn irlantilaisen nationalismiin, Ruohomäki toteaa.Kyse on Ruohomäen mukaan ennen kaikkea retorisesta konstruktiosta, jossa politiikan teoria, esimerkiksi klassinen liberalismi, tarjoaa aineistoa päivänpoliittisesti sitoutuneen argumentaation rakentamiseen. Tätä retorista strategiaa eivät Pohjois-Irlannissa käytä ainoastaan poliittisesti sitoutuneet tutkijat, vaan myös teoriaa taitavat puoluepoliitikot. Ruohomäen mukaan muuttuneesta retoriikasta huolimatta maallistuneenkin unionismin kanta Pohjois-Irlannin konfliktin peruskysymykseen, eli Pohjois-Irlannin perustuslailliseen asemaan osana Britanniaa, säilyi muuttumattomana. Tämä havainto selittää myös sitä, miksi Pohjois-Irlannin poliittiset vaikeudet eivät loppuneet Belfastin rauhansopimuksen allekirjoittamiseen.- Poliittiset jakolinjat pysyivät todellisuudessa syvinä, vaikka vastakkainasettelua ei enää esitetty yhtä voimakkaasti esimerkiksi uskonnon kautta, Ruohomäki toteaa. ; This thesis starts with the problem of the role of the academics, scholars and intellectuals in Northern Ireland: What is the role of an academic, as a representative of a non-partisan or politically non-committed science in Northern Ireland, in which the political division between the mutually hostile political ideas of Ulster unionism and Northern Ireland nationalism literally penetrate almost all areas and discussions in the society? My thesis is that this political separation into two main agendas also must be reflected in the study of the Northern Ireland conflict, and secondly that the scholars themselves must also have a political aspect present in their activities as scientists. The analysis is limited to the role of the scholars and intellectuals in Northern Ireland unionism, and the same phenomena in reference to Irish nationalism is only briefly touched. By science this study refers namely to social and humanist sciences.As a theoretical framework I use predominately Max Weber and his ideas of the differences and similarities that science and politics and a scientist and a politician have. Weber is also read through the interpretations presented particularly by Kari Palonen. I will also link this study to a wider debate on intellectuals. The primary material that has been analysed consists of texts produced by scholars and intellectuals, such as textbooks and articles, but also a more combatant, as politically more committed material by the same people, such as manifestoes and other non-academic writings. The method of the study is textual analysis, manifested in the application of a reading strategy which searches for the political in a text that is often written as apolitical.The time frame of the study goes from the early 1970's and the start of the Northern Ireland "troubles" to the Belfast Agreement of 1998. The main interest is, however, concentrated on the 1985-1998 era.
The wide range of seemingly intractable political, social, and economic situations affecting Lebanon's struggle to define itself and its future role in the Middle East are examined in this collection. Looking beyond concerns of politics and international relations, the contributors examine the critical course of Muslim-Christian relations, the educational system that will enable its citizens to play a significant role in economic development, the concerns of women, and urban and ecological crises. Seeking a more thorough understanding of both Lebanon's past and its future prospects, the book will be of value not only to specialists in the area but also to students of women's issues and to those concerned with the multi-dimensional aspects of Lebanon's future. Contents Lebanon's Challenge: Reclaiming Memory and Independence, by Kail C. Ellis Overview: Lebanon as an Experiment in Multicultural Interdependence, by Hafeez Malik Part I. Lebanon and the Middle East Peace Process 1. The Regional Struggle for Lebanon, by Kail C. Ellis 2. Israeli-Lebanese Relations: A Future Imperfect? by Kirsten E. Schulze 3. The Dilemma of the Palestinians in Lebanon, by Julie Peteet 4. U.S. Policy toward Lebanon, by Kail C. Ellis Part II. Religion, Culture, and Gender 5. Muslim-Christian Relations in Lebanon: A Christian Perspective, by Paul Nabil Sayah 6. Religion and Politics: The Case of Lebanon, by Mohammad Sammak 7. Lebanon as a Regional Educational and Cultural Center, by Nabeel F. Haidar 8. Women in Postwar Lebanon, by Mona Chemali Khalaf Part III. Problems of Urbanization, Ecology, and the Economy 9. The Emerging Urban Landscape of Lebanon, by Michael F. Davie 10. The Ecological Crisis in Lebanon, by Fouad Hamdan 11. The Lebanese Economy in the Twenty-first Century, by Wassim N. Shahin ; http://florida.theorangegrove.org/og/file/ce3e4279-3074-dc84-caf5-c234d4ac5efe/1/LebanonsSecondRepublic.pdf ; press@upf.com ; Narrative text, Textbook ; Kail C. Ellis, University Press of Florida [UPF] ; http://www.ogtp-cart.com/product.aspx?ISBN=9781616101145 ; Higher Education ; Expositive ; The wide range of seemingly intractable political, social, and economic situations affecting Lebanon's struggle to define itself and its future role in the Middle East are examined in this collection. Looking beyond concerns of politics and international relations, the contributors examine the critical course of Muslim-Christian relations, the educational system that will enable its citizens to play a significant role in economic development, the concerns of women, and urban and ecological crises. Seeking a more thorough understanding of both Lebanon's past and its future prospects, the book will be of value not only to specialists in the area but also to students of women's issues and to those concerned with the multi-dimensional aspects of Lebanon's future. Contents Lebanon's Challenge: Reclaiming Memory and Independence, by Kail C. Ellis Overview: Lebanon as an Experiment in Multicultural Interdependence, by Hafeez Malik Part I. Lebanon and the Middle East Peace Process 1. The Regional Struggle for Lebanon, by Kail C. Ellis 2. Israeli-Lebanese Relations: A Future Imperfect? by Kirsten E. Schulze 3. The Dilemma of the Palestinians in Lebanon, by Julie Peteet 4. U.S. Policy toward Lebanon, by Kail C. Ellis Part II. Religion, Culture, and Gender 5. Muslim-Christian Relations in Lebanon: A Christian Perspective, by Paul Nabil Sayah 6. Religion and Politics: The Case of Lebanon, by Mohammad Sammak 7. Lebanon as a Regional Educational and Cultural Center, by Nabeel F. Haidar 8. Women in Postwar Lebanon, by Mona Chemali Khalaf Part III. Problems of Urbanization, Ecology, and the Economy 9. The Emerging Urban Landscape of Lebanon, by Michael F. Davie 10. The Ecological Crisis in Lebanon, by Fouad Hamdan 11. The Lebanese Economy in the Twenty-first Century, by Wassim N. Shahin ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet.
