Suchergebnisse

Books reviewed in this article:GREAT BRITAINMargaret Gay Davies. The Enforcement of English Apprenticeship 1363–1642.Maurice Cranston. John Locke, a biography.Desmond Clarke. Arthur Dobbs Esquire 7689‐/765.Donald Read. Peterloo. The'Massacre'and its Background.Berisfords. The Ribbon People. The Story of 100 Years 1858–1958.Julian Symons. The General Strike.Julian Symons.The General Strike.Richard Jones. An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth and on the Sources of Taxation.FRANCEMIDDLE AGESGeorges Duby and Robert Mandrou. Histoire de la civilisation frangaise.Henri Rolland. Monnaies des comtes de Provence, Xlle–XVe siècles, Histoire monétaire, économique et corporative, description raisonnee.Edouard Salin. La civilisation mérovingienne ? après les sépultures, les textes et le laboratoire, Hie partie, Les techniques.Francois de Fontette. Rechetches sur la pratique de la vente immobilière dans la région parisienne au Moyen âge.P. Lemerle. Esquisse pour une histoire agraire de Byzancc: lcs sources et les problèmes.M. Lombard. L. évoiuuon uruame pendant le haut Moyen âgeH. J. Legier. Ľ Eglise et ľéconomie médiévale; un exemple: la monnaie ecclésiastique de Lyon et ses vicissitudesG. Duby. Un inventaire des profits de la seigneurie clunisienne à la mort de Pierre le VénérableOdile Martin‐Lorber. L'exploitation ? une grange cistercienne à la fin du XIVe siécle et au début du XVe siècleClaude Cugnasse. Acuvitééconomique et milieu humain à Montauban au XIVe siècle ? après lc registre de Barthélemy BonisP. Tucoo‐Chala. Productions ct commerce en Béam au XIVe siécleB. Schnapper. Les baux à vieM. G. Sicard's study of Lc Métayage dans k Midi toulousain à la fin du moycn âgeHuguette and Pierre Chaunu. Seville et ľ Atlantique (1504–1650). Première Partie: Partie Statistique. Tome VI (2 volumes).Guy Arbellot, Jacques Bertin, Huguette and Pierre Chaunu, Séville et ľ Atlantique (1 504–1650). Première Partie: Statistiques. Tome VII, Construction Graphique.Gentil da Silva. Stratégie des Affaires à Lisbomu entre et 1607. Lettres Mar‐chandes des Rodrigues ? Evora et Veiga.Robert Paris. Histoire du commerce de Marseille. Tome V. De 1660 à 1789. Le Levant.Albert Louonon. Vile Bourbon pendant la Régence.Alexandre Chabert. Structure économique et théorie monétaire. Essai sur le comportement monétaire dans les pays sous‐développés.Robert Ricard (Ed.). Mazagan et le Maroc sous le règne du Sultan Moulay Zidan (1608‐1627). D'après le'Discurso'de Gonçalo Coutinho, gouverneur de Mazagan (1629).Bernard Schnapper. Les rentes au XVIe siêcle. Histoire d'un instrument de cridit.Marcel Giraud. Histoire de la Louisiane Francaise. Vol. II. Années de Transition (1715–1717)Leopold Chatenay. Vie de Jacques Esprinchard, Rochelais, et Journal de ses voyages au XVIe siècle.Pierre Jeannin. Les marchands au XVle siècle.A. E. Mankov. Le Mouvement des Prix dans ľ Etat Russe du XVIe Siècle.UGO Tucci. Lettres ? un marchand vémtien Andrea Berengo (1553–1556).COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY SINCE 1800Maurice Crouzet. Histoire générate des civilisations, vol. VII, ľépoque conttmporaineCH. Morazé. Les bourgeois conquérants. (Collection Destins du Monde edited by Lucien Febvre and Fernand Braudel.G. Duby and R. Mandrou. Histoire de la civilisation française, vol II, XVIIème‐XXène siècles.René Sédillot. Histoire des colonisations.Georges Lefranc. Histoire du travail et des travailleurs.J. M. Jeanneney and Marguerite Perrot. Textes de droit économique et social français, 1789–1957.Marc Bouloiseau. Etats généraux de 1789, Cahiers de doléances du Tiers Etat du bailliage du Rouen, vol. I, la ville.Buonarroti. Conspiration de ľégalite, dile de Babeuf. (Préface de Georges Lefebvre). Saint‐Just. Discours et rapports (Introduction et notes par Albert Soboul).F. Roques. Aspects de la vie économique niçoise sous le Consulat et ľ Empire.Pierre Féral. Approches, essais ? histoire êconomique et sociale de la Gascogne.Jean Labasse. Le Commerce des soies à Lyon sous Napoléon et la crise de 1811.Jean Vidalenc. Ľ industrie dans les départments normands à la fin du Premier Empire.Paulette Seignour. La vie économique du Vaucluse de 1815 à 1848.Patricia van der Esch. La deuxième internationale (1889–1923).Jacques Chastenet. Histoire de la troisième république, vol. IV, Jours inquiets et sanglants (1905–1918).H. Calvet. La société frangaise contemporaine.Henri Brunschwig.Ľ expansion allemande outre‐mer du XVeme siède à nos jours.Philippe Pinchemel. Structure sociale et dépopulation rurale dans les campagnes picardes de 1836 it 1936.MODERN AGRARIAN HISTORYGERMANYH. Brugger. Die schweizerische Landwirtschaft in der ersten Hälfte des 19 Jahr hunderts.Theo Keller. Leu & Co. 1755–1955‐ Denkschrift zum zweihundert jährigen Bestehen der Aktiengesellschaft Leu & Co. Zurich.Walter Kuhn. Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung in der Neuzeit, Vol. I, Das 15. bis 17. Jahrhundert (allgemeiner Teil). Vol. II, Das 15. bis 17. Jahrhundert (landschqftlicher Teil).Herbert Jankuhn. Haithabu, tin Handelsplatz der Wikingerzeit.Erich Grunner. Die Wirtschaflsverbande in der Demokratie. Vom Wachstum der Wirlschqflsorganisationen im Schweizerischen Staat.F. Klein und J. Streisand (Eds.). Beiträge zum neuen Geschichtsbild. Zum 60 Geburtstag von Alfred Meusel.Hans Spethmann. Franz Haniel. Sein Leben und seine Werke.Friedrich Lütge. Die mitteldeutsche Grundherrschaft und ihre Auflösung. Zweite, stark erweiterte Auflage.Rolf Dahrendorf. Soziale Klassen und Klassenkonflikt in der industriellen Gesell‐schaft.Gottfried Eisermann. Die Grundlagen des Historismus in der deutschen Nationalöko‐nomie.Franz Mariaux. Gedenkwort zum hundertjährigen Bestehen der Industrie und Han‐delskamer zu Bochum.Willi Boelcke (Ed.). Krupp und die Hohenzollern. Aus der Korrespondenz der Familie Krupp, 1850–1916.S. v. Frauendorfer. Ideengeschichte der Agrarwirtschqfl und Agrarpolitik im deutschen Sprachgebiet. Vol. 1. Von den AnfSngen bis zutn ersten Weltkrieg.Werner Conze. Quellen zur GeschichU der deulschen Bauernbcfreiung. (Quellen‐sammlung zur Kulturgeschichtc, Ed. Wilhelm Treue. Vol. 12.)Graf Henning von Borcke‐Stargordt. Der ostdeutsche Landbau zwischen Forlschritt, Krise und Politik. Ein Beitrag zur Agrar‐ und Zeitgeschichte.Helmut Schelsky. Die skeptische Generation. Eine Soziologie der deutschen Jugend.Heinrich Uhlig. Die Warenhäuser im Dritten Reich.H. Kellenbenz,'Die unternehmerische Betätigung der verschiedenen Stände während des Übergangs zur Neuzeit', Vierteljahrsschrift für Social‐ und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, xliv (1957)F. Redlich,'Der deutsche fürstliche Unternehmcr, eine typische Erschcinung dcs 16. Jahrhunderts', Tradition, Zeitsckrift für FirmengescMchte und Unternehmerbiographie, III (1958)John U. Nef. Cultural Foundations of Industrial Civilization.Charles Singer, E. J. Holmyard, A. R. Hall, and Trevor I. Williams (Eds.). A History of Technology. Vol. IV. The Industrial Revolution c. 1750 to c. 1850.John Jewkes, David Sawers and Richard Stillerman. The Sources of Invention.Brinley Thomas (Ed.)‐ Economics of International Migration.Patrick McGrath (Ed.). I[ohn] B[rowne], The Marchants Avizo.J. O. Lindsay (Ed.). The New Cambridge Modem History. Volume VII. The Old Regime 1713–63.Norman J. G. Pounds and William H. Parker. Coal and Steel in Western Europe.Arckivio Economico dell'Unificazione Italiana. Volume V.Marjorie Wilkins Campbell. The North West Company.O. J. Firestone. Income & Wealth Series VII. Canada's Economic Development 1867–1953. With Special Reference to Changes in the Country's National Product and National Wealth.P. G. Powesland (Ed. W. Elkan). Economic Policy and Labour. A Study in Uganda's Economic History.Kazushi Ohkawa in association with M. Shinohara, M. Umemura, M. Ito, and T. Noda. The Growth Rate of the Japanese Economy since 1878.F. C. Jones. Hokkaido. Its Present State of Development and Future Prospects.Hans Gerth (Edited & translated). The First International: Minutes of the Hague Congress of 1872 with related documents.

