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In this article we suggest that independent vs. interdependent aspects of the self yield different manifestations of psychological reactance and that this is especially relevant in a cross-cultural context. In Studies 1, 2 and 4 we showed that people from collectivistic cultural backgrounds (individuals holding more interdependent attitudes and values) were less sensitive to a threat to their individual freedom than people from individualistic cultural backgrounds (individuals holding more independent attitudes and values), but more sensitive if their collective freedom was threatened. In Study 3 we activated independent vs. interdependent attitudes and values utilizing a cognitive priming method and yielded similar results as the other studies hinting at the important causal role of self-related aspects in understanding reactance in a cross-cultural context.

The article deals with negative aspects of Russia's representations in Polish public discourse and the mechanisms of their reproduction. It is not as much focused on the historical roots of Polish images of Russia as on the functions they play in the logic of Polish national identity. Additionally, the article attempts to theorize certain aspects of the production of Russia's image in Poland. A particular reference is made to the center-periphery paradigm and the psychological notion of the inferiority complex. In the conclusion, functions of the image of Russia in Polish discourse are interpreted in the framework of the theory of capitals of Pierre Bourdieu.

This study describes efforts to develop a self-report psychological scale (CCES: Classroom Communication Ease Scale) to provide information about the extent to which mainstreamed deaf students think that they communicate effectively with teachers and peers, as well as how they feel about their communication experiences in mainstreamed classrooms. Data obtained from administration of the CCES to 50 deaf students enrolled in baccalaureate programs at a postsecondary technical institution were subjected to Rasch rating scale analysis. Fit of data to the measurement model resulted in a set of 42 items that empirically define the concept of "communication ease" in its cognitive aspects and a set of 21 items that elaborate the concept further in terms of its affective aspects.

Es wird der Versuch unternommen, qualitative Methoden auf den Bereich der Psychodiagnostik zu übertragen. Die in diesem Zusammenhang entwickelten Orientierungsdimensionen einer subjektorientierten Psychodiagnostik werden kritisch diskutiert unter den Problemen Subjektivität und prinzipieller Erkenntnisunsicherheit. Dabei werden erste Grenzen des Ansatzes deutlich. Die Überlegungen münden schließlich in die Forderung nach einer expliziten Ethik für die psychodiagnostische Praxis.

This provocative volume is comprised of psychological, socioeconomic, and cultural perspectives on couple dynamics, particularly gender dynamics, and the future of marriage. Featuring data on married, cohabitating, male/female, and same-sex couples, the authors of the book's chapters analyze the changing impacts of work, parenting, and the health benefits of marriage for men and women. Trajectories in the evolution toward gender equality provide the backdrop for discussions of women and men as partners, parents, and workers in contemporary society. Contributors also keep a sharp focus on the complexities of gender issues as they intersect with crucial contexts of cohort, class, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Among the topics covered: Gender equality and economic inequality: impacts on marriage. Expansionist theory expanded: integrating sociological and psychological perspectives on gender, work, and family change. Gender, work, and family: action in the interactions. Changes in U.S. mothers' and fathers' time use: causes and consequences. A case for gay fathers. Gender, marriage, and health for same-sex and different-sex couples Gender and Couple Relationships documents social roles and social change with fascinating insight to advance research in fields of psychology, sociology, demography and economics and to the benefit of work organizations, policy makers, family and couple therapists and other mental health professionals

Examines the search for biological explanations of human behavior, arguing that they would have to be evolutionary to demonstrate how specific genes cause different behavior in humans than in other animals. They would also have to show that typical human behaviors are detectable alterations of behavioral traits in other organisms & therefore the result of natural selection. Two evolutionary arguments for human social behavior are examined: sociobiology & evolutionary psychology. Although still used by some social scientists, sociobiology has been firmly dismissed by biologists. The more general adaptationist theory of evolutionary psychology relies on the existence of a complex functional organization that was never fully identified. It is argued that the impetus driving the search for evolutionary biology is the desire to apply the structure of evolution by natural selection to every aspect of living organisms, thereby giving science the ultimate legitimation. To be successful, these theories must conform to the extreme reductionism of molecular biology, which would negate their validity as social theories. J. Lindroth

David Brandt examines the legal, psychological and cultural issues relevant to understanding antisocial behaviour in adolescence. Based on his own research and a broad analysis of recent work in the field, Brandt identifies the factors that are common in cases of delinquency

"Persons only develop in relation to environment, much in the same way we develop psychologically in relation to our parents and caregivers. Neither child nor parent is properly conceptualized, modelled, or understood without the inclusion of the other in the map or model of psychological/ecological development. Likewise, we perceive, think, and feel with and not just about environment and material artifacts. The achievement of sustainability then implies making changes to minds that are mediated, extended and distributed across brains, bodies, and the materiality of one's environment. Our inherited world, however broken, guides our individual and collective becoming much as a parent guides the development of a child. The traces of (un-) sustainability perspective refutes the economistic conceptual model whereby rational economic actors are misperceived and misunderstood to have the moral right, if not the duty, to actively participate in the destruction of our collective future with ethical immunity. The presumed intelligence and naturalness of the market-based economic system is exposed as primarily a historically inherited culture-based delusion. If values and attitudes can be at least partially transformed by transforming the mundane materiality which is co-constitutive of our social mind, then an important milestone will have been achieved in our understanding of (un-) sustainability"--

Concepts of one's own culture and person are culturally shaped and partially reflect comparisons with other cultures and other persons. In the process of developing cultural and individual identities, conceptual schemata play a substantial role since they constitute essential aspects of the cognitive repertoire cultures provide to help their members develop collective and personal identities. The historical and methodological role of some of these schemata in mainstream psychology is investigated, and their impact on the scientific construction of self and other is analyzed. It is discussed how ethnocentric biases in psychological research can be minimized.