While a stalemate in the predominantly Tamil North and East of Sri Lanka continues despite Indian intervention on the government's behalf, in the Sinhala South death squads associated with the pseudo People's Liberation Front, the JVP, have been ruthlessly eliminating its opponents. The United National Party (UNP) and the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), having created and nurtured popular racism for over thirty years in order to get into power (through a ready-made Sinhalese majority of 70 per cent of the population), * would now like to draw back from the brink of another crippling civil war, this time in the South. But they are unable to do so because the JVP has taken up the Sinhala cause and pushed it to the point of social fascism through assassination and murder. Popular racism based on Sinhala-Buddhist nationalism promoted in the schools and expressed in song, textbook and media served to fuel the anti-Tamil pogroms of 1958, 1977, 1981 and 1983, in which thousands were killed at the hands of street mobs. Some of the most violently anti- Tamil propaganda (deriving inspiration from mythical Sinhalese history) has emanated from the present government. Colonisation of Tamil areas by Sinhalese was justified on the pretext of protecting ancient Buddhist shrines. And it is an open secret that ministers hired their own hit squads in the 1983 pogrom. When, in a bid to end the unwinnable war with the Tamils, the UNP signed the Indo-Lanka Accord in 1987, allowing Indian troops to operate on Sri Lankan soil, it alienated the very Sinhala nationalists it had itself fostered. And it was the JVP which capitalised on the resentment over India's interference in Sri Lanka's internal affairs. Accusing the UNP government (and other supporters of the Accord) of treachery, it enlarged and deepened popular racism into fanatical patriotism. But what has given the JVP terror tactics a hold over the population has been the steady erosion of democratic freedoms, on the one hand, and the self-abasement of the Left, on the other. Both the SLFP and UNP governments have postponed elections to stay in power, but the UNP went further and got itself re-elected en bloc on a phoney referendum to postpone elections. Local elections were never held under the SLFP and whatever elections took place under the UNP have either been rigged and/or carried out under conditions of massive intimidation. In the process, the political literacy that the country once boasted has been lost to the people and, with it, their will to resist. At the same time the collaborationist politics of the Left in the SLFP government of 1970-77 have not only served to decimate its own chances at the polls (it obtained not a single seat in the election of 1977) but also to leave the working-class movement defenceless. So that it was a simple matter for the UNP government to crush the general strike of 1980, imprison its leaders and throw 80, 000 workers permanently out of work. And it has been left to the JVP to pretend to take up the socialist mantle of the Left even as it devotes itself to the racist cause of the Right, and so win the support of the Sinhala-Buddhist people. In the final analysis the choice before the country is that of two terrors: that of the state or that of the JVP. Below we publish an analysis of the situation as at October 1988, put out by the underground Campaign for Social Democracy in the run up to the presidential elections.
A study limited to M youth of Turkey, & further restricted to U S's at Robert Coll, Istanbul, & at the U of Ankara. Robert Coll is a private institution founded under US auspices using US textbooks. S's are from wealthier families including many Christians probably sympathetic to Westernization. Values were studied by a questionnaire condensed from one used by J. Gillespie & G. W. Allport to study youths in 10 diff countries & translated into Turkish & supplemented with some additional questions. It was administered anonymously during group meetings to 72% of Coll M Turkish S's & 68% of the relevant pop at Ankara although an attempt was made to obtain a complete coverage of M Turkish citizens. By comparison with the Gillespie-Allport study of Egypt & Israel, Westernized countries such as the US & France, & other countries such as Africa & Mexico, the Turkish S value profile can be located with this spectrum of countries. The S's at Ankara are modern in respect to dress, hygiene, health practices, possessions, etc,in comparison with neighboring villages. Turkish history has emphasized militarism & this is revealed in the S's attitude toward war: 33% feel war is sometimes a good thing, & this is similar to findings for other emergent countries such as Egypt, Mexico, & South Africa; but Turkish S's are more apt than others to think the world will escape another war. Nationalism is a recent development & is strongly emphasized by these S's. The data do not suggest that Turkish youth are ready to support a newer Western value of internationalism. Family loyalties are part of the traditional position, & these S's show these loyalties though sometimes they are 2nd to nationalism where rankings are asked for. The Revolution removed religion from influence in pol'al & private life; & though some of the policies have recently been relaxed, these S's ranked religion as the lowest of 6 sectors of life while 69% felt a religious belief was necessary to a mature philosophy of life. In comparison with the Gillespie-Allport findings, the Turkish youth rank with the Westernized countries on this value. Traditional pol'al absolutism no longer exists among the S's, but authoritarianism has persisted. Data on various classes show that the central values decline during their Coll stay, becoming more Western as a result of educ & the particular emphasis of the curriculum on soc & pol'al sci. These changes do not result from greater maturity of higher educ per se since the S's do not show the progressive change from freshman to senior yr though they differ in their aggregate values. The Robert Coll S value profile should be more Western. Comparisons are for Moslem youth since this provides the test of the educ'al process without the subcultural influences. Robert Coll S's are less likely to exhibit the value of nationalism, more likely to exhibit internationalism. They are less likely to be militaristic, less likely to be religious, & though they are similar to Ankara S's on absolutism, they are less authoritarian. The data on family values are inconsistent. Comparison to the Gillespie-Allport findings shows that they are as extremely traditional as any groups on the central value of nationalism & militarism. Christian S's at Robert Coll are more Westernized than either Robert Coll Moslems or Ankara S's though in comparison with other countries studied, they also adhere to the central Turkish traditional values. J. D. Twight.
The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation of metrology as government regulated activity in France. The article has discussed the historical process of development of metrological activity in France. It was revealed that the history of metrology is considered as an auxiliary historical and ethnographic discipline from a social and philosophical point of view as the evolution of scientific approaches to the definition of individual units of physical quantities and branches of metrology. However, in the scientific literature, the little attention is paid to the process of a development of a centralized institutional metrology system that is the organizational basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. The article by Irena Grebtsova and Maryna Kovalska is devoted to the of the development of the source criticism's knowledge in the Imperial Novorossiya University which was founded in the second half of the XIX century in Odesa. Grounding on a large complex of general scientific methods, and a historical method and source criticism, the authors identified the stages of the formation of source criticism in the process of teaching historical disciplines at the university, what they based on an analysis of the teaching activities of professors and associate professors of the Faculty of History and Philology. In the article, the development of the foundations of source criticism is considered as a complex process, which in Western European and Russian science was the result of the development of the theory and practice of everyday dialogue between scientists and historical sources. This process had a great influence on the advancement of a historical education in university, which was one of the important factors in the formation of source studies as a scientific discipline. The article by Tetiana Malovichko is devoted to the study of what changes the course of the probability theory has undergone from the end of the 19th century to our time based on the analysis of The Theory of Probabilities textbook by VasylP.Ermakov published in 1878. The paper contains a comparative analysis of The Probability Theory textbook and modern educational literature. The birth of children after infertility treatment of married couples with the help of assisted reproductive technologies has become a reality after many years of basic research on the physiology of reproductive system, development of oocyte's in vitro fertilization methods and cultivation of embryos at pre-implantation stages. Given the widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies in modern medical practice and the great interest of society to this problem, the aim of the study authors from the Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was to trace the main stages and key events of assisted reproductive technologies in the world and in Ukraine, as well as to highlight the activities of outstanding scientists of domestic and world science who were at the origins of the development of this area. As a result of the work, it has been shown that despite certain ethical and social biases, the discovery of individual predecessor scientists became the basis for the efforts of Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe to ensure birth of the world's first child, whose conception occurred outside the mother's body. There are also historical facts and unique photos from our own archive, which confirm the fact of the first successful oocyte in vitro fertilization and the birth of a child after the use of assisted reproductive technologies in Ukraine. In the next article, the authors tried to consider and structure the stages of development and creation of the "Yermak", the world's first Arctic icebreaker, and analyzed the stages of preparation and the results of its first expeditions to explore the Arctic. Systematic analysis of historical sources and biographical material allowed to separate and comprehensively consider the conditions and prehistory for the development and creation of "Yermak" icebreaker. Also, the authors gave an assessment to the role of Vice Admiral Stepan Osypovych Makarov in those events, and analyzed the role of Sergei Yulyevich Witte, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shansky in the preparation and implementation of the first Arctic expeditions of the "Yermak"icebreaker. The authors of the following article considered the historical aspects of construction and operation of train ferry routes. The article deals with the analysis and systematization of the data on the historical development of train ferry routes and describes the background for the construction of train ferry routes and their advantages over other combined transport types. It also deals with the basic features of the train ferries operating on the main international train ferry routes. The study is concerned with both sea routes and routes across rivers and lakes. The article shows the role of train ferry routes in the improvement of a national economy, and in the provision of the military defense. An analysis of numerous artefacts of the first third of the 20th century suggests that the production of many varieties of art-and-industrial ceramics developed in Halychyna, in particular architectural ceramic plastics, a variety of functional ceramics, decorative tiles, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, etc. The artistic features of Halychyna art ceramics, the richness of methods for decorating and shaping it, stylistic features, as well as numerous art societies, scientific and professional associations, groups, plants and factories specializing in the production of ceramics reflect the general development of this industry in the first half of the century and represent the prerequisites the emergence of the school of professional ceramics in Halychyna at the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the next paper is to analyze the formation and