Telegrams exchanged between Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles and the following people: the National Union of Veterans of the Revolution, Mayors, secretaries of city councils, Commanders of Military zones, Governors, José María Almada, manager of the Mercantile and Agrarian Bank Ltd., Primo Villa Michel, Secretary of National Economy, his personal secretary, Soledad González, Independent farmers in process of unionizing from Lampazos, Nuevo León, the Food Products Company, Ltd., and governors. The aforementioned telegrams concern support of and the new address of the National Union of Veterans of the Revolutions offices, requests for appointments, a request to mediate in the conflict between Pérez Medina, Manager of the Graphic Shops and workers who accuse him of arbitrary actions against them, endorsement of Rafael Villarreal, Governor of Tamaulipas, request for his mediation to solve the labor conflict in Puebla, trip confirmation of the Secretary of the Interior, B.A. Eduardo Vasconcelos and Lázaro Cárdenas, congratulatory greetings to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles on his appointment as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit, information about the social peace in Chiapas, reply of acknowledgement to received messages, suspension of monthly income to Guadalupe Almada, requesting donations for the Medicine School, Soledad González' reply to a request stating that the issue can only be solved by Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles, a request to ship cards (textile equipment) to the Chapultepec Factory, an scheduled appointment between Alfredo Elías Calles and Tomás Benvenutti, a request to support independent farmers so that the National System of Irrigation ends favoring the foreign cotton growers, a request for not granting credit coupons for the rest of the year, offers of lots for the construction of the Monument to the Revolution, information about Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles' health status, confirming the shipping of some medicine, requests for employment, a request to increase rights fees on Corn Flakes as retaliation for unfair treatment of Mexican workers, a report on the progress of aid provided to the victims in Tampico, endorsement of the governor of Veracruz, B.A. Gonzalo Vázquez Vela, confirming the approval of the matter on the Nogales Brewery, a request to Soledad González to provide information about the banana prices, confirming the cancellation of appointments, Alfredo Elías Calles' request to his brother Rodolfo for assisting with the purification plant, Rodolfo Tapia informs Rodolfo Elías Calles that he knows about the process to abolish the tariffs on wheat exports, donation submission to the School of Medicine, reports on attacks by fake leaders in Michoacán, a request for helping to get a job, a request to locate aviator Billstrong, a request to settle Alfredo Elías Calles' debt with El Mante Sugar Mill, Congratulatory greetings to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles on his appointment as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit, shipping of melon seeds, notice about an accident suffered by the members of the Commission of Foreign Control and assistance, processing of family matters, requesting a recommendation for employment, shipping of bushes, a request for supporting the government of Coahuila so that the Mexican constructors S.C. de R.L. be paid, a notice about protests against the decree issued by the local legislature of Puebla, information about the President's visit to the victims in Tampico. / Telegramas entre el Gral. PEC, Unión Nacional Veteranos de la Revolución, Presidentes Municipales, Secretarios de Ayuntamiento, Presidentes Municipales, Comandantes de Zona Militar, Gobernadores, Gerente del Banco Mercantil y Agrícola, S.A. José M. Almada, Secretario de la Economía Nacional Primo Villa Michel, Secretaria Particular Soledad González, Agricultores Independientes en Formación de Lampazos, N.L.; Compañía de Productos Alimenticios, S.A. y Gobernadores, acerca de: adhesión y notificación del domicilio de la Unión de Veteranos de la Revolución, solicitudes de audienica, solicitud de ayuda contra actos del Director de los Talleres Gráficos Pérez Medina hacia los obreros, adhesiones al Gobernador de Tamaulipas Rafael Villarreal, solicitud de intervención para conflicto laboral en Puebla, notificación de viaje del Secretario de Gobernación Lic. Eduardo Vasconcelos y de Lázaro Cárdenas, felicitaciones al Gral. PEC por su nombramiento como Secretario de Hacienda y Crédito Público, notificación sobre paz social en Chiapas, respuestas de enterado a mensajes anteriores, suspensión de mensualidad a Guadalupe viudad de Almada, solicitud de donativos para la Facultad de Medicina, respuesta de Soledad González relativa a que la solicitud sólo puede resolverla el Gral. PEC, solicitud de remisión de carda a la Fábrica Chapultepec, cita de Alfredo Elías Calles a Tomás Benvenutti, solicitud de apoyo para los agricultores independientes del Sistema Nacional de Riego para acabar con los acaparadores extranjeros de algodón, solicitud para que no se admitan cupones de deuda pública durante el resto del año, ofrecimiento de terrenos para construir Monumento a la Revolución, reportes sobre estado de salud del Gral. PEC, notificación de envío de medicina, solicitudes de empleo, solicitud de elevación de derechos a los Corn Flakes por afectar a los obreros mexicanos, informe sobre avances en maniobras para los damnificados de Tampico, adhesiones al Gobernador de Veracruz Lic. Gonzalo Vázquez Vela, notificación sobre aprobación de asunto de la Cervecería Nogales, solicitud a Soledad González para que informe del precio del plátano, notificación de cancelación de audiencias, solicitud de Alfredo Elías Calles a su hermano Rodolfo para que le ayude en planta de purificación, Rodolfo Tapia comunica a Rodolfo Elías Calles de tener conocimiento sobre gestiones para la abolición de la fianza para exportación de trigo, envío de contribuciones para la Escuela de Medicina, informe sobre atentados de falsos líderes en Michoacán, solicitud de ayuda para empleo, solicitud de localización del aviador Billstrong, solicitud de pago de adeudo de Alfredo Elías Calles a Azucarera El Mante, felicitaciones al Gral. Calles por nombramiento como Secretario de Hacienda y Crédito Público, remisión de semilla de melón, notificación de accidente de miembros de la Comisión de Control y Auxilios Foráneos, trámites de asuntos familiares, solicitud de recomendación para empleo, envío de arbustos, solicitud de apoyo para que el gobierno de Coahuila pague a Constructores Mexicanos, S.C. de R.L., notificación de protestas por decreto de Legislatura Local de Puebla, notificación de visita del Presidente de la República a los damnificados de Tampico.

Open Peer Review reports Background Perinatal mental health problems affect up to one in five women worldwide [1, 2]. Stress, anxiety and depression in pregnancy affect not only the mother but can also have long-term adverse effects on her child via biological mechanisms in utero [3]. Along with the impact on the mother and her developing infant, antenatal depression and anxiety are the most common predictors of postnatal depression [4, 5]. Postnatal depression can reduce her ability to provide sensitive and responsive caregiving that can potentially impair child development [6]. Mental health problems in the perinatal period are a particular challenge in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where they can be at least twice as frequent as in higher-income countries [1]. Our geographical context for this work will be The Gambia, in West Africa, where mental health services are minimal, services for perinatal mental health are non-existent and high levels of stigma associated with mental health issues, as well as specific local attitudes and beliefs, impede recognition and prevent help-seeking behaviour. It is thus of high priority to develop new low-cost, low-resource, non-stigmatising and culturally appropriate approaches to reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression perinatally, for the benefit of both the mother and child. The current project will test the hypothesis that the creative arts—in particular group-singing—will show special promise in alleviating perinatal mental distress in The Gambia. In high-income countries, such as the UK and the USA, singing in groups has been shown to be a powerful modulator of mood and emotion, evoking positive effects on mental health, well-being and social affiliation [7] via mechanisms involving synchrony and entrainment [8], the saliency of relational communicative features in musical interaction [9] and significant effects on the endocrine system [10]. In addition, the mother's voice is a key channel through which meaningful, sensitive and contingent interactions between the caregiver and infant can take place [11]. Recent studies have found that music and its use specifically during the perinatal period can reduce women's stress levels and depressive symptoms and increase women's attachment to their infant [12,13,14,15]. Music-centred approaches may be particularly fruitful in The Gambia as there are already a range of musical practices that specifically engage pregnant women and new mothers [16]. For instance, infant naming ceremonies occur 7 days after birth and are musical celebrations to recognise the new mother and her family [16]. Performances by Kanyeleng groups are closely associated with pregnancy and motherhood and are important in health communication [17]. These pre-existing cultural and creative practices provide an excellent context from which to explore, co-design and ultimately evaluate culturally situated, music-centred interventions that aim to reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression perinatally and facilitate mother-infant caregiving. Study aims This is a feasibility study which aims to inform the design of a larger trial to investigate a Community Health Intervention through Musical Engagement (CHIME) to help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression in pregnant women compared to standard care. This article describes the trial protocol (version 1.0, 11/11/18). The protocol was prepared in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidance. The trial SPIRIT checklist can be viewed in Additional file 1. Objectives Our primary objective is to test (a) the feasibility of delivering a group-singing intervention to a sample of pregnant women in The Gambia using a stepped wedge design and (b) the feasibility of using standardised tools to measure the impact of this intervention on anxiety and depression symptoms, before and after the intervention. This objective can be broken down into five specific feasibility objectives: 1) To obtain demographic information on the eligible population 2) To determine if our measurement tools, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), are useable 3) To determine if the intervention is deliverable 4) To determine if the stepped wedge trial design is deliverable and obtain information that will inform the definitive study. Specifically to: a. Assess recruitment and acceptability of randomising clinics b. Assess the recruitment rate of women to control and intervention groups c. Assess participants' adherence to the intervention group and follow-up in both arms d. Test the feasibility of data collection 5) To determine if this type of intervention is culturally appropriate and well received by the community and health workers. Methods/design We will be testing the feasibility of a stepped wedge cluster design, which differs from a parallel arm cluster design in that all clinics involved in the study receive the intervention [18]. Advantages over a parallel arm cluster trial include the requirement of a smaller sample size due to the availability of a within group comparison and prevention of potential disappointment for health clinics who are not randomised into the intervention. Study setting This multi-site study will recruit from four antenatal clinics in western Gambia. Study population All participants will be Mandinka or Wolof Gambian women who are pregnant. Inclusion criteria Pregnant (14–24 weeks gestation) Speak Wolof or Mandinka fluently Exclusion criteria At least one previous late term miscarriage Current psychosis or history of psychosis Withdrawal criteria If the participant develops any serious medical condition or the participant's mental health significantly declines (as assessed by the care team), and the care team deem it necessary, then she may be withdrawn from the study. Intervention The intervention will be delivered on the community level, meaning that it will include women with a range of anxiety and depression symptoms. Our primary aim is to reduce symptoms in those experiencing them (whether these are at a high level or a medium or low level). We anticipate this may also help to reduce their symptoms into the postnatal period. By including those with low and high levels of symptoms, rather than screening and including only those with high levels of symptoms, we will aim to avoid stigma and increase acceptability. The intervention has been developed following focus groups with various stakeholders including health professionals (midwives and community birth companions), pregnant women and musicians (griots and Kanyeleng groups). Four groups of 20 women between 14 and 24 weeks gestation will attend six 60-min group-singing sessions at their local antenatal clinic. This will take place in the morning as this is the time deemed to best suit the majority of women and clinics. Local Kanyeleng groups who specialise in musical practices to support women's health will lead the sessions. The content of the six sessions will be co-designed with the Kanyeleng groups via two extended workshops with the research team. All sessions will begin with a welcome song and end with a closing song. Some of the songs used during the main body of the session will cover topics including the (a) importance of the singing group in supporting each other, (b) importance of other positive relationships in their lives, (c) resilience to challenges and empowerment and (d) importance of being open, removing stigma to discuss challenges. One lullaby will be introduced at each session. Kanyeleng leaders will also be encouraged to ensure that all the women feel comfortable and are participating when they can. The nature of the intervention will necessarily vary somewhat across the four settings, especially as Wolof speaking groups and Mandinka groups have different and distinct cultural beliefs, practices and language. By using the Kanyeleng groups local to each of the four clinics involved, the sessions will be contextually appropriate, while the workshop with all four Kanyeleng groups before the intervention begins will ensure that the overarching goals, content and approach to session delivery are broadly standardised. Over the course of the 6-week intervention period, a research assistant will observe and video and audio record two singing sessions (the first and the fourth sessions) from each of the four clinics to ascertain, using a checklist, the extent to which the sessions conform to our articulated goals. A community health nurse at each clinic will be engaged to take attendance data and report any issues of concern to the research team. The control group will consist of four groups of 20 women between 14 and 24 weeks gestation from the same four clinics. These women will receive only standard care without any additional intervention. Randomisation and blinding As we will be testing the feasibility of delivering a stepped wedge cluster design, the four different antenatal clinics will be randomised with two sites starting first (creating the first sequence) and two starting 6 weeks later (the second sequence). Randomisation will be performed by the study statistician who will generate a randomisation list using software and apply it to the pre-concealed list of clinics. The researchers and participants will not be blinded to whether they are in the intervention or the control cohort. Outcome measurements Two local research assistants (RAs) will collect all measures orally as there is a high rate of illiteracy among the target population. All scales have been translated into Mandinka and Wolof. The translation method used was based on suggestions by the World Health Organisation, Hanlon et al. [19] and Cox, Holden and Henshaw [20]. First, the scales were translated into Mandinka and Wolof. An expert panel discussion then refined the translation before back translating it into English. The expert panel came together once more to resolve any remaining issues before finalising the translation. Two questionnaires will measure antenatal anxiety and depression symptoms. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) [21] is a ten-item scale that was developed to screen for postnatal depression. It has subsequently been validated to be used during pregnancy [22]. This measurement tool has been used and validated in other African contexts; however, there is no avaliable validated version of the EPDS in Mandinka or Wolof even though it has been used in The Gambia before [23]. The Self-report Questionnaire (SRQ-20) [24] is a 20-item scale developed by the World Health Organization to measure anxiety and depression symptoms in a variety of cultural contexts. It has been used in many different African contexts such as Ethiopia [19], South Africa [25] and Rwanda [26] and as a way to measure perinatal mental health [23]. However, the SRQ-20 has never been used in the Gambian context nor has it been translated into Wolof or Mandinka. Demographic outcomes We will collect demographic information about all participants. The data we will collect is as follows: date of birth, gestational age, time taken to get to the health centre, parity, gravida, place of birth, current place of residence, ethnic group, history of serious illness, occupation, husband's occupation, marital status, educational background and amount of regular musical engagement. Feasibility outcomes The feasibility outcomes are as follows: Recruitment rate Retention and attrition rates of participants Clinics' adherence to stepped wedge schedule Completeness of data by site and over time Video and audio recording of sessions to determine fidelity of the intervention at each site, i.e. whether key content emphasised in training workshops was being delivered at each site. Qualitative interviews with participants after the intervention to capture enjoyment and perceived benefit. Recruitment Four antenatal clinics will be chosen to take part in the study based on three criteria: (1) availability of a local Kanyeleng group to deliver the intervention, (2) the language group predominantly spoken in the area (with at least one clinic being in a predominantly Wolof speaking area) and (3) the type of community the clinic serves (with at least one within an urban area). The health professionals working at the health centre will first approach participants for the study. If they meet the criteria, they will be given information about the study and asked if they would like to be referred to the RAs. They will then be put in contact with one of the RAs who will meet them privately face to face. The information sheet will be read out in their native language verbatim to ensure participants' ability to give informed consent. Consent will be taken orally by the RAs and recorded by signature or thumbprint. If participants do not choose to take part we will record their reason, if it is given, to help understand why women might not want or be able to participate. Incentive and participant retention Participants in both groups will be offered a total of 600 Dalasi (about 12 USD) for their time, 200 Dalasi for each of the three data collection time points (baseline, post, follow-up). All participants will be reminded of the data collection and the group-singing sessions by phone call. Calls will be made by the RAs 3 days and 1 day before as well as on the day of these appointments. Where possible, a record will be kept of the reasons women give for failing to join the intervention or data collection session. Sample size As this is a feasibility study, it is not designed to assess the efficacy of the intervention, although pilot data on this will be collected. We will evaluate the feasibility of study design, data collection and whether the intervention is deliverable and acceptable to the participants. In the study, we will gather information to be used in the design of the future definitive study including an estimate of the standard deviation of potential primary outcomes to inform the sample size. We aim to collect data from a total of 120 pregnant women, 60 in the control condition and 60 in the intervention condition [27]. This number will be sufficient to provide estimates of binary feasibility outcomes with precision of at least ± 9 percentage points for the 95% confidence interval. Trial schedule This trial design involves a sequential crossover of clusters whereby each cluster (antenatal clinic) receives the control condition followed by the intervention condition. The four chosen clinics will be randomised to two sequences of a 12-week phase. A separate cohort of participants will be recruited to the control group and the intervention (singing) group. Each cohort will be recruited around 4–6 months into their pregnancy. The 12-week phase for both the control and intervention cohort will include data collection at week 1 ("baseline") and week 7 ("post") after either group-singing (intervention) or standard care (control) as well as at week 11 ("follow-up"), 4 weeks after the intervention finished. Contamination will be avoided by having data for the control group collected before the intervention groups start at each clinic. See Fig. 1 for a schematic for the study. Fig. 1 figure1 Schematic of the study Full size image Assessment and management of risk There are no high risks within our study compared to standard care. We have identified three areas of ethical concern and have outlined how each of these issues will be managed. 1. Mothers may experience an adverse effect such as a miscarriage, difficult birth, still birth, a sudden drastic change in physical or mental health, infant health problems or even a serious adverse effect such as death during the intervention. It is possible that a participant experiencing such an adverse event may attribute a causal link between the adverse event and their involvement in the study. We will mitigate this association being made, firstly, by clearly explaining the nature of the intervention and any possible risks to the women when they are recruited into the study. If, despite this, an association of this nature was still made, we would enlist the help of the Ministry of Health & Social Welfare (our partner on the project) to disseminate information to the women and the community concerning the incidence of such events occurring in the general population in an attempt to reassure those concerned that such adverse events should not be attributed to involvement in the study. 2. It is possible that some of the themes involved in questionnaires could lead to the women revealing episodes of self-harm. If this is the case, the woman will receive in the moment front-line counselling to talk through these issues with the RAs who are trained psychiatric nurses. Then, if needed, she will be referred on to the community mental health team (CMHT) for further management. If the CMHT deems it appropriate, they may then refer her on to the psychiatric team. 3. It is possible that some of the themes involved in questionnaires may also lead the women to reveal domestic abuse. If this is the case, the woman will receive in the moment front-line counselling to talk through these issues with the RAs. For emergencies and cases that require immediate intervention, the RAs will connect with the Gender-Based Violence focal person. For other cases, the RAs will refer the woman to the One Stop Center at Serekunda General Hospital or Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital. 4. Women throughout the study will be monitored by the RAs, both trained psychiatric nurses. If the RAs feel that at any point a woman's score indicates a high level of symptoms and/or the women reveal that they are particularly struggling, the RAs will refer the woman on to the Community Mental Health Team (CMHT) for further management. If the CMHT deems it appropriate, they may then refer her on to the psychiatric team. Data management All consent forms will be stored in a master file, which will be kept in a locked drawer where only members of the research team have access. All case report forms will not be linked to names, just a participant number, and kept in a separate locked cabinet where only the research team has access. All data, including video and audio recordings, will be held on an encrypted hard drive only members of the research team can access. Data will be stored for 5 years after the study and will then be deleted or destroyed. Analysis All data will be entered into a database by an RA and verified by the second RA using double data entry to ensure data quality. As this is a feasibility study, we will examine missing data as an outcome. Descriptive statistics will be summarised to understand the demographic variables relating to the recruited population. Descriptive statistics and plots will be used to assess the distribution of the measurement tools, repeated at baseline and follow-up and by each arm. We will also examine the distributions of scores in the different language groups to see to what extent item scores and overall distributions differ or are similar. Correlations between our two measurement tools will be calculated. To determine if the intervention is deliverable, we will record the number of sessions that the Kanyeleng groups delivered, aiming to deliver two thirds of the sessions, and the duration of each session, aiming to last between 45 and 75 min. We will also perform a qualitative evaluation, using the video and audio recordings, to determine intervention fidelity at the four sites. Both RAs will watch the video and audio recordings of the first and fourth group-singing sessions at each clinic and complete a checklist to determine if all the necessary elements—as outlined in the training workshops—were included in the intervention. Reliability of the fidelity measure will be ascertained by measuring inter-rater consistency. We will also calculate the proportion of clinics approached that consented, aiming to reach over 50% recruitment rate, and record any scheduling problems in keeping with the stepped wedge timeline. Recruitment, adherence and completeness of data will be calculated for both groups. We aim to achieve a 60% recruitment rate and no more than 30% attrition in both arms. To determine if the intervention was culturally appropriate and well received by the community and health workers, we will collect qualitative data from post-intervention interviews and perform a thematic analysis. Discussion The absence of mental health services in The Gambia, coupled with the stigma associated with mental illness in general, results in high levels of unmet need for pregnant women dealing with mental distress in The Gambia. The development of a low-cost, low-resource intervention, which is rooted in local health and cultural practices, is of high priority, and the feasibility study we intend to carry out will inform a full-scale trial to investigate efficacy of such an approach. By employing local research assistants and creating a partnership with governmental agencies, such as The Ministry of Health & Social Welfare and The National Centre for Arts and Culture, this study brings the understanding of existing health services and access to a network of primary healthcare workers throughout the country as well as the diversity of local musical practices and the meanings attached to them. This valuable knowledge will help us cope with the practical and operational issues that may arise. We hope to disseminate our findings within various scientific publications, during field days in various areas in The Gambia, and during a meeting in London which will bring together the researchers as well community members, academic colleagues and health professionals interested in hearing about this work. Trial status This article describes the protocol for a Community Health Intervention through Musical Engagement (CHIME) for perinatal mental health in The Gambia (version 1.0, 11/11/18). The sponsor for this trial is Goldsmiths, University of London. The project is funded by the MRC and the AHRC. Ethical approval was obtained from the Goldsmiths University Ethics Committee, the Research and Publication Committee (RePubliC) from the University of The Gambia and the Australian National University ethics committee. Availability of data and materials All of the data will be held by the principal investigator, and the research team has exclusive use of the data until the publication of the results. Abbreviations AHRC: Arts and Humanities Research Council CMHT: Community mental health team EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale LMICs: Low- and middle-income countries MRC: Medical Research Council PACTR: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry RAs: Research assistants SRQ-20: Self-Reporting Questionnaire References 1. Fisher J, de Mello MC, Patel V, Rahman A, Tran T, Holton S, et al. Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries : a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;(90):139–49 Available from: https://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0042-96862012000200014. [cited 2019 Jan 22]. 2. O'Hara MW, Wisner KL. Perinatal mental illness: definition, description and aetiology. 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Funding The funders (MRC and AHRC) and sponsor (Goldsmiths) have no roles or responsibilities in the design, conduct, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing and dissemination of results. Author information Author notes Katie Rose M. Sanfilippo and Bonnie McConnell are joint first authors. Affiliations Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK Katie Rose M. Sanfilippo & Lauren Stewart The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Bonnie McConnell Imperial College London, London, UK Victoria Cornelius & Vivette Glover The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia Buba Darboe, Hajara B. Huma & Malick Gaye The National Centre for Arts and Culture, Banjul, The Gambia Hajara B. Huma, Malick Gaye & Hassoum Ceesay University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Paul Ramchandani & Ian Cross Contributions LS is the principal investigator and obtained grant funding and conceived of the study. KRMS wrote the first draft of this publication manuscript, helped with the ethics and grant application, the intervention design, and the data monitoring and data collection plan. BM helped with the ethics and grant applications, translations of questionnaires, administration of focus groups and design of the intervention. VC obtained study funding, designed the study and statistical analysis plan, contributed to writing the manuscript. BD helped with the grant and ethics application, translations of questionnaires, administration of focus groups and design of the intervention. HBH and MG helped with the translation of the questionnaires, administration of the focus groups and design of the intervention. HC helped with planning the logistics for running the study as well as with the translation of the questionnaires. IC, VG and PR all helped with the grant application and advised on research and intervention design. All authors reviewed and had input into the final submission. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Corresponding author Correspondence to Katie Rose M. Sanfilippo. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval was obtained from the Goldsmiths University Ethics Committee, the Research and Publication Committee (RePubliC) from the University of The Gambia and the Australian National University ethics committee. Members of the research team will carry out the consenting and conduct of this study orally. It will be emphasised that any participant is able to withdraw from the study at any point without any consequences. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Additional information Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information Additional file 1. SPIRIT Checklist. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Reprints and Permissions About this article Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark Cite this article Sanfilippo, K.R.M., McConnell, B., Cornelius, V. et al. A study protocol for testing the feasibility of a randomised stepped wedge cluster design to investigate a Community Health Intervention through Musical Engagement (CHIME) for perinatal mental health in The Gambia. Pilot Feasibility Stud 5, 124 (2019) doi:10.1186/s40814-019-0515-5 Download citation Received 22 February 2019 Accepted 15 October 2019 Published 07 November 2019 DOI https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-019-0515-5 Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Keywords Perinatal mental health Feasibility trial The Gambia Music Singing group Kanyeleng Comments By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Please note that comments may be removed without notice if they are flagged by another user or do not comply with our community guidelines.