Combining economic, social-psychological and sociological approaches to trust, this book provides a general theoretical framework to causally explain conditional and unconditional trust; it also presents an experimental test of the corresponding integrative model and its predictions. Broadly, it aims at advancing a cognitive turn in trust research by highlighting the importance of (1) an actor's context-dependent definition of the situation and (2) the flexible and dynamic degree of rationality involved. In essence, trust is as "multi-faceted" as there are cognitive routes that take us to the choice of a trusting act. Therefore, variable rationality has to be incorporated as an orthogonal dimension to the typological space of trust. The theory presents an analytically tractable model; the empirical test combines trust games, high- and low-incentive conditions, framing manipulations, and psychometric measurements, and is complemented by decision-time analyses.

The art of magic relies on deception and illusions to create human experiences that appear impossible. Misdirection lies at the heart of this deceptive art, and yet there is little consensus as to what this concept aims to describe. The concept of misdirection is not limited to magic, and its principles are applied to wide aspects of our lives (e.g., politics, public health, marketing). In recent years, scientists have started to examine the psychological mechanisms that underpin misdirection and new theoretical frameworks have been developed to help understand the concept itself. This paper provides two different perspectives on misdirection. In the first section we will discuss its use in magic and examine some of the key features involved in using misdirection to create magical illusions. This section will examine some common misconceptions of misdirection. The second section will provide a psychological perspective that discusses the key psychological mechanisms that are involved in misdirection (perception, memory, reasoning). The third section examines the uses of misdirection in other domains. This paper aims to provide a clearer understanding of how misdirection is used in magic which can serve as the basis for its use in other domains, such as public health.

Abstract
This article examines how Sean O'Casey's Juno and the Paycock, written in 1924, anticipated the postmodern conception of gender, or more accurately, the postmodern deconstruction of gender as merely repetitive patterns of behavior. The focus is on how the play dramatizes the Foucauldian notion of the death of man in the neurotic and irresponsible behavior of the male characters. Taking the psychological vertical approach in the analysis, the article adds to the scholarly work that has been written about the play, which mostly focused on its sociopolitical and religious aspects. The analysis this article sets forth shows how O'Casey's representation (or perhaps mal-representation) of male characters was symptomatic of the cultural upsurge that later came to be known as postmodernism. In so doing, the article makes a curious link between O'Casey's representation of neurotic men and the more recent inception of postmodernism and its deconstruction of gender. This link, in other words, is between neurosis and deconstruction, between psychological disturbances and the much-celebrated postmodern theory that came later. Thus, the article concludes with the peculiar question of how much of postmodern thought was, albeit unconsciously, predicated upon psychological degeneration, especially when it comes to its deconstruction of gender dynamics.

How does Nietzsche, as psychologist, envision the future of religion and atheism? While there has been no lack of "psychological" studies that have sought to illuminate Nietzsche's philosophy of religion by interpreting his biography, this monograph is the first comprehensive study to approach the topic through the philosopher's own psychological thinking. The author shows how Nietzsche's critical writings on religion, and especially on religious decline and future possibilities, are informed by his psychological thinking about moods. The author furthermore argues that the clarification of this aspect of the philosopher's work is essential to interpreting some of the most ambiguous words found in his writings; the words that God is dead. Instead of merely denying the existence of God in a way that leaves a melancholic need for religion or a futile search for replacements intact, Nietzsche arguably envisions the possibility of a radical atheism, which is characterized by a mood of joyful doubt. The examination of this vision should be of great interest to scholars of Nietzsche and of the history of philosophy, but also of relevance to all those who take an interest in the interdisciplinary discourse on secularization

This book provides a unique account of how perceived justice is influenced by various aspects of an organizational merger and investigates the impact on behavior for those involved in the process. Drawing from both psychological and sociological insights, the author considers justice from an individual and group perspective in light of the political and strategic implications of mergers and acquisitions. Experiences from two empirical cases are used to consider the depth of theoretical analysis provided, in terms of practical outcomes for both organizations and employees alike. In this pioneering new book, the author explores communication, employee attitudes, trust and commitment, and the psychological contract between the employee and the organization, emphasizing the importance of developing a new meaning of organizational culture. Although primarily aimed at an academic audience, this book will also be useful to practitioners as it illuminates the potential pitfalls of overlooking the importance of fair treatment in the workplace.

Japanese Frames of Mind addresses two main questions in light of a collection of research conducted by both Japanese and American researchers at Harvard University: What challenge does Japanese psychology offer to Western psychology? Will the presumed universals of human nature discovered by Western psychology be reduced to a set of 'local psychology' among many in a world of unpredicted variations? The chapters provide a wealth of new data and perspectives related to aspects of Japanese child development, moral reasoning and narratives, schooling and family socialization, and adolescent experiences. By placing the Japanese evidence within the context of Western psychological theory and research, the book calls for a systematic reexamination of Western psychology as one psychology among many other ethnopsychologies. Written in mostly non-technical language, this book will appeal to developmental and cultural psychologists, anthropologists interested in psychological anthropology, educators, and anyone interested in Japanese and Asian studies