development of scientific and professional schools of art-and-industrial ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. During the environmental crisis, electric transport (e-transport) is becoming a matter for scientific inquiry, a subject of discussion in politics and among public figures. In the program for developing the municipal services of Ukraine, priorities are given to the development of the infrastructure of ecological transport: trolleybuses, electric buses, electric cars. The increased attention to e-transport on the part of the scientific community, politicians, and the public actualizes the study of its history, development, features of operation, etc. The aim of the next study is to highlight little-known facts of the history of production and operation of MAN trolleybuses in Ukrainian cities, as well as to introduce their technical characteristics into scientific circulation. The types, specific design solutions of the first MAN trolleybus generation and the prerequisites for their appearance in Chernivtsi have been determined. Particular attention has been paid to trolleybuses that were in operation in Germany and other Western European countries from the first half of the 1930s to the early 1950s. The paper traces the stages of operation of the MAN trolleybuses in Chernivtsi, where they worked during 1939–1944 and after the end of the Second World War, they were transferred to Kyiv. After two years of operation in the Ukrainian capital, the trolleybuses entered the routes in Dnipropetrovsk during 1947–1951. The purpose of the article by authors from the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies of Ukraine is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway. ; The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation of metrology as government regulated activity in France. The article has discussed the historical process of development of metrological activity in France. It was revealed that the history of metrology is considered as an auxiliary historical and ethnographic discipline from a social and philosophical point of view as the evolution of scientific approaches to the definition of individual units of physical quantities and branches of metrology. However, in the scientific literature, the little attention is paid to the process of a development of a centralized institutional metrology system that is the organizational basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. The article by Irena Grebtsova and Maryna Kovalska is devoted to the of the development of the source criticism's knowledge in the Imperial Novorossiya University which was founded in the second half of the XIX century in Odesa. Grounding on a large complex of general scientific methods, and a historical method and source criticism, the authors identified the stages of the formation of source criticism in the process of teaching historical disciplines at the university, what they based on an analysis of the teaching activities of professors and associate professors of the Faculty of History and Philology. In the article, the development of the foundations of source criticism is considered as a complex process, which in Western European and Russian science was the result of the development of the theory and practice of everyday dialogue between scientists and historical sources. This process had a great influence on the advancement of a historical education in university, which was one of the important factors in the formation of source studies as a scientific discipline. The article by Tetiana Malovichko is devoted to the study of what changes the course of the probability theory has undergone from the end of the 19th century to our time based on the analysis of The Theory of Probabilities textbook by VasylP.Ermakov published in 1878. The paper contains a comparative analysis of The Probability Theory textbook and modern educational literature. The birth of children after infertility treatment of married couples with the help of assisted reproductive technologies has become a reality after many years of basic research on the physiology of reproductive system, development of oocyte's in vitro fertilization methods and cultivation of embryos at pre-implantation stages. Given the widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies in modern medical practice and the great interest of society to this problem, the aim of the study authors from the Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was to trace the main stages and key events of assisted reproductive technologies in the world and in Ukraine, as well as to highlight the activities of outstanding scientists of domestic and world science who were at the origins of the development of this area. As a result of the work, it has been shown that despite certain ethical and social biases, the discovery of individual predecessor scientists became the basis for the efforts of Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe to ensure birth of the world's first child, whose conception occurred outside the mother's body. There are also historical facts and unique photos from our own archive, which confirm the fact of the first successful oocyte in vitro fertilization and the birth of a child after the use of assisted reproductive technologies in Ukraine. In the next article, the authors tried to consider and structure the stages of development and creation of the "Yermak", the world's first Arctic icebreaker, and analyzed the stages of preparation and the results of its first expeditions to explore the Arctic. Systematic analysis of historical sources and biographical material allowed to separate and comprehensively consider the conditions and prehistory for the development and creation of "Yermak" icebreaker. Also, the authors gave an assessment to the role of Vice Admiral Stepan Osypovych Makarov in those events, and analyzed the role of Sergei Yulyevich Witte, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shansky in the preparation and implementation of the first Arctic expeditions of the "Yermak"icebreaker. The authors of the following article considered the historical aspects of construction and operation of train ferry routes. The article deals with the analysis and systematization of the data on the historical development of train ferry routes and describes the background for the construction of train ferry routes and their advantages over other combined transport types. It also deals with the basic features of the train ferries operating on the main international train ferry routes. The study is concerned with both sea routes and routes across rivers and lakes. The article shows the role of train ferry routes in the improvement of a national economy, and in the provision of the military defense. An analysis of numerous artefacts of the first third of the 20th century suggests that the production of many varieties of art-and-industrial ceramics developed in Halychyna, in particular architectural ceramic plastics, a variety of functional ceramics, decorative tiles, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, etc. The artistic features of Halychyna art ceramics, the richness of methods for decorating and shaping it, stylistic features, as well as numerous art societies, scientific and professional associations, groups, plants and factories specializing in the production of ceramics reflect the general development of this industry in the first half of the century and represent the prerequisites the emergence of the school of professional ceramics in Halychyna at the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the next paper is to analyze the formation and development of scientific and professional schools of art-and-industrial ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. During the environmental crisis, electric transport (e-transport) is becoming a matter for scientific inquiry, a subject of discussion in politics and among public figures. In the program for developing the municipal services of Ukraine, priorities are given to the development of the infrastructure of ecological transport: trolleybuses, electric buses, electric cars. The increased attention to e-transport on the part of the scientific community, politicians, and the public actualizes the study of its history, development, features of operation, etc. The aim of the next study is to highlight little-known facts of the history of production and operation of MAN trolleybuses in Ukrainian cities, as well as to introduce their technical characteristics into scientific circulation. The types, specific design solutions of the first MAN trolleybus generation and the prerequisites for their appearance in Chernivtsi have been determined. Particular attention has been paid to trolleybuses that were in operation in Germany and other Western European countries from the first half of the 1930s to the early 1950s. The paper traces the stages of operation of the MAN trolleybuses in Chernivtsi, where they worked during 1939–1944 and after the end of the Second World War, they were transferred to Kyiv. After two years of operation in the Ukrainian capital, the trolleybuses entered the routes in Dnipropetrovsk during 1947–1951. The purpose of the article by authors from the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies of Ukraine is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway. ; The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation of metrology as government regulated activity in France. The article has discussed the historical process of development of metrological activity in France. It was revealed that the history of metrology is considered as an auxiliary historical and ethnographic discipline from a social and philosophical point of view as the evolution of scientific approaches to the definition of individual units of physical quantities and branches of metrology. However, in the scientific literature, the little attention is paid to the process of a development of a centralized institutional metrology system that is the organizational basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. The article by Irena Grebtsova and Maryna Kovalska is devoted to the of the development of the source criticism's knowledge in the Imperial Novorossiya University which was founded in the second half of the XIX century in Odesa. Grounding on a large complex of general scientific methods, and a historical method and source criticism, the authors identified the stages of the formation of source criticism in the process of teaching historical disciplines at the university, what they based on an analysis of the teaching activities of professors and associate professors of the Faculty of History and Philology. In the article, the development of the foundations of source criticism is considered as a complex process, which in Western European and Russian science was the result of the development of the theory and practice of everyday dialogue between scientists and historical sources. This process had a great influence on the advancement of a historical education in university, which was one of the important factors in the formation of source studies as a scientific discipline. The article by Tetiana Malovichko is devoted to the study of what changes the course of the probability theory has undergone from the end of the 19th century to our time based on the analysis of The Theory of Probabilities textbook by VasylP.Ermakov published in 1878. The paper contains a comparative analysis of The Probability Theory textbook and modern educational literature. The birth of children after infertility treatment of married couples with the help of assisted reproductive technologies has become a reality after many years of basic research on the physiology of reproductive system, development of oocyte's in vitro fertilization methods and cultivation of embryos at pre-implantation stages. Given the widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies in modern medical practice and the great interest of society to this problem, the aim of the study authors from the Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was to trace the main stages and key events of assisted reproductive technologies in the world and in Ukraine, as well as to highlight the activities of outstanding scientists of domestic and world science who were at the origins of the development of this area. As a result of the work, it has been shown that despite certain ethical and social biases, the discovery of individual predecessor scientists became the basis for the efforts of Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe to ensure birth of the world's first child, whose conception occurred outside the mother's body. There are also historical facts and unique photos from our own archive, which confirm the fact of the first