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sidganhalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 406 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 98 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and 1 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 30 soil phases (management units) and 7 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 1 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 45 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 52 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 23 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 14 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 84 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 61 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 37 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 24 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 68 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 6 per cent soil are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in 88 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 6 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 92 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 1 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in 37 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 61 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 28 per cent is low (1.0 ppm) in available boron content.  An area of about 98 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 15 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 31(8) 193(48) Sapota 22(6) 132(32) Maize 22(6) 202(50) Pomegranate 22(6) 186(46) Bajra 48(12) 296(73) Guava 22(6) 132(32) Groundnut 42(10) 231(57) Jackfruit 22(6) 132(32) Sunflower 22(6) 108(27) Jamun 22(6) 183(45) Cotton 9(2) 212(52) Musambi 22(6) 183(45) Red gram 22(6) 93(23) Lime 22(6) 183(45) Bengalgram 43(10) 195(48) Cashew 6(1) 132(32) Chilli 22(6) 148(36) Custard apple 57(14) 338(83) Tomato 22(6) 148(36) Amla 48(12) 347(86) Brinjal 51(13) 166(41) Tamarind - 89(22) Onion 51(13) 144(38) Marigold 22(6) 203(50) Bhendi 51(13) 165(41) Chrysanthemum 22(6) 203(50) Drumstick 22(6) 151(37) Jasmine 22(6) 148(36) Mulberry 31(8) 231(57) Crossandra 22(6) 157(39) Mango - 56(14)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Sidganhalli-1 mciro-watershed is located at 15032'36.447'' to 150 31'0.831'' North and 760 15' 6.335'' to 76013'19.854'' covering an area of about 248.49 ha coming under Shidaganahalli, Hiresoolikeri and Chilkamukki villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 6 (17.14%) were landless and semi medium farmers, 8 (22.86%) were marginal, 11 (31.43%) were small farmers and 4 (11.43%) medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 104 (57.78%) men and 76 (42.22%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 4.9, semi medium farmers' was 7 and medium farmers were 5.25.  Majority of the respondents 36 (20%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 84 (46.67%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (24.44%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (8.89%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 26.67 per cent of them had primary school, 6.67 per cent of them had Middle school and PUC education, 7.22 per cent of them had high school, 0.56 per cent of them had diploma and ITI and 2.78 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 88.57 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 28.89 per cent of the household members, 47.22 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.56 per cent were household industry, 16.11 per cent student, 0.56 per cent were housewives and 6.67 per cent were children.  The household possess, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in local institutions.  In the study area, 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 11.43 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 34.29 per cent of the household's posses motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess tempo and 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.14 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart and plough, 11.43 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 14.29 per cent of the households possess weeder. 2  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.43 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 10.91, average own labour (women) available was 6.71, average hired labour (men) available was 11.86 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.71.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 25.67 ha (60.85%) of dry land and 16.529 ha (39.15%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 5.32 ha (91.63%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (8.37%) of irrigated land.  Small farmers possess 10.64 ha (78.91%) of dry land and 2.85 ha (21.09%) of irrigated land.  Semi medium farmers possess 8.72 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.71 ha (68.49%) of dry land and 4.47 ha (31.51%) of irrigated land.  There were 14 functioning and 9 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown maize (22.57 ha), Bajra (7.56 ha), groundnut (6.76 ha), paddy (5.67 ha), cowpea (0.4 ha), Bangalore brinjal (0.2 ha) and tomato (0.2 ha). The cropping intensity in Sidganhalli-1 Micro-watershed was found to be 91.46 per cent  The sample households possessed 68.57 per cent of the households have bank and savings account.  About 68.57 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, paddy groundnut, tomato, Bajra, brinjal and cowpea was Rs. 37869.79, 43435.09, 47480.32, 101924.65, 26809.92, 101924.65 and 41007.30 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.1, 1:3.14, 1:2.0, 1:0.78, 1:1.19, 1:0.78 and 1:0.48 respectively.  Further, 34.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and green fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs Rs. 33,333.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,675, for small farmers it was Rs. 74,454.55, semi medium farmers it was Rs.165,833.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 257,500.  The average annual expenditure is Rs.11,387.66, for landless farmers it was Rs. 2,555.56, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,604.17, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,801.65, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 27,222.22 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 35,312.50. 3  Sampled households have planted 14 coconut and 2 mango trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have planted 16 neem and 2 acacia trees in their field to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 617.14 for land development and Rs. 200 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 5.71 per cent for land development and 2.86 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 5.71 per cent for land development.  Regarding marketing channels, 31.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 68.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households have used head load, 100 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.86 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 65.71 per cent have incidence of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (65.71%) were interested towards soil testing.  The households possess 100 per cent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 74.29 per cent and 25.71 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 40 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possess BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households does not possessed PDS cards.  Cereals were adequate for 88.57 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 74.29 per cent, oilseeds and vegetables were adequate for 28.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 48.57 per cent, milk were adequate for 34.29 per cent, egg were adequate for 14.29 per cent and meat were adequate for 25.71 per cent of the households.  Cereals were inadequate for 11.43 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 22.86 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 74.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 65.71 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 34.29 per cent, milk were inadequate for 37.14 per cent, egg were inadequate for 82.86 per cent and meat were inadequate for 68.57 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 71.43 per cent 4 of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases and Inadequacy of irrigation water (37.14 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (25.71%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (14.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (25.71%), inadequate extension service (2.86%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (34.29%), less rainfall (37.14%) and Source of Agri-technology information (40%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Budagumpa-2 microwatershedwas conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 535ha in Koppaltalukand district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 79per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent mining/industrial, 10 per cent byrock outcrops and eight per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14soil series and 23soil phases (management units) and 6land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 32 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface, 44 per cent loamy soils and 3 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  About 58per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m)in available water capacity.  About 75 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 4 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%)lands.  An area of about 20 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and59 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 2per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 17 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3),55 per cent are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4)and 5 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in65 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 53 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 26 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 37 per cent area,38per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 4 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm)in 41 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 32 per cent area.  Available manganeseand copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticulturalcrops grown in the microwatershedwere assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 69 (13) 119 (22) Pomegranate 58 (11) 198 (37) Maize 17 (3) 107 (20) Guava 48 (9) 125 (23) Bajra 75 (14) 145 (27) Jackfruit 58 (11) 116 (22) Red gram 58 (11) 128 (24) Jamun 31 (6) 207 (39) Bengalgram 51 (10) 138 (26) Musambi 78 (15) 177 (33) Groundnut 48 (9) 267 (50) Lime 78 (15) 177 (33) Sunflower 78(15) 110 (35) Cashew 48 (9) 110 (21) Cotton 61 (11) 127 (24) Custard apple 112 (21) 266 (50) Chilli 58 (11) 77(14) Amla 92 (17) 287 (54) Tomato 58 (11) 49 (9) Tamarind 31 (6) 110 (21) Drumstick 58 (11) 254 (48) Marigold 48 (9) 140 (26) Mulbery 58 (11) 293 (55) Chrysanthemum 48 (9) 140 (26) Mango 31 (6) 27 (5) Jasmine 48 (9) 58 (11) Sapota 58 (11) 116 (22) Crossandra 48 (9) 82 (15) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder,fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan and drainage line treatment have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Budagumpa-2 is located at 15024'44.821'' to 150 2'24.481'' North and 760 19' 15.938'' to 76017'49.473'' covering an area of about 534.7 ha coming under Dhanakanadddi, Budhagumpaand, Kerihalli and Balebavi villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 respondents, 5 (13.89%) were landless, 2 (5.56%) were marginal farmers, 16 (44.44%) were small farmers, 9 (25%) were semi medium farmers and 4 (11.11%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 93 (51.96%) men and 85 (47.49%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5, marginal and semi medium farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 4.8 and medium farmers' was 6.5.  Majority of the respondents 21 (11.73%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 85 (45.49%) were in 16-35 years of age, 52 (29.05%) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (11.73%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 39.66 per cent illiterates, 0.56 per cent of them had functional literate, 21.23 per cent of them had primary school, 2.23 per cent of them had Middle school education, 14.53 per cent of them had high school, 11.17 per cent of them had PUC and 5.59 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 63.89 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 38.89 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 37.99 per cent of the household members, 43.02 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.12 per cent were general labour and government service, 1.68 per cent were private services, 11.73 per cent were student and 3.35 per cent were children.  The households possess, 0.56 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in gram panchayat and 99.44 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 100 per cent of the households possess katcha houses.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 72.22 per cent of the households possess TV, 38.89 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 13.89 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 52.78 per cent of the household's possess motor cycle and 97.22 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 19.44 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 38.89 per cent each of the households possess plough and weeder, 8.33 per cent of the households possess tractor, 22.22 2 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 2.78 per cent of the households possess sprinkler and harvester, 13.89 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter and 2.78 per cent of the households possess earth remover/ duster.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 19.44 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.56 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and buffalo, 2.78 per cent of the households possess sheep.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.03, average own labour (women) available was 1.87, average hired labour (men) available was 19.42 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.42.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 14.79 ha (32.08%) of dry land, 24.62 ha (53.41%) of irrigated land and 6.69 ha (14.51%) of permanent fallow land.  Marginal farmers possess 0.81 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  Small farmers possess 8.62 ha (54.38%) of dry land and 7.23 ha (45.62%) of irrigated land.  Semi medium farmers possess 6.17 ha (42.55%) of dry land and 8.33 ha (57.45 %) of irrigated land.  Medium farmers possess 8.25 ha (55.22%) of irrigated land and 6.69 ha (44.78 %) of permanent fallow land.  There were 23 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 63.89 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown maize (24.02 ha), Bajra (9.31 ha), Red gram (6.04 ha), sunflower (4.25 ha), tomato (2.02 ha), Bengal gram (1.74 ha), paddy (1.72 ha), chilly (1.21 ha), Bengal gram (0.96 ha), cotton (0.51 ha) and cucumber (0.4 ha).  The cropping intensity in Budagumpa-2 Micro watershed was found to be 108.16 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bengal gram, Red gram, Bajra, Cotton, Tomato, Sunflower, cucumber, paddy and chilly was Rs. 33815.68, 49462.71, 24956.92, 15853.57, 61114.93, 31661.62, 36603.03, 35928.21, 86512.12 and 29662.81 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.78, 1:2.42, 1:2.14, 1:0.78, 1:2.82, 1:2.24, 1:1.42, 1:1.37, 1:1.24 and 1:1.11 respectively.  Further, 22.22 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 19.44 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate, 38.89 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate. 3  The average annual gross income was Rs. 24,400 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 75,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 147,187.50, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 158,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 77,500.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 11,767.75. For landless farmers it was Rs. 5,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 17,500, for small farmers it was Rs. 10,718.75, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 15,098.77 and medium farmers it was Rs. 14,062.50.  Sampled households have planted 387 coconut and 5 pomegranate trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have planted 200 eucalyptus, 201 teak, 122 neem, 6 tamarind, 2 acacia, 5 banyan and 1 peepul trees in their field and also 100 neem trees in their backyard to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,111.11 for land development, Rs. 666.67 for improved crop production and Rs. 166.67 for subsidiary enterprises.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 19.44 per cent for land development, 16.67 per cent for improved crop production and 11.11 per cent for subsidiary enterprises.  Own funds was the source of additional investment for 25 per cent for land development, 22.22 per cent for improved crop production and 5.56 per cent for subsidiary enterprises.  Regarding marketing channels, 55.56 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 2.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 2.78 per cent of the households have used head load, cart and truck, 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 36.11 per cent have shown incidence of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (50%) were interested towards soil testing.  The household's possess, 66.67 per cent of the households used fire wood and 33.33 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 66.67 per cent and 33.33 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 27.78 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 5.56 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL cards and 94.44 per cent of the sample households possesses BPL cards.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 61.11 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 66.67 per cent, fruits were 4 adequate for 2.78 per cent, milk were adequate for 86.11 per cent, egg were adequate for 69.44 per cent and meat were adequate for 66.67 per cent of the households.  Pulses were inadequate for 38.89 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 61.11 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 69.44 per cent, milk were inadequate for 5.56 per cent, egg were inadequate for 13.89 per cent and meat were inadequate for 2.78 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 22.22 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (38.89%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (44.44%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (41.67%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (55.56%), high rate of interest on credit (27.78%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (69.44%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (52.78%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (30.56%), less rainfall (36.11%) and Source of Agri-technology information (33.33%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Horanchi-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 511 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 460 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 22 ha covered by rock outcrops and 29 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 460 ha (90%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 29 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) 9 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 1 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 50 per cent soils are shallow (25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 19 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 47 percent soils are loamy and 24 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 percent soils are medium (51-100), 4 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 50 per cent area is very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 7 percent of the soils are low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 82(16) 87(17) Guava - 11(2) Maize - 198(39) Sapota - 11(2) Bajra - 169(33) Pomegranate - 162(32) Groundnut - 11(2) Musambi 151(29) 11(2) Sunflower 82(16) 80(16) Lime 151(29) 11(2) Redgram - 162(32) Amla - 169(33) Bengal gram 151(29) 18(4) Cashew - - Cotton 82(16) 87(17) Jackfruit - 11(2) Chilli - 169(34) Jamun - 151(29) Tomato - 169(34) Custard apple 162(32) 7(1) Brinjal 52(10) 116(23) Tamarind - 151(29) Onion - 87(17) Mulberry - 11(2) Bhendi 121(24) 48(10) Marigold - 169(33) Drumstick - 162(32) Chrysanthemum - 169(33) Mango - 52(10)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. The survey was conducted in Horanchi-1 is located at 16051'19.293'' to 160 49'49.293'' and East longitude 770 8'1.757'' to 7706'20.417'' covering an area of about 510.57 ha coming under Horunacha, Venkateshwaranagara and Kanchagarahalli Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents, 4 (11.76%) were landless, 11 (32.35%) were marginal and small farmers and 8 (23.53%) were semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 91 (52.60%) men and 82 (47.4%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 5.5 and semi medium farmers' was 5.1.  Majority of the respondents 31 (17.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (47.4%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (28.9%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (5.78%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 53.76 per cent illiterates, 24.28 per cent of them had primary school, 6.94 per cent of them had Middle school education, 6.36 per cent of them had high school, 2.89 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and 3.47 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 53.76 per cent illiterates, 24.28 per cent of them had primary school, 6.94 per cent of them had Middle school education, 6.36 per cent of them had high school, 2.89 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and 3.47 per cent of them had degree education.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 19.65 per cent of the household members, 58.96 per cent were agricultural labourers, 20.23 per cent were student and 1.16 per cent were children.  In this micro watershed, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 17.65 per cent of the households possess thatched, 67.65 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.71 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 58.82 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 44.12 per cent of the household's possess motor cycle and 73.53 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 64.71 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough, 20.59 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 11.76 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 44.12 per cent of the households possess weeder, 5.88 per cent of the households possess harvester and 17.65 per cent of the households possess thresher.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 41.18 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent of the households possess local cow and goat and 2.94 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.85, average own labour (women) available was 1.68, average hired labour (men) available was 9.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.2.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 35.06 ha (88.26%) of dry land and 4.67 ha (11.74%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 8.04 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 12.98 ha (88.66%) of dry land and 1.66 ha (11.34 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 14.04 ha (82.36%) of dry land and 3.01 ha (17.64 %) of irrigated land.  There were 8 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have cotton (4.28%), groundnut (5.83 Ha), horse gram (1.62 ha), maize (5.59 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), red gram (20.25 ha) and sorghum (1.21 ha).  The sample households possessed 85.29 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  About 85.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, maize, Red gram, Horse gram, Sorghum, groundnut and paddy was Rs. 38144.92, 15184.09, 26741.88, 16727.24, 33363.87, 34774.16 and 26182.46 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.6, 1:2.02, 1:1.88, 1:2.21, 1:1.11, 1:2.79 and 1:2.22, respectively.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 41,250 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 68,636.36, for small farmers it was Rs. 79,909.09 and semi medium farmers it was Rs. 137,750.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,695.29. For large farmers it was Rs. 5,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,485.95, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,044.63 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,600.45.  Sampled households have planted 6 mango trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops. 3  Households have planted 1 cashew and pongamia, 45 neem, 2 tamarind, 13 banyan and 4 acacia trees in their field to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7,617.65 for land development, Rs. 441.18 for irrigation facility and Rs.705.88 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 20.59 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility and 14.71 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 29.41 for land development and 2.94 for improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 29.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 61.76 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 91.18 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 85.29 per cent have Incidencee of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (85.2%) were interested towards soil testing.  The household possess, 97.06 per cent of the households used fire wood and 2.94 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 64.71 per cent and 35.29 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.12 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.82 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 17.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 26.47 per cent, milk were adequate for 29.41 per cent, egg were adequate were for 11.76 per cent and meat were adequate for 14.71 per cent of the households.  pulses were inadequate for 5.88 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 82.35 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 85.29 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 55.88 per cent, milk were inadequate for 50 per cent, egg and meat were inadequate for 82.35 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 91.18 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (35.29%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (17.65%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (32.35%), high rate of interest on credit ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raghunathanahalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 603 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils and 4 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 18 soil series and 27 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  An area of about 25 per cent has loamy soils and 71 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 20 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 4 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) and 92 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 65 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 31 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 85 per cent area and 11 per cent are medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 58 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 24 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 67 (11) 331 (55) Sapota - - Maize - 345 (57) Pomegranate - 178 (29) Bajra - 398 (66) Musambi 53 (9) 124 (21) Groundnut - 212 (35) Lime 53 (9) 124 (21) Sunflower 53 (9) 124 (21) Amla - 476 (79) Red gram - 178 (29) Cashew - 23 (4) Bengalgram 67 (11) 260 (43) Jackfruit - - Cotton 67 (11) 332 (55) Jamun - 163 (27) Chilli - 336 (56) Custard apple 67 (11) 408 (68) Tomato - 161 (27) Tamarind - 163 (27) Brinjal - 443 (73) Mulberry - 187 (31) Onion - 203 (34) Marigold - 399 (66) Bhendi - 441 (73) Chrysanthemum - 399 (66) Drumstick - 232 (38) Jasmine - 221 (37) Mango - 4 (1) Crossandra - 161 (27) Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Raghunathanahalli-1 is located at 15014'11.34'' to 150 12'47.822'' North and East longitude 750 57' 11.674'' to 75054'59.076'' covering an area of about 535.53 ha coming under Belagatti, Gattareddyhala, Hatti and Raghunathahalli Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 39 respondents, 5 (12.82%) were landless, 17 (43.59%) were marginal, 9 (23.08%) were small farmers, 4 (10.26%) were semi medium farmers and medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 104 (55.03%) men and 85 (44.97%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.4, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.1, semi medium farmers' was 6.25 and medium farmers' was 5.5.  Majority of the respondents 38 (20.11%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 78 (41.27%) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (23.81%) were in 36-60 years of age and 28 (14.81%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 32.28 per cent illiterates and primary school, 2.65 per cent of them had Middle school education, 14.29 per cent of them had high school, 12.17 per cent of them had PUC, 1.06 per cent of them had ITI and 2.12 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 89.74 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 7.69 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and 2.56 per cent of the household heads were trade and business.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 38.62 per cent of the household members, 25.93 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.53 per cent were government services, 1.06 per cent were private service, 0.53 per cent were trade and business, 28.04 were student, 2.12 per cent were housewives and 2.65 per cent were children.  The households possess, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 2.56 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 89.74 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 2.56 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC and 5.13 per cent of the households possess semi pacca.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 64.1 per cent of the households possess TV, 23.08 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 15.38 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 43.59 per cent of the household's possess motor cycle, 2.56 per cent of the household's tempo and 82.05 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. 2  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.51 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 15.38 per cent each of the households possess plough, 2.56 per cent of the households possess power tiller and earth remover/duster, 5.13 per cent of the households possess tractor and 17.95 per cent of the households possess sprayer and weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.51 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 7.69 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.56 per cent of the households possess crossbreed, buffalo and poultry birds, 5.13 per cent of the households possess sheep and 7.69 per cent of the households possess goat.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.67, average own labour (women) available was 1.31, average hired labour (men) available was 4.34 and average hired labour (women) available was 4.42.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 42.53 ha (80.66%) of dry land, 8.98 ha (17.04%) of irrigated land and 1.21 ha (2.3%) of permanent fallow land.  Marginal farmers possess 11.24 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 10.64 ha (83.62%) of dry land and 0.87 ha (6.84%) of irrigated land.  Semi medium farmers possess 8.38 ha (86.90%) of dry land and 1.26 ha (13.1 %) of irrigated land.  Medium farmers possess 2.27 ha (64.17%) of dry land and 6.85 ha (35.83%) of irrigated land.  There were 6 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 15.38 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown maize (10.67 ha), sunflower (7.79 ha), bajra (6.09 ha), Bengal gram (4.17 ha), groundnut (3.24 ha), sorghum (2.87 ha), jowar (2.83 ha), red gram (2.74 ha), onion (2.02 ha), sajje (1.62 ha), green gram and rabhi Bengal gram (1.33 ha) and cotton (0.65 ha).  The cropping intensity in micro watershed was found to be 82.98 per cent.  