successful oocyte in vitro fertilization and the birth of a child after the use of assisted reproductive technologies in Ukraine. In the next article, the authors tried to consider and structure the stages of development and creation of the "Yermak", the world's first Arctic icebreaker, and analyzed the stages of preparation and the results of its first expeditions to explore the Arctic. Systematic analysis of historical sources and biographical material allowed to separate and comprehensively consider the conditions and prehistory for the development and creation of "Yermak" icebreaker. Also, the authors gave an assessment to the role of Vice Admiral Stepan Osypovych Makarov in those events, and analyzed the role of Sergei Yulyevich Witte, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shansky in the preparation and implementation of the first Arctic expeditions of the "Yermak"icebreaker. The authors of the following article considered the historical aspects of construction and operation of train ferry routes. The article deals with the analysis and systematization of the data on the historical development of train ferry routes and describes the background for the construction of train ferry routes and their advantages over other combined transport types. It also deals with the basic features of the train ferries operating on the main international train ferry routes. The study is concerned with both sea routes and routes across rivers and lakes. The article shows the role of train ferry routes in the improvement of a national economy, and in the provision of the military defense. An analysis of numerous artefacts of the first third of the 20th century suggests that the production of many varieties of art-and-industrial ceramics developed in Halychyna, in particular architectural ceramic plastics, a variety of functional ceramics, decorative tiles, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, etc. The artistic features of Halychyna art ceramics, the richness of methods for decorating and shaping it, stylistic features, as well as numerous art societies, scientific and professional associations, groups, plants and factories specializing in the production of ceramics reflect the general development of this industry in the first half of the century and represent the prerequisites the emergence of the school of professional ceramics in Halychyna at the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the next paper is to analyze the formation and development of scientific and professional schools of art-and-industrial ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. During the environmental crisis, electric transport (e-transport) is becoming a matter for scientific inquiry, a subject of discussion in politics and among public figures. In the program for developing the municipal services of Ukraine, priorities are given to the development of the infrastructure of ecological transport: trolleybuses, electric buses, electric cars. The increased attention to e-transport on the part of the scientific community, politicians, and the public actualizes the study of its history, development, features of operation, etc. The aim of the next study is to highlight little-known facts of the history of production and operation of MAN trolleybuses in Ukrainian cities, as well as to introduce their technical characteristics into scientific circulation. The types, specific design solutions of the first MAN trolleybus generation and the prerequisites for their appearance in Chernivtsi have been determined. Particular attention has been paid to trolleybuses that were in operation in Germany and other Western European countries from the first half of the 1930s to the early 1950s. The paper traces the stages of operation of the MAN trolleybuses in Chernivtsi, where they worked during 1939–1944 and after the end of the Second World War, they were transferred to Kyiv. After two years of operation in the Ukrainian capital, the trolleybuses entered the routes in Dnipropetrovsk during 1947–1951. The purpose of the article by authors from the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies of Ukraine is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway.
Economic, strategic and cultural connections to Japan have never been stronger and more students across the breadth of our education system, primary through to tertiary, continue to be interested in studying Japanese. But what, beyond Demon Slayer and Pokemon, motivates them and how can that knowledge help universities to build effective and engaging language programs? Japanese is one of the most popular Asian languages taught at tertiary institutions around the world. According to the Survey Report on Japanese-language Education Abroad 2018 (Japan Foundation, 2020), the number of learners outside Japan reached 3,851,774, the second highest on record, and the number of institutions and teachers was the highest since the Foundation's 1979 survey. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, enrolment in Japanese language subjects has remained relatively strong, even in 2021. Oceania (the majority from Australia and New Zealand) has the highest number of learners per 100,000 population globally. However, as the authors of this article, we have become increasingly concerned about the sustainability of advanced Japanese language programs in our region—specifically Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. Language education policies (at the governmental and institutional level) and diminishing investment into language education in the higher education sector have put many Japanese Studies/language programs under strain. Advanced-level subjects generally have lower enrolment numbers than beginner- and intermediate-level subjects, and so are most at risk of being merged, cut back or dropped altogether. According to the US Foreign Services Institute (FSI), Japanese is considered to be one of the 'super-hard languages' that require English native speakers three times as long as French or Italian to attain 'professional working proficiency'. This means that without students' long-term commitment (retention to advanced levels) and well supported, quality education, there can be no sustainable future for Japanese language programs producing highly advanced users of Japanese in those nations. Against this backdrop, we recently launched the Network for Teaching Advanced Japanese Project (上級日本語Network), supported by a Japan Foundation Sakura Mini Grant 2020. This project provides a platform to collect data through surveys and interviews to better understand the current state of advanced Japanese language programs at university level in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore, and advocate for communities of practice and ongoing support across the sector. This collaboration involves countries that are members of the Commonwealth. Not only are their universities' medium of instruction English, but they also share similar program structures. The Network for Teaching Advanced Japanese Project approached colleagues from universities in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore in 2020, gathering data on Japanese language programs at 25 institutions in total (Australia 19, New Zealand four, Singapore two). In total, 76 participants responded to the survey and among those respondents, 38 teachers (34 from Australia, two from New Zeland and two from Singapore) participated in online interviews between December 2020 and January 2021. Our survey results show that the 'advanced' level was broadly defined by: the stage of progression at the institution, a proficiency level equivalent to external criteria such as the Japanese Language Proficiency Test or the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages; and the demonstration of specific skills through engagement with types of learning activities or resources (eg progression through language textbooks). What emerged from this is that there is a disparity in what is categorised as constituting the 'advanced level' within different institutional frameworks. Although this may seem merely a comparison with European languages these definitions have significant impact on institutional support for Japanese language. If institutions only support languages through to what we as teachers define as intermediate then it becomes harder for us to graduate advanced users of Japanese. We found that there are subjects with similar content and resources (for example the same textbook) that are called 'advanced' by some universities and 'intermediate' by others. It is common practice that in a three-year university degree program, students who start as beginners can progress to an 'advanced' level in their final year of study, but in many cases, realistically speaking, this 'advanced' level of study is nevertheless perceived as an 'intermediate' level of language acquisition by tertiary teachers of Japanese. The majority of students from the institutions we surveyed usually have three to four hours of class per week (five to six hours at most) during the semester or term. This gives them an average of around 100 class hours per year, and a total of around 300 over their three-year university degree program. It is clear this is insufficient when compared with 2,200 class hours deemed necessary to reach 'professional working proficiency' for Japanese in the aforementioned FSI estimate (for French and Spanish 600-700 and for German 900 class hours). It should be noted that 'class hours' here may assume that language learning does not occur beyond the classroom. Thus, the need to take account of the fact that tertiary students in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore increasingly engage in language learning outside the classroom, for example doing online tasks as part of a blended-learning curriculum, watching Japanese dramas or participating in in-country studies. Our project also found that there is a tendency for the teaching of Asian languages to be adapted to the framework used in the teaching of European languages. It is for example, common practice for universities to offer Levels 1 – 6 in each language with Levels 5 – 6 defined as 'advanced'. This ignores the fact that students progress differently in different languages. The proficiency level reached by students in Japanese language programs at the official 'advanced' level may well be behind those in European language programs. All three countries involved in this project—Australia, New Zealand and Singapore—operate in an English-speaking context associated with the UK tradition of language education which may explain why European languages (which share the Roman alphabet based writing system with English) tend to be privileged in the institutional frameworks. There has been enthusiastic promotion of Asian language education (including Japanese) by the Australian and New Zealand governments since late 1990s, and the ongoing social commitment to multiculturalism. Australia, for example, has released several strategic plans such as the National Asian Language Studies in Australian Schools Strategy (NALSAS, 1995-2002) and recommendations on Asian language studies in the Australia in the Asian Century White Paper (2012). The New Zealand government implemented the Asian Language Learning in Schools (ALLiS) program in 2014, and have committed to a total of $10 million over five years, aiming to support schools by setting up new Asian language learning programs, or strengthening existing ones. In Singapore, mainly in response to industrial demand, the Ministry of Education established their Foreign Language Centre in 1978 to offer couses of French, German and Japanese for secondary school students (the Centre expanded to Ministry of Education Language Centre to offer language couses in wider age groups). Universities and polytechnics in Singapore also established Japanese language programs from the1980s. The development of Asian literacy can be better supported with a less Eurocentric and less English-monolingual mindset. A recent report (May 30, 2021) on the current state of school language programs and assessment in the Australian state of New South Wales suggests European languages such as French are advantaged over Japanese and Arabic, pointing to just such a bias. Further, the dominance of English in the global arena is creating a societal apathy for learning languages other than English. Despite acknowledgement that languages provide a key pathway to fostering 'generalised national multilingualism, social harmony, and economic prosperity' as noted by scholars Shannon Mason and John Hajek, representations of language education in the media can often exacerbate the precarious position of language education in Australia by presenting only superficial, narrow and negative editorial debate.