The sample households possessed 35.9 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  About 35.9 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bengal gram, Red gram, Bajra, Sorghum, Onion, Sunflower, Groundnut, Cotton and Green gram was Rs. 27409.94, 35724.58, 31633.41, 35109.61, 25180.04, 67351.19, 37509.16, 39885.76, 118817.63 and 24155.59 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.15, 1:1.33, 1:1.2, 1:0.51, 1:0.97, 1:0.58, 1:1.5, 1:1.2, 1:1.35 and 1:1.83 respectively.  Further, 30.77 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 2.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was 3 inadequate and 20.51 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 35,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 40,389.12, for small farmers it was Rs. 55,222.22, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 105,500 and medium farmers it was Rs. 31,940.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 4,953.63. For landless farmers it was Rs. 2,800, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,278.43, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,837.96, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,416.67 and medium farmers it was Rs. 6,062.50.  Sampled households have planted 39 coconut and 2 mango trees in their field and also 1 coconut trees in their backyard to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have planted 43 neem, 6 tamarind and 5 banyan trees in their field and also 1 neem trees in their backyard to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 461.54 for land development and Rs. 102.56 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.56 per cent for land development and improved crop production.  Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 5.13 per cent for land development.  Regarding marketing channels, 17.95 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 69.23 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 35.9 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 7.69 per cent of the households have used head load, 30.77 per cent of the households used cart and 84.62 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 35.9 per cent have shown incidence of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (43.59 %) were interested towards soil testing.  The households posssess, 97.44 per cent of the households used fire wood and 2.56 per cent of the households used biogas as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 76.92 per cent, 20.51 per cent of the households used bore well and 2.56 per cent of the households used open well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 30.77 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 2.56 per cent of the sample households possessed APL cards and 94.87 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards. 4  Cereals were adequate for 94.87 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 76.92 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 17.95 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 25.64 per cent, fruits were adequate for 28.21 per cent, milk were adequate for 23.08 per cent, egg were adequate for 15.38 per cent and meat were adequate for 12.82 per cent of the households.  Cereals were inadequate for 5.13 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 23.08 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 74.36 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 71.79 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 48.72 per cent, milk were inadequate for 58.97 per cent, egg and meat were inadequate for 74.36 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil, was the constraint experienced by 58.97 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (56.41%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (30.77%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (20.51%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (41.03%), high rate of interest on credit (10.26%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (35.9%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20.51%), inadequate extension service (7.69%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (33.33%), less rainfall (58.97%) and Source of Agri-technology information (43.59%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Adavalli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 430 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 43 per cent are loamy and 54 per cent are clayey soils at the surface.  About 8 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m).  An area of about 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 93 per cent very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 22 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 75 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 15 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 39 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 34 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) and 9 per cent strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to >9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are non saline (0.75%) in 25 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 42 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 84 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 14 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 56 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient in 26 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 71 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 59 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 28 (7) 134(31) Pomegranate - 79(18) Maize - 124(29) Guava - 48 (11) Bajra 33(8) 209(49) Jackfruit - 48(11) Redgram - 61 (14) Jamun - 61(14) Bengal gram 28 (7) 190 (44) Musambi 28 (7) 36 (8) Groundnut - 161(38) Lime 28(7) 36(8) Sunflower 28(7) 51 (12) Cashew - 75(18) Cotton 28 (7) 119(28) Custard apple 62(14) 258(60) Chilli 33(8) 91(21) Amla 33(8) 286 (67) Tomato 33(8) 91(21) Tamarind - 28(7) Drumstick - 91 (21) Marigold - 162(38) Mulberry - 135(32) Chrysanthemum - 162(38) Mango - - Jasmine - 131(30) Sapota - 48(11) Crossandra - 140(32) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMU's by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Drainage line treatment and Soil and water conservation treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Adavalli-3 micro-watershed is located at 15020'46.229'' to 150 19'1.6'' North and 750 59' 10.139'' to 75057'54.516'' covering an area of about 284.24 ha coming under Kavalura and Adavihalli Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 38 in the micro watershed, 5 (13.16%) were landless, 10 (26.32%) were marginal, 15 (39.47%) were small farmers, 5 (13.16%) were semi medium farmers and 3 (7.89%) medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 89 (51.45%) men and 81 (46.82%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.4, marginal farmers' was 5.3, small farmers' and semi medium farmers' was 4.4 and medium farmers were 3.  Majority of the respondents 33 (19.08%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 73 (42.2%) were in 16-35 years of age, 49 (28.32%) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (10.4%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 39.31 per cent illiterates, 23.7 per cent of them had primary school, 5.2 per cent of them had Middle school education, 19.65 per cent of them had high school, 5.78 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and masters and 2.31 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 44.74 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 50 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 22.54 per cent of the household members, 56.65 per cent were agricultural laborers, 19.08 per cent student and 1.16 per cent was children.  The household possess, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in local institutions.  In the study area, 15.79 per cent of the households possess thatched house and 2.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 65.79 per cent of the households possess TV, 13.16 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 18.42 per cent of the household's posses bicycles, 15.79 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 84.21 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, Rs. 7,620, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,500, bicycle was Rs. 1,714, motor cycle was Rs. 48,166 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,139. 2  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 26.32 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 7.89 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.26 per cent of the households possess buffalo and sheep.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.91, average own labour (women) available was 1.55, average hired labour (men) available was 11.39 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.21.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 95.46 ha (60.85%) of dry land, 1.42 ha (2.67%) of irrigated land and 1 (1.87%) of permanent fallow land.  Marginal farmers possess 6.29 ha (96.7%) of dry land, 0.14 ha (2.12%) of irrigated land and 0.08 (1.18%) of permanent fallow land.  Small farmers possess 22.3 ha (97.59%) of dry land and 0.55 ha (2.41%) of permanent fallow land.  Semi medium farmers possess 8.58 ha (83.79%) of dry land, 1.29 ha (12.57%) of irrigated land and 0.37 ha (3.64%) of permanent fallow land.  Medium farmers possess 13.84 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  There were 2 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.26 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown Sorghum (14.7 ha), sunflower (12.74 ha), Bengal gram (9.75 ha), maize (4.86 ha), green gram (4.45 ha), red gram (1.62 ha), sunflower (1.29 ha), bajra (1.22 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha), Jowar (0.9 ha), Rabi red gram (0.81 ha) and Rabi Bengal gram (0.14 ha).  The cropping intensity in Adavalli-3 Micro-watershed was found to be 84.23 per cent  The per hectare cost of Green gram was Rs. 63378.02, 35947.20, 29781.07, 34409.53, 40619.72, 73308.64, 29969.49 and 19100.33 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.72, 1:0.6, 1:3.73, 1:1.91, 1:0.37, 1:0.78, 1:1.43 and 1:1.75 respectively.  Further, 5.26 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 18.42 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 23.68 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 19,800 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 51,740, for small farmers it was Rs. 76,126.67, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 126,560 and medium farmers it was Rs. 222,833.33.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,779.82. For landless farmers it was Rs. 5,400, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,040, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,142.22, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 20,020 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 43,000.  Sampled households have planted 14 coconut trees in their backyard to cultivate horticultural crops. 3  Households have planted 6 neem and 1 banyan trees in their field to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,473.68 for land development, Rs. 105.26 for irrigation facility, Rs. 2,368.42 for improved crop production and Rs. 921.05 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 36.84 per cent for land development, 34.21 per cent for improved crop production and 13.16 per cent for improved livestock management.  Own funds was the source of additional investment for 5.71 per cent for land development.  Regarding marketing channels, 78.95 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 28.95 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households have used head load, 107.89 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 31.58 per cent have incidence of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (65.79%) were interested towards soil testing.  The households possess, 2.63 per cent of the households used dung cake, 92.11 per cent of the households used fire wood and 5.26 per cent of the households use LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 73.32 per cent and 23.68 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 47.37 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.37 per cent of the households possess BPL cards.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 65.79 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 2.63 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 73.68 per cent, fruits were adequate for 5.26 per cent and milk, egg and meat were adequate for 78.95 per cent of the households.  Pulses were inadequate for 34.21 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 76.32 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 10.53 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 92.11 per cent, milk were inadequate for 7.89 per cent and egg were inadequate for 18.42 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 50 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (55.26%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (47.37%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (31.58 %), high cost 4 of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (76.32%), high rate of interest on credit (39.47%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (68.42%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (55.26%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (42.11%), less rainfall and Source of Agritechnology information (21.05%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

[EN] The traditional financial theory proposes that the main objective of a company should be to maximize the wealth of its shareholders, which, in practice, means maximizing the market price of the securities they hold. This objective has generated an abundant literature and a wide controversy about the effects of financial decisions on the value of companies. In this sense, far from the situation of perfect markets analysed by Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani in their seminal works of 1958 and 1961, research in recent decades has shown the relevance of frictions in capital markets such as transaction costs, agency costs, bankruptcy costs or the taxes on the value of firms. In this context, there are many studies that have shown the tax consequences of the company's financial policies. From this perspective, the static trade-off theory establishes that the value of a company will reach its peak when the opposing effects of two forces are balanced: the tax deductibility of interest payments and the increase in bankruptcy costs associated with an increase of the level of debt. Likewise, dividends are also affected by the tax laws of the countries, given the different tax treatment of the distribution of cash compared to its retention. Within the imperfections of the financial markets, deserves special mention the agency theory approach, according to which dividends and debt can be effective instruments to reduce conflicts between the different stakeholders of the company. More specifically, the distribution of dividends or the increase of firm debt are believed to mitigate the possibility of opportunistic behaviour into the firms as dividends and debt reduce the resources under managers' control and are susceptible to be used in search of their interests and not to maximize the wealth of the investors. Precisely, the agency approach allows to incorporate informational asymmetries between insiders and outsiders, which endows the decisions of dividends and capital structure of a new function. Thus, these financial policies become signals that convey reliable information about the profitable investment opportunities available to the company. A feature of recent research in business finance and corporate governance is the international dimension that these studies have taken, addressing various institutional and legal environments. In this sense, the Law & Finance approach proposed by La Porta et al. (1999, 1997, 1998, 2000), according to which, two types of legal systems can be distinguished: countries whose legal systems come from the Anglo-Saxon or common law tradition tend to offer more adequate protection to investors than countries whose laws they are born in the context of civil or continental law. Taking this approach to the field of dividend policy, there are two hypotheses that explain the relationship between the legal structure of countries and the distribution of profits of companies. The first states that a legal system that offers adequate protection to investors boosts the distribution of dividends as a form of compensation for those shareholders (the outcome hypothesis). The alternative explanation