The article emphasizes the relevance of the formation of students' civic and socialThe article emphasizes the relevance of the formation of students' civic and socialcompetences during the reformation of educational institutions according to the concept of the NewUkrainian School with the ability to appreciate the cultural diversity of different peoples and identifythemselves as citizens of Ukraine, contributing to the upbringing of the Ukrainian patriot. Emphasis isplaced on the results of the research and experimental work "Formation of the value-meaningfulsphere of children of preschool and primary school age" on the issues of national-patriotic education.It is proposed to consider the national idea through the philosophical reflection of the educationalissues in the conditions of globalization and to identify the tendencies of developing nationaleducation in response to the challenges and risks of modern society that affect the functioning ofeducational institutions. In order to solve theoretical issues, it is important to involve the scientificresults of specialists in different directions: public administration (process management, statesecurity), philosophy (forming national consciousness), pedagogy (methodology and technology ofpedagogical influence), psychology (problems of motivation and self-identification), sociology(opinion survey), communication theory (media outreach), cultural studies (preserving nationalculture, traditions, tolerance and politics of multiculturalism), politology (preserving the state),national security (preserving social standards, defining social partners, developing social projects,considering requests for social justice), economy (determing priorities of budgetary and non-budgetary financing of educational institutions, involving cooperation of local self-governmentbodies, business structures and public organizations). It is determined that the reasons of insufficientlevel of teachers' readiness for systematic and purposeful work on patriotic upbringing of studentsshould be sought in the incomplete use of the potential of the educational subjects, the lack ofscientific and substantive methods and a set of didactic tools (textbooks, audiobooks, teachingmaterials) providing support in the practical acquisition of students' knowledge, skills, and creativeuse of them in cognitive activity. ; El artículo enfatiza la relevancia de la formación de las competencias cívicas y sociales de los estudiantes durante la reforma de las instituciones educativas de acuerdo con el concepto de la Nueva Escuela de Ucrania con la capacidad de apreciar la diversidad cultural de los diferentes pueblos e identificarse como ciudadanos de Ucrania, contribuyendo a la educación del patriota ucraniano. Se hace hincapié en los resultados de la investigación y el trabajo experimental "Formación de la esfera de valor significativo de los niños en edad preescolar y primaria" sobre los temas de la educación patriótica nacional. Se propone considerar la idea nacional a través de la reflexión filosófica de los problemas educativos en las condiciones de la globalización e identificar las tendencias del desarrollo de la educación nacional en respuesta a los desafíos y riesgos de la sociedad moderna que afectan el funcionamiento de las instituciones educativas. Para resolver problemas teóricos, es importante involucrar los resultados científicos de especialistas en diferentes direcciones: administración pública (gestión de procesos, seguridad del estado), filosofía (formación de conciencia nacional), pedagogía (metodología y tecnología de influencia pedagógica), psicología ( problemas de motivación y autoidentificación), sociología (encuesta de opinión), teoría de la comunicación (difusión en los medios), estudios culturales (preservar la cultura nacional, tradiciones, tolerancia y política del multiculturalismo), politología (preservar el estado), seguridad nacional (preservar lo social estándares, definición de interlocutores sociales, desarrollo de proyectos sociales, consideración de solicitudes de justicia social), economía (que determina las prioridades de financiación presupuestaria y no presupuestaria de instituciones educativas, que implica la cooperación de organismos locales de autogobierno, estructuras empresariales y organizaciones públicas). Se determina que las razones del nivel insuficiente de preparación de los docentes para el trabajo sistemático y con propósito en la educación patriótica de los estudiantes deben buscarse en el uso incompleto del potencial de las materias educativas, la falta de métodos científicos y sustantivos y un conjunto didáctico herramientas (libros de texto, audiolibros, materiales didácticos) que brindan apoyo en la adquisición práctica de los conocimientos, habilidades y uso creativo de los estudiantes en la actividad cognitiva. ; The article emphasizes the relevance of the formation of students' civic and socialThe article emphasizes the relevance of the formation of students' civic and socialcompetences during the reformation of educational institutions according to the concept of the NewUkrainian School with the ability to appreciate the cultural diversity of different peoples and identifythemselves as citizens of Ukraine, contributing to the upbringing of the Ukrainian patriot. Emphasis isplaced on the results of the research and experimental work "Formation of the value-meaningfulsphere of children of preschool and primary school age" on the issues of national-patriotic education.It is proposed to consider the national idea through the philosophical reflection of the educationalissues in the conditions of globalization and to identify the tendencies of developing nationaleducation in response to the challenges and risks of modern society that affect the functioning ofeducational institutions. In order to solve theoretical issues, it is important to involve the scientificresults of specialists in different directions: public administration (process management, statesecurity), philosophy (forming national consciousness), pedagogy (methodology and technology ofpedagogical influence), psychology (problems of motivation and self-identification), sociology(opinion survey), communication theory (media outreach), cultural studies (preserving nationalculture, traditions, tolerance and politics of multiculturalism), politology (preserving the state),national security (preserving social standards, defining social partners, developing social projects,considering requests for social justice), economy (determing priorities of budgetary and non-budgetary financing of educational institutions, involving cooperation of local self-governmentbodies, business structures and public organizations). It is determined that the reasons of insufficientlevel of teachers' readiness for systematic and purposeful work on patriotic upbringing of studentsshould be sought in the incomplete use of the potential of the educational subjects, the lack ofscientific and substantive methods and a set of didactic tools (textbooks, audiobooks, teachingmaterials) providing support in the practical acquisition of students' knowledge, skills, and creativeuse of them in cognitive activity. ; O artigo enfatiza a relevância da formação das competências cívicas e sociais dos estudantes durante a reforma das instituições de ensino, de acordo com o conceito da Nova Escola Ucraniana, com a capacidade de apreciar a diversidade cultural de diferentes povos e se identificar como cidadãos da Ucrânia, contribuindo à educação do patriota ucraniano. Ênfase é colocada nos resultados da pesquisa e trabalho experimental "Formação da esfera de valor significativo de crianças em idade pré-escolar e escolar" sobre as questões da educação nacional-patriótica. Propõe-se considerar a idéia nacional através da reflexão filosófica das questões educacionais nas condições da globalização e identificar as tendências do desenvolvimento da educação nacional em resposta aos desafios e riscos da sociedade moderna que afetam o funcionamento das instituições educacionais. Para resolver questões teóricas, é importante envolver os resultados científicos de especialistas em diferentes direções: administração pública (gestão de processos, segurança do estado), filosofia (formação da consciência nacional), pedagogia (metodologia e tecnologia de influência pedagógica), psicologia ( problemas de motivação e auto-identificação), sociologia (pesquisa de opinião), teoria da comunicação (divulgação da mídia), estudos culturais (preservação da cultura nacional, tradições, tolerância e política do multiculturalismo), política (preservação do estado), segurança nacional (preservação da sociedade) normas, definição de parceiros sociais, desenvolvimento de projetos sociais, considerando solicitações de justiça social), economia (determinando prioridades de financiamento orçamentário e não orçamentário de instituições de ensino, envolvendo a cooperação de órgãos autônomos locais, estruturas empresariais e organizações públicas). Determinou-se que as razões do nível insuficiente de prontidão dos professores para o trabalho sistemático e intencional na educação patriótica dos alunos devem ser buscadas no uso incompleto do potencial das disciplinas educacionais, na falta de métodos científicos e substantivos e em um conjunto de práticas didáticas. ferramentas (livros didáticos, audiolivros, materiais didáticos) que auxiliam na aquisição prática dos conhecimentos, habilidades e uso criativo dos alunos nas atividades cognitivas.