raises that poor legal protection leads companies to distribute higher dividend ratios as a way to make up for the shortcomings of the environment (the substitute hypothesis). Both hypotheses have received considerable empirical support in different places and times. Combining the different theoretical approaches outlined above, it is worth asking whether the incidence of taxes on financial decisions can be modelled by the level of protection enjoyed by shareholders. In other words, the question arises about the relationships between the information transmitted by financial decisions in situations of low legal protection and the effect of taxes on such decisions. All this highlights the convenience of jointly analysing the mechanisms of corporate governance and taxes when investigating financial policies. In parallel with these investigations, there is another line of research that has studied the interaction between the institutional environment and the financial structure of the company, showing how the quality of corporate governance practices influences the relationship between taxes and indebtedness decisions. According to this view, the possible transfers of resources between shareholders and creditors are translated into variations in the flows subject to tax. And, given that the institutional environment modifies the possibility of such transfers, a concatenation is established between the three elements (taxes, legal environment and financial policy) that advise their joint study. Starting from the theoretical foundations previously outlined, this doctoral thesis seeks to perform an analysis of the dividend policy and the capital structure of Brazilian companies. Somehow, paradoxical as it may seem, a doctoral thesis is the result of the doctoral student's individual work and the imprint that his directors, professors and colleagues leave on the Doctorate Program. Therefore, it is not surprising that this doctoral thesis is inscribed in a field of corporate finance broken by professors of the Interuniversity Doctorate Program in Research in Business Economics. When writing these pages, it is inevitable to evoke previous doctoral theses such as that of professors Valentín Azofra Palenzuela on the explanatory factors of the capital structure of Spanish companies, Alberto de Miguel Hidalgo on the interrelation of investment decisions, financing and dividends, Juan Antonio Rodríguez Sanz on the ownership structure or Chabela de la Torre and Ignacio Requejo on the influence of the ownership structure on the company's financial strategy. This means the choice of research topic, with which I have tried to benefit from the knowledge of those who preceded me and, at the same time, take a step forward in the path of knowledge. The choice of Brazil is not capricious but this country is a unique case for the joint study of the tax and institutional effects on corporate decisions since, despite offering relatively little legal protection to minority shareholders and suffering from certain shortcomings in terms of corporate governance, in recent years it has made a considerable effort to improve the quality of its institutional environment while at the same time implementing significant changes in its fiscal order. Both actions have mutual implications and constitute a unique opportunity to advance our knowledge on the subject. Thus, in order to compensate for the deficient protection of minority shareholders the Stock Exchange of the State of Sao Paulo (B3), which is the official Stock Exchange of Brazil, created in 2000 the so-called Novo Mercado (NM). Companies voluntarily joining it are obliged to adopt corporate governance practices that are stricter than those required by national legislation. This process is based on the idea of "functional convergence" proposed by Coffee (1999), according to which, in countries with institutional deficiencies, due to the difficulties of reforming national legislation, it must be the capital markets that take the initiative in adopting government improvement measures. Aiming at granting companies a certain margin of time to gradually improve their operation until they were able to meet the requirements of the NM, the B3 launched the Level 1 and Level 2, which are intermediary categories with stricter requirements of corporate governance than those required by Brazilian legislation and, at the same time, less demanding than those of the NM. In this way, the Brazilian setting constitutes a unique environment for studying the effects of corporate governance on the financial decisions of companies by bringing together companies that, despite being subject to the same institutional framework, are exposed to different requirements of corporate governance. Therefore, the present doctoral thesis prevents the results and conclusions from being biased by institutional and cultural differences between countries. Likewise, the Brazilian case allows us to assess the extent to which a market-level reform that did not have the support of national legislative changes, can replace or amend the institutional deficiencies of the country as a whole. Another institutional aspect in which we deepen in this doctoral thesis is related to the influence of the Brazilian tax legislation in the financial decisions of companies. Specifically, Brazil is the only emerging country that has implemented a system of Allowance for Corporate Equity (ACE), called "interest on equity (IOE)", whose purpose is to allow companies to deduct a notional interest rate for the use of own resources and not only for the use of the debt. A peculiar feature of the IOE is that companies can only enjoy tax deductions by its use when they distribute part of their equity to shareholders. Thus, the IOE is a clear alternative to payout and, in spite of presenting features and functions quite similar to dividends, such as its usefulness to reduce agency conflicts, to signal investment opportunities, to attract shareholders who value the feeling of security, and to provide shareholders liquidity, its tax treatment presents great differences, since, when considered a financial expense, it can be deducted in the balance of the company before the calculation of taxes, thus generating a tax deduction. On the other hand, in the case of dividends, the tax base is determined by the adjusted net profit, without the company being able to obtain tax deductions for the distribution of dividends. The tax treatment of personal income is also different for dividends and for IOE. While shareholders are tax exempt when they receive dividends, they taxed on incomes from IOE and this tax varies according to the type of beneficiary shareholder. Therefore, the tax advantages derived from the use of IOE depend not only on the capital structure of the company but also on its ownership structure. This feature opens the door to consider whether the importance of fiscal considerations in the payout policy may be conditioned by the identity of the company's shareholders. In the same way, the existence of the IOE allows companies to have an alternative non-debt tax shield, with lower bankruptcy costs and that also retains the non-fiscal characteristics of the debt, such as, its signalling effect or its capacity to mitigate agency conflicts. Based on the framework described above, the main objective of this doctoral thesis is to analyse, using the idiosyncrasies of the Brazilian institutional framework, the influence of corporate governance, taxes and the ownership structure on dividends and capital structure decisions of companies. This general objective is specified in two more specific objectives: 1- To analyze if and how the adoption of the NM affects the dividend policy and the capital structure of Brazilian companies. 2- Based on the relevance of taxes in payout decisions and the capital structure of companies, to analyze the moderating role of the ownership structure in said relationship. This sequence of objectives structures this doctoral thesis. Thus, after this introduction, in Chapter 2 we consider the effect of the incorporation into the NM on financing and dividend decisions. This chapter describes the characteristics of the Brazilian institutional environment and the reform undertaken by B3 to improve the protection of investors through the creation of different market levels. Then, we verify if and how the incorporation to the NM and the intermediate levels affects the decisions of dividends and corporate financing, both as mechanisms used by companies to mitigate their agency conflicts. Next, we incorporate the differences in taxation between dividends and IOE to verify the moderating effect of firms' ownership structure. This analysis is carried out in Chapter 3, in which we detail the tax consequences of the use of dividends and IOE for companies and shareholders and, subsequently, we verify whether and how the identity of the dominant shareholders affects the relationship between taxes and payout decisions. A similar study is undertaken in Chapter 4, in which the effect of the IOE on the capital structure is extended. In this chapter, we expose the similarities between leverage and the IOE and also the differences in their tax treatment, which depend on the ownership structure of firms. Subsequently, in this chapter we analyze the effect of taxes on financing decisions, incorporating the moderating role of the identity of the shareholders in this relationship. This doctoral thesis is closed with a chapter that contains the main conclusions, the results are discussed from a critical perspective and future lines of research are suggested. To facilitate the overview of our research, in Figure 1 we propose a simplified scheme. By way of advancement of our results, we find that Brazilian companies voluntarily incorporated into the NM distribute less dividends and are less leveraged than their counterparts operating in the other segments of B3. This suggests that the NM plays an important role and can be an element that replaces other mechanisms aimed at improving trust between companies and shareholders, namely, dividends and debt. The results also indicate that the incidence of taxes on payout and capital structure decisions depends on the ownership structure of the companies. We have detected that in companies with a predominant presence of individual (or family) shareholders or with pyramidal structures in their chain of owners, taxes seem to be a determining factor in financing or payout decisions. Contrariwise, in companies owned by institutional shareholders, fiscal considerations appear to be irrelevant in the formulation of financial policy. Given the above, this doctoral thesis posits that reforms undertaken in the capital markets stand as an alternative mechanism to overcome the legal deficiencies that prevent countries from improving the quality of the corporate governance. We also conclude that the importance of taxes in corporate decisions is affected by the ownership structure. This indicates that the effectiveness of the efforts undertaken to reduce the debt tax bias is conditioned by the corporate shareholding structure.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kinhalu microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 313 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soils and 8 per cent by rock outcrops, habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 8 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and 66 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 68 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 15 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 59 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 39 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 35 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 25 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 41 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 8 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in 44 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 74 per cent in the microwatershed.  Entire area of about 74 per cent soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in the area of about 43 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 5 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 66 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 2 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 104 (33) 119 (38) Sapota - - Maize - 223 (71) Pomegranate - 198 (63) Bajra - 150 (48) Musambi 104 (33) 94 (30) Groundnut - 25 (8) Lime 104 (33) 94 (30) Sunflower 104 (33) 94 (30) Amla 20 (6) 203 (65) Red gram - 198 (63) Cashew - - Bengalgram 104 (33) 119 (38) Jackfruit - - Cotton 104 (33) 119 (38) Jamun - 193 (62) Chilli - 61 (19) Custard apple 104 (33) 119 (38) Tomato - 45 (14) Tamarind - 193 (62) Brinjal - 198 (63) Mulberry - 78 (25) Onion - - Marigold - 223 (71) Bhendi - 198 (63) Chrysanthemum - 223 (71) Drumstick - 198 (63) Jasmine - 25 (8) Mango - 73 (23) Crossandra - 109 (35) Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kinhalu mciro-watershed is located at 15027'34.896'' to 150 26'1.335'' North and East longitude 760 7'43.183'' to 7606'36.201'' covering an area of about 246.65 ha coming under Mudhlapura and Kinnala B villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents5 (14.71%) were landless, 7 (20.59%) were marginal, 10 (29.41%) were small farmers, 11 (32.35%) were semi medium farmers and 1 (2.94%) medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 96 (55.49%) men and 77 (44.51%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.4, marginal farmers' was 5.1, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 5.7 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents 40 (23.12%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (38.73%) were in 16-35 years of age, 49 (28.32%) were in 36-60 years of age and 17 (9.83%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 24.28 per cent illiterates, 1.16 per cent of them had functional literate, 26.59 per cent of them had primary school, 5.78 per cent of them had Middle school education, 22.54 per cent of them had high school, 9.25 per cent of them had PUC and 3.47 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 79.41 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 20.59 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 47.98 per cent of the household members, 12.14 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.73 per cent were general labour, 1.16 per cent were were private service, 24.86 per cent student, 5.78 per cent were housewives and 5.2 per cent were children.  The household possess, 0.58 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in sthree shakthi sangha and self help group, 98.84 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in local institutions.  In the study area, 73.53 per cent of the households possess thatched, 2.94 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 29.41 per cent of the households possess semi pacca.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 76.47 per cent of the households possess TV, 88.24 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5.88 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 50 per cent of the household's posses motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess landline phone and 94.12 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. 2  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.35 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 20.59 per cent each of the households possess plough, 8.82 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill and tractor, 5.88 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump and harvester, 2.94 per cent of the households possess power tiller, 11.76 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 55.88 per cent of the households possess weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 29.41 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 44.12 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.82 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 2.94 per cent of the households possess sheep and poultry birds.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1, average hired labour (men) available was 18.44 and average hired labour (women) available was 17.78.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 20.96 ha (55.7%) of dry land and 16.67 ha (44.30%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 2.57 ha (74.91%) of dry land and 0.86 ha (25.09%) of irrigated land.  Small farmers possess 4.28 ha (45.12%) of dry land and 5.21 ha (54.88%) of irrigated land.  Semi medium farmers possess 9.97 ha (48.47%) of dry land and 10.6 ha (51.53%) of irrigated land.  Medium farmers possess 4.13 ha (100%) of dry land.  