Part I. Introduction to the Region -- The Middle East and North Africa : Between Image and Reality -- The Geography of the Middle East and North Africa -- Culture and Society in the Middle East and North Africa -- Part II. Emergence and Evolution of the Region -- Historical Foundations : The Islamic and Arab Legacies -- The Making of the Modern Middle East : The Ottoman Legacy -- Independent States and Geopolitics : The Legacy of Western Imperialism -- The Contemporary State Systems : A System in Flux -- Contemporary Islamist Thought : The Power of Ideology -- Part III. Contemporary Issues and Challenges -- Economic Challenges : A Region of Disparities -- The Middle East Conflicts -- Civil Society, Media and Democratic Reform -- The 2011 Revolutions and the Future of the Region -- Glossary
Chapter 1 The Spreading of Stalin's Issues on The Socialist Economy in the Soviet Union in China in the 1950s and the Discussion on the Issue of Basic Economic Principles during the Transitional Period Triggered by Such Spreading -- Chapter 2 Exploration and Argument on the Relationship between Planning and Market and the Issues of Commodity and Value in the 1950s -- Chapter 3 The First Symposium on the Theories of Economics of the People's Republic of China in April 1959 -- Chapter 4 The Economic Views of Sun Yefang and Others Were Taken as "Revisionism" and Condemned in "Mass Criticism" -- Chapter 5 Extreme Left-Deviated Thought Trend Ran Rampant and Even Basic Economic Views in Marxism Were Criticized -- Chapter 6 The Action in Economics Started with the Issue on Distribution according to Performance in 1977 and 1978 -- Chapter 7 The Issue of the Role of the Law of Value as the Central Theme at the Second National Symposium on the Theories of Economics in 1979 -- Chapter 8 Scholars Working on Economic Theories Participated in a Large Scale in Economic Investigation and Survey Activities in the Early Period of the Reform and Opening Up -- Chapter 9 The Reform to Establish the Rural Household Contracted Responsibility System in the 1980s Was the Important Breakthrough in Traditional Socialist Economic Theory -- Chapter 10 The Mastering of China's Basic National Situation—the Theory of the Primary Stage of Socialism Gradually Formed with Consensus Achieved on It -- Chapter 11 The Establishment of the Theory of Socialist Commodity Economy in 1984 -- Chapter 12 The Symposium of Middle-Aged and Young Economists in 1984—the "Moganshan Conference" -- Chapter 13 The Introduction of Macroeconomic Management Theory and Experience from Western Countries at the "Bashan Tourist Ship" Conference in 1985 -- Chapter 14 The Formulation of the Compendium on Mid-Term Reform Program by Eight Units Organized by the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic System in 1987 -- Chapter 15 The Establishment of the Theory of Socialist Market Economy in 1992 and Its Rise as the Theoretical Pillar for China to Deepen Reform and Opening Up -- Chapter 16 Breakthrough in the Theory on Ownership System and the Establishment of the Basic Economic System of Socialism -- Chapter 17 The Study on the Evolution of Enterprise System and the Reform of State-Owned Enterprises into Company and Shareholding Systems -- Chapter 18 The Study, Discussion and Innovation in Market System Theory -- Chapter 19 The Study and Discussion on the Theories on Industrial Structure and Industrial Organization and Relevant Progress -- Chapter 20 The Study on Price Theory and the Exploration on the Regularities in Price Reform -- Chapter 21 China's Fiscal Transition and the Route of the Formation of the Public Finance Theory after 1990s -- Chapter 22 The Evolution and Development of the Thoughts on Finance in China -- Chapter 23 The Important Breakthrough in the Theory of Socialist Residents' Income Distribution—The Participation in Distribution According to Production Factors and the Debate on the Issue of the Relationship between Fairness and Efficiency -- Chapter 24 The Formation and Development of a Brand New Social Security Theoretical System -- Chapter 25 The Deepening and Development of the Theory on Opening Up to the Outside World in China after Its Accession to the WTO in 2000 -- Chapter 26 Reviews and Prospects on the Theoretical Study on Transition Economy -- Chapter 27 The Main Line of the Theoretical Study on China's Economic Growth: The Transformation of the Model of Economy Catch-Up and the Paradigm of Growth Theory -- Chapter 28 The Study and Discussion on the Issues of China's Economic Transition and the Transformation of the Mode of Development -- Chapter 29 The Rewriting of the Textbook of Sinicized Marxist Political Economics after the Beginning of the New Century -- Chapter 30 The Development of Economic History in the People's Republic of China -- Chapter 31 Western Economics in China over 60 Years after the Founding of the People's Republic of China.
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Econometric models are a widely used and powerful tool in macroeconomic analysis and forecasting. Admittedly, their acceptance by the academic community had some hard times during the seventies and eighties. The general decline in the reputation of macroeconomics, the Lucas and the Sims critique, as well as failures of the modelling community to make their models and their practice more transparent have left their marks. Closer looks at the ""critiques"", have, however, revealed their limited relevance, and the ""new/old macroeconomic consensus"" of the early 1990s seem to have restored much of the lost credibility.¤ Unfortunately this does not hold for the charge of missing transparency. More specific, it is criticised that (1) the numerous, often complex model relationships and the role and importance of endogenous/exogenous as well as other outside information are difficult to understand and (2) the models and especially their results are not free from bias, i. e. the models tell what their users want them to tell. This ""black box"" accusation is expressed in particular by members of the academic community, who, for various reasons, favor small, reductionist text book models. In contrast to this, policy makers and business economists value the informational content of large models. They are much less sceptical of these or overcome their doubts about the models by using others' models in addition to their own. The complaint about missing transparency is not new. Tinbergen's models in the 1930s were confronted with it. This complaint figured prominently in the macroeconometric model critique of the early seventies and it is still often heard today. The problem of ""reading"" or understanding macroeconometric models received some attention by employing verbal model descriptions, block diagrams, logical analysis (graphs, incidence matrices), model condensations, aggregated supply/demand curves, and implicit Phillips-curves. This, however, is not the case with respect to the generation of model forecasts. Of course, the aforementioned techniques facilitate also the understanding of the forecasting process, but the literature on this is still rare, and the problem is ignored in most econometric textbooks. The main explanation for all this is that there is not much effective user demand for model transparency. Consequently, the model industry sees no reason to improve the situation.¤ This paper deals with the possibilities of making forecast practice transparent by describing in detail the generation of a macroeconometric forecast. It should serve two main purposes. First, it structures the process of macroeconometric model forecasting using state of the art techniques. This should be a guide for producers as well as for users. Second, it provides users of these forecasts an understanding that model forecasts are not the result of ""black boxes"" but can be tracked down to hypotheses and assumptions. The model used is the model of the Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (¤ RWI), a medium sized, short term macroeconometric model for the (West) German economy. It has been regularly applied for forecasting since 1978. The forecast that is examined is the one that was made in autumn of 1996 for 1996 and 1997. The paper describes the various steps of forecast generation, shows their consequences for the final forecast and analyzes in particular the accuracy of this and some competing forecasts.¤ The next section displays some analytical foundations of econometric forecasting and error analysis. Section 3 briefly presents the model used and the macroeconomic situation in late 1996. The generation of the forecast is described in section 4, including its ex post assessment. The paper ends with a summary and conclusions. The subtitle of the paper announces a report from the trenches, hence the paper is rather dense and brief, and, equally important, it abstains from generalisations. Although the general framework is likely to hold for many macroeconometric model forecasts, the weight given to the various stages of the forecast production will vary with the purpose and the design of the model,
The nationalist approach to Croatianhood formed within the Croatian Party of Rights and and the concept of political Catholicism were both introduced into the Croatian historiography of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. This phenomenon, along with a new historical perspective on Croatia as "mother-land", led to attemptsto Croatize the Bosnian Middle Ages. As a result, an extensive historiography was created with the aim of presenting the Bosnian Middle Ages as part of Croatian medieval national history. These efforts were also reflected in a false ethnic and religious attribution of stećaks – Bosnian medieval tombstones – which were and still are attributed exclusively to Croatians andCatholics. The extent of the Croatization of the Bosnian Middle Ages, and thus of stećaks too, changed withthe changing political regimes. In the Austro-Hungarian period (1878–1918) two authors, Fran Milobar and Ivo Pilar, published books and articles based on the theory, propagated by the Croatian Party of Rights, about the "original territorial acquisition."They set up and developed a pseudoscholarly thesis about the ethnic and dynastic Croatian character of the Bosnian Middle Ages. During the first Yugoslavia (1918–1941) the thesis was picked up and further developed by Josip Horvat in his monumental synthetic work on a thousand years of Croatian culture. During the same period a number of articles were published in an issue of the People's Calendar, put out by Napredak, the Croatian Cultural Society of Bosnia-Herzegovina,which propagated this historiographic error to a wider readership. During the quisling state called The IndependentState od Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, 1941–1945), the Croatization of the Bosnian Middle Ages was "standardized" in a publication produced by Napredak and entitled The History of Croatian Lands in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Earliest Times until 1463; the main contributors were Filip Lukas, Oton Knezović, Ćiro Truhelka, Ljubo Karaman, VladimirVrana and Mate Tentor. The theory of Croatian Bosnia was also popularized through textbooks. Ante Pavelić, the head of The Independent State od Croatia, dealt with the same topic in his writings, using the Bosnian Middle Ages as the central motif. Particularly manifest in these writings are historiographical and geopolitical delusions concocted in order to legalizeThe Ustasa regime: 1. The Drina river – the civilizational boundary between two worlds in the context of national and ideological topography with the inclusion of the Drina river in the lyrics of the Croatian national anthem. 2. Croatians – the outer wall ofWestern Europe. 3. Iranian/Gothic origin of Croats. 4. The supposed centuries-old continuity of Croatian statehood as a legitimizing factor for The Independent State of Croatia. 5. Bosnia – body and heart of the Independent State of Croatia.In the period since 1945, father Dominik Mandić – a prominent name in historic scholarship to this day – went further than anybody else in the Croatization of the Bosnian Middle Ages. Some encyclopedic publications, even the latest ones, as well as of course the Internet as the most suitable tool for the globalization of such delusions, were not exempt from the"virus" of bad scholarship. Abandoning the Croatian myth of Greater Croatia, invented by the Croatiann Party of Rights, of Croatian Bosnia since "the seventh century" and the placing of the "Croatian question" in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the context of its creation – since the nineteenth/twentieth century – ought to be the primary goal of historical scholarship as a "secondary" discipline in the creation of democratic political culture. The Croatization of stećaks and of the Bosnian Middle Ages cannot contribute to the achievement of this goal because, apart from being factually unsound, it reflects a state of political immaturity. Scholarly maturity is a prerequisite to the maturity of political culture and its "relocation" from the worldof submissive and parochial culture into the world of participatory and civic culture.
Sébastien Le Clerc (1637-1714) appears to be one of the most singular artists of Louis XIV's reign. A prolific draughtsman and engraver, he was driven by a remarkable ambition towards his art. Shortly after his arrival in Paris in 1665, he joined the Gobelins under the direction of Charles Le Brun, and soon integrated the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture. After having been made aware of the rhetoric developed within the institution in order to recognise painting and sculpture as liberal arts, Le Clerc sought to enhance the practice of engraving by stressing the intellectual work it required. Over the years, he expressed his desire to compete with painting, a view that was radically different from the dominant conception which considered engraving as being submitted to the other arts. Besides his career as an engraver, Le Clerc showed a growing interest in literary practices. Since he originally wished to become a military engineer, he wrote treatises on fortification and on applied geometry. His position as a professor of perspective at the Academy then led him to write textbooks on various subjects and to study optics as the basis of perspective. Besides his prints, his ability to converse on mathematics and physics generated a certain fascination among his contemporaries far beyond the small circle of print connoisseurs. At the end of the 17th century, Le Clerc gradually transformed his studio into a place of learned sociability, and began to fulfil his ambition to become a philosopher by publishing treatises on cosmology and optics. The nature of the interactions between artistic and scientific practices in Le Clerc's work is a quite exceptional phenomenon in Western history. It can thus shed light on some aspects of the complex relationship between art and science during the Grand Siècle, and the way in which this relationship may foreshadow the dichotomy we today know. ; Sébastien Le Clerc (1637-1714) apparaît comme l'un des artistes les plus singuliers du siècle de Louis XIV. Dessinateur et graveur extraordinairement prolifique, il se distingue également par une remarquable ambition à l'égard de son art. Peu après son arrivée à Paris en 1665, il intégra les Gobelins sous la direction de Charles Le Brun, puis fut rapidement reçu à l'Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture. Sensibilisé à la rhétorique développée au sein de l'institution pour élever la peinture et la sculpture au rang des arts libéraux, Le Clerc chercha alors à valoriser la pratique de la gravure en insistant sur le travail intellectuel qu'elle requérait. Au fil des années, il manifesta clairement le souhait de rivaliser avec la peinture, s'opposant alors radicalement à la conception dominante qui considérait la gravure comme étant au service des autres arts. En parallèle à cette carrière, Le Clerc démontra un intérêt de plus en plus marqué pour la pratique littéraire. Initialement désireux de devenir ingénieur militaire, le graveur rédigea dans ce but un traité de fortification puis un ouvrage de géométrie pratique. Ce fut ensuite sa charge de professeur de perspective à l'Académie qui le conduisit à rédiger des manuels sur différents sujets, tout en le poussant à étudier l'optique en tant que fondement de la perspective. Ses estampes et sa capacité à converser sur des sujets de mathématique ou de physique générèrent une certaine fascination chez ses contemporains qui outrepassa rapidement le petit cercle des seuls amateurs de gravure. À la fin du XVIIe siècle, Le Clerc transforma progressivement son atelier en un lieu de sociabilité savante, et entreprit alors de réaliser sa prétention à devenir un savant à part entière en publiant des traités de cosmologie et d'optique. La nature des interactions entre pratique artistique et pratique scientifique dans l'œuvre de Le Clerc constitue un phénomène tout à fait exceptionnel au sein de l'histoire occidentale. Elle permet alors d'éclairer certains aspects des rapports complexes qu'entretiennent l'art et la science durant le Grand Siècle, et la manière dont se présage la dichotomie que l'on connaît aujourd'hui.
Abstract: A curriculum is a container to determine the direction of education. Success and failure of education, are highly depended on the curriculum. The curriculum is the spearhead for the implementation of education. The curriculum is a container to determine the direction of education. Success and failure of education, are highly depended on the curriculum. The curriculum is the spearhead for the implementation of educational activities. The curriculum 2013 divides attitude competencies into two, namely spiritual attitudes and social attitudes. The purpose of this study is to describe the natural findings regarding the implementation of the curriculum 2013 toward PAI subjects at SMP Negeri 1 Wonogiri and SMP Negeri 1 Surakarta, as well as the constraints and their carrying capacity. This study used qualitative research methods or field type research (field research), which is a research procedure that produces descriptive data sourced from written or oral words from people and observable behavior directed at the background and individuals as a whole. The subjects of this study were students and teachers of Islamic Religious Education, data collection techniques used observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study indicated that the process of implementing the Curriculum 2013 in SMP Negeri 1 Wonogiri and SMP Negeri 1 Surakarta has been implemented by applying patterns or types determined by the government. However, from the implementation process there are obstacles, including: the distribution of the teacher and student handbooks, both textbooks from subject teacher deliberations (MGMP) and directly from the government, the assessment system were very complicated so that some teachers did not understand the assessment of the Curriculum 2013, some students did not have complete facilities such as laptops. In carrying capacity, students were always given direction on the tasks they have to complete, teachers were enthusiastic in implementing the Curriculum 2013, school programs namely school missions, determining the value of students was not only obtained from test scores but also from values of politeness, religion, practices, attitudes and others, the other teachers's support excepting PAI subject, complete school facilities such as a comfortable class, LCD, white board, etc. Abstrak: Kurikulum merupakan sebuah wadah yang akan menentukan arah pendidikan. Berhasil dan tidaknya pendidikan, sangat bergantung dengan kurikulum. Kurikulum adalah ujung tombak bagi terlaksanya kegiatan pendidikan. Kurikulum 2013 membagi kompetensi sikap menjadi dua, yaitu sikap spiritual dan sikap sosial. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendiskripsikan temuan-temuan alamiah perihal implementasi kurikulum 2013 pada mata pelajaran PAI di SMP Negeri 1 Wonogiri dan di SMP Negeri 1 Surakarta, serta kendala dan daya dukungnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif atau berjenis field reseach (penelitian lapangan) yaitu prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif yang bersumber dari kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari orang-orang dan perilaku yang dapat diamati yang diarahkan pada latar dan individu secara utuh. Adapun yang menjadi subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa dan guru Pendidikan Agama Islam, teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan cara observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses implementasi Kurikulum 2013 di SMP Negeri 1 Wonogiri dan SMP Negeri 1 Surakarta sudah dilaksanakan dengan menerapkan pola atau tipe yang ditentukan oleh pemerintah, Akan tetapi dari proses implementasi itu ada kendalanya, antara lain: belum terdistribusinya buku pegangan guru dan siswa dengan baik, baik buku paket dari musyawarah guru mata pelajaran (MGMP) maupun langsung dari pemerintah, sistem penilaian sangat rumit sehingga tidak semua guru mengerti dan faham penilaian pada kurikulum 2013, tidak semua siswa memiliki fasilitas yang lengkap seperti laptop. Daya dukung, peserta didik selalu diberi pengarahan terhadap tugas-tugas yang harus mereka selesaikan, guru semangat dalam mengimplementasikan kurikulum 2013, program sekolah yaitu misi sekolah, penentuan nilai bagi siswa bukan hanya didapat dari nilai ujian saja tetapi juga didapat dari nilai kesopanan, religi, praktik, sikap dan lain-lain, Dukungan dari semua guru selain guru mapel PAI. Fasilitas Sekolah yang lengkap seperti misalnya kelas yang nyaman, LCD, White Board, dll.
The scientific article «organizational and legitimating rights and responsibilities of the Ukrainian people» is devoted to the study of general understanding of the categories «organization», «legitimation», as well as consideration of such types of organizational and legitimating rights and responsibilities of the Ukrainian people, or its part as: the right to participate in public affairs; the right to participate in national and local elections; the right to hold meetings, rallies, marches and demonstrations; the right to freedom of association in political parties and public associations; the right to send individual or collective written appeals or to personally address state authorities, local self-government bodies and officials of these bodies; the right of the working part to strike to protect their economic and social interests. In addition, the purpose of this research, according to its results, is to identify certain generalizations, definitions, conclusions, proposals and recommendations, aimed at: improving the organizational and legitimating rights and responsibilities of the Ukrainian people; for further elaboration of theoretical and practical problems concerning the rights and responsibilities of the Ukrainian people; for quality preparation, amendments and additions to regulations, namely the preparation of draft laws of Ukraine «On the status of the Ukrainian people», «On the all-Ukrainian referendum», «On local referendums» and many others; for teaching disciplines: «Constitutional law of Ukraine», «Constitutional law of foreign countries», as well as when writing textbooks, manuals, lecture courses, teaching materials ; Научная статья «организационно-легитимационные права и обязанности Украинского народа» посвящена исследованию общего понимания категорий «организация», «легитимация», а также рассмотрения таких видов организационно-легитимационных прав и обязанностей Украинского народа, или его части как: право принимать участие в управлении государственными делами; право на участие в общегосударственных и местных выборах; право на проведение собраний, митингов, шествий и демонстраций; право на свободу объединения в политические партии и общественные объединения; право направлять индивидуальные или коллективные письменные обращения или лично обращаться в органы государственной власти, органов местного самоуправления и должностных и служебных лиц этих органов; право той части, что работает на забастовку для защиты своих экономических и социальных интересов. Кроме этого, целью данного научного исследования, по его результатам, является выделение определенных обобщений, определений, выводов, предложений и рекомендаций направленных на: совершенствование организационно-легитимационных прав и обязанностей Украинского народа; для дальнейшей обработки теоретических и практических проблем, касающихся прав и обязанностей Украинского народа; для качественной подготовки, внесения изменений и дополнений в нормативно-правовых актов, а именно подготовки проектов законов Украины «О статусе Украинского народа», «О всеукраинском референдуме», «О местных референдумах» и многих других; для преподавания учебных дисциплин: «Конституционное право Украины», «Конституционное право зарубежных стран», а также при написании учебников, учебных пособий, курсов лекций, учебно-методических материалов ; Наукова стаття «організаційно-легітимаційні права та обов'язки Українського народу» присвячена дослідженню загального розуміння категорій «організація», «легітимація», а також розгляду таких видів організаційно-легітимаційних прав та обов'язків Українського народу, або його частини як: право брати участь в управлінні державними справами; право на участь у загальнодержавних та місцевих виборах; право на проведення зборів, мітингів, походів і демонстрацій; право на свободу об'єднання у політичні партії та громадські об'єднання; право направляти індивідуальні чи колективні письмові звернення або особисто звертатися до органів державної влади, органів місцевого самоврядування та посадових і службових осіб цих органів; право тієї частини, що працює, на страйк для захисту своїх економічних та соціальних інтересів. Орім цього, метою даного наукового дослідження, за його результатами, є виокремлення певних узагальнень, визначень, висновків, пропозицій та рекомендацій спрямованих на: удосконалення організаційно-легітимаційних прав та обов'язків Українського народу; для подальшого опрацювання теоретичних і практичних проблем, що стосуються прав та обов'язків Українського народу; для якісної підготовки, внесення змін та доповнень до нормативно-правових актів, а саме підготовки проектів Законів України «Про статус Українського народу», «Про всеукраїнський референдум», «Про місцеві референдуми» та багатьох інших; для викладання навчальних дисциплін: «Конституційне право України», «Конституційне право зарубіжних країн», а також під час написання підручників, навчальних посібників, курсів лекцій, навчально-методичних матеріалів