There were 8 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown maize (19.54 ha), paddy (12.87 ha), sunflower (2.63 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha) and bajra (0.81 ha).  The cropping intensity in Kinhalu Micro-watershed was found to be 93.82 per cent.  The sample households possessed 38.24 per cent of the households have bank account.  About 38.24 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, paddy groundnut, sunflower and Bajra was Rs. 29282.45, 58473.68, 34657.87, 28063.50, 16322.22, 81933.24 and 24536.53 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.57, 1:1.44, 1:1.28, 1:1.14 and 1:1.59, respectively.  Further, 61.76 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 44.12 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. 3  The average annual gross income was Rs. 35,000 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 77,400, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 115,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 100,000.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 3,711.15. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,306.12, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,560, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 2,494.21 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 10,000.  Sampled households have planted 8 coconut trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have planted 13 neem and 2 tamarind trees in their field to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,235.29 for land development and Rs. 1,382.35 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 32.35 per cent for land development and improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 29.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 58.82 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 5.88 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 8.82 per cent of the households have used cart and 85.29 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 52.94 per cent have incidence of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (52.94 %) were interested towards soil testing.  The households possess, 2.5 per cent of the households used dung cake, 91.18 per cent of the households used fire wood, 5.88 per cent households used kerosene and 2.94 per cent of the household's biogas as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 76.47 per cent, 20.59 per cent of the households used bore well and 2.94 per cent of the households used used lake/tank well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 32.35 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.18 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 79.41 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 85.29 per cent, milk were adequate for 91.18 per cent and egg were adequate for 35.29 per cent and meat were adequate for 17.65 per cent of the households.  Cereals were inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 8.82 per cent, oilseed and vegetables were inadequate for 14.71 4 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 70.59 per cent, milk were inadequate for 8.82 per cent, egg were inadequate for 55.88 per cent and meat were inadequate for 70.59 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 55.88 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (61.76%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (58.82%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (11.76 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (50%), high rate of interest on credit (64.71%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (47.06%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (58.82%), inadequate extension service (5.88%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (44.12%), less rainfall (32.35%) and Source of Agri-technology information (8.82%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sidaganhalli-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 531 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 99 per cent is covered by soils and one per cent is by habitation. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 28 soil phases (management units) and 7 Land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 31 per cent area has loamy soils and 65 per cent area has clay soils.  About 18 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 10 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 86 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  About 28 per cent area is slight eroded (e1) and 68 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  About 7 per cent area is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 65 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 24 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) to moderately alkaline (pH 7.8- 8.4) in soil reaction.  Entire area is non saline (0.75%) in 62 per cent area.  About 8 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 88 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 17 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  About 2 per cent medium (10-20 ppm) and 94 per cent high (>20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 32 per cent area.  Available iron sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 7 (1) 300 (57) Pomegranate 2 321 (61) Maize 2 306 (58) Guava 2 271 (51) Bajra 131 (25) 278 (52) Jackfruit 2 271 (51) Groundnut 131 (25) 226 (43) Jamun - 309 (58) Sunflower 7 (1) 246 (46) Musambi 7 (1) 302 (57) Cotton 6 (1) 289 (54) Lime 7 (1) 302 (57) Red gram 2 239 (45) Cashew - 171 (32) Bengalgram 38 (7) 288 (54) Custard apple 137 (26) 363 (68) Chilli 2 261 (49) Amla 137 (26) 363 (68) Tomato 2 261 (49) Tamarind - 223 (42) Drumstick 2 328 (62) Marigold 2 306 (58) Mulberry 117 (22) 302 (57) Chrysanthemum 2 306 (58) Mango - 187 (35) Jasmine 2 255 (48) Sapota 2 271 (51) Crossandra 2 242 (46) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Sidganhalli-4 micro-watershed is located at 15032'39.975'' to 150 31'16.547''North and 760 15' 9.616'' to 76013'41.174'' East covering an area of about 448.03 ha coming Chilakamukki village of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents 5 (14.29%) were landless, 7 (20 %) were marginal, 10 (28.57%) were small farmers, 6 (17.14%) were semi medium farmers and 7 (20%) medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (59.87%) men and 63 (40.13%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.4, small farmers' was 3.7, semi medium farmers' was 5.1 and medium farmers were 5. 4.  Majority of the respondents 40 (23.12%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (38.73%) were in 16-35 years of age36 (22.93%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 63 (40.13%) were in 16-35 years of age, 42 (26.75%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (10.19%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 37.58 per cent illiterates, 28.66 per cent of them had primary school, 3.18 per cent of them had Middle school education, 10.19 per cent of them had high school, 11.46 per cent of them had PUC, 0.64 per cent of them had diploma and ITI, 3.82 per cent of them had degree and 1.27 per cent of them had masters education.  About, 31.43 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 62.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 28.66 per cent of the household members, 36.94 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.91 per cent was private service, 29.3 per cent student and 2.55 per cent were children.  The household possess, 0.64 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in self help group and 99.36 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in local institutions.  In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 17.14 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the household's posses motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess tempo and landline phone and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.86 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 5.71 per cent each of the households possess plough and sprayer, 8.57 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 28.57 per cent of the households possess weeder and 17.14 per cent of the households possess Harvester. 2  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and buffalo.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.59, average own labour (women) available was 4.76, average hired labour (men) available was 9.03 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.83.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 12.44 ha (24.86%) of dry land and 37.62 ha (75.14%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 3.74 ha (80.09%) of dry land and 0.93 ha (19.91%) of irrigated land.  Small farmers possess 8.7 ha (72.15%) of dry land and 3.36 ha (27.85%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.64 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  Medium farmers possess 24.69 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  There were 18 functioning and 10 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 54.29 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown maize (27.29 ha), bajra (8.54 ha) groundnut (8.09 ha), sajje (0.81 ha), chilly, paddy, tomato and watermelon (0.4 ha). The cropping intensity in Sidganhalli-4 Micro-watershed was found to be 60.74 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, paddy groundnut, chilly, Bajra and Tomato was Rs. 34059.21, 94011.08, 40626.26, 71551.81, 30854.22 and 65441.56 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.22, 1:1.36, 1:1.97, 1:3.18, 1:0.95 and 1:0.6 respectively.  Further, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 15,800 for landless, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 55,285.71, for small farmers it was Rs. 70,700, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 170,000 and medium farmers it was Rs. 195,714.29.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 24,350.88. For landless it was Rs. 2,040, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,102.04, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,470, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 97,111.11 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 24,571.43.  Sampled households have planted 49 coconut and 3 mango trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have planted 13 1 teak and 57 neem trees in their field to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,228.57 for land development, Rs. 428.57 for irrigation facility, Rs. 1,628.57 for improved crop production and Rs.1, 771.43 for improved livestock management.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.86 per cent for land development, 2.86 per 3 cent for irrigation facility and 2.86 per cent for improved crop production and improved livestock management.  Own funds were the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development and 5.71 per cent for improved crop production and improved livestock management.  Regarding marketing channels, 11.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 102.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 117.14 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.86 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 54.29 per cent have incidence of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (54.29 %) were interested towards soil testing.  The households possess 88.57 per cent of the households used fire wood and 11.43 per cent of the household's LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 68.57 per cent, 28.57 per cent of the households used bore well and 2.86 per cent of the households used lake/tank well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the households possessed had no PDS cards.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 74.29 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 11.43 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, milk and egg were adequate for 97.14 per cent and meat were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households.  Pulses were inadequate for 25.71 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 80 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 71.43 per cent, milk were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, and meat were inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 62.86 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (45.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (40%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (25.71 %), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (65.71%), high rate of interest on credit (31.43%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (48.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (54.29%), inadequate extension service (2.86%), Lack of 4 transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (8.57%), less rainfall (28.57%) and Source of Agri-technology information (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Horanchi-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 511 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 460 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 22 ha covered by rock outcrops and 29 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 460 ha (90%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 29 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) 9 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 1 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 50 per cent soils are shallow (25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 19 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 47 percent soils are loamy and 24 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 percent soils are medium (51-100), 4 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 50 per cent area is very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 7 percent of the soils are low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 82(16) 87(17) Guava - 11(2) Maize - 198(39) Sapota - 11(2) Bajra - 169(33) Pomegranate - 162(32) Groundnut - 11(2) Musambi 151(29) 11(2) Sunflower 82(16) 80(16) Lime 151(29) 11(2) Redgram - 162(32) Amla - 169(33) Bengal gram 151(29) 18(4) Cashew - - Cotton 82(16) 87(17) Jackfruit - 11(2) Chilli - 169(34) Jamun - 151(29) Tomato - 169(34) Custard apple 162(32) 7(1) Brinjal 52(10) 116(23) Tamarind - 151(29) Onion - 87(17) Mulberry - 11(2) Bhendi 121(24) 48(10) Marigold - 169(33) Drumstick - 162(32) Chrysanthemum - 169(33) Mango - 52(10)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Horanchi-1 is located at 16051'19.293'' to 160 49'49.293'' and East longitude 770 8'1.757'' to 7706'20.417'' covering an area of about 510.57 ha coming under Horunacha, Venkateshwaranagara and Kanchagarahalli Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents, 4 (11.76%) were landless, 11 (32.35%) were marginal and small farmers and 8 (23.53%) were semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 91 (52.60%) men and 82 (47.4%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 5.5 and semi medium farmers' was 5.1.  Majority of the respondents 31 (17.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (47.4%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (28.9%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (5.78%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 53.76 per cent illiterates, 24.28 per cent of them had primary school, 6.94 per cent of them had Middle school education, 6.36 per cent of them had high school, 2.89 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and 3.47 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 53.76 per cent illiterates, 24.28 per cent of them had primary school, 6.94 per cent of them had Middle school education, 6.36 per cent of them had high school, 2.89 per cent of them had PUC, 1.16 per cent of them had ITI and 3.47 per cent of them had degree education.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 19.65 per cent of the household members, 58.96 per cent were agricultural labourers, 20.23 per cent were student and 1.16 per cent were children.  In this micro watershed, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 17.65 per cent of the households possess thatched, 67.65 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.71 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 58.82 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 44.12 per cent of the household's possess motor cycle and 73.53 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 64.71 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough, 20.59 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 11.76 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 44.12 per cent of the households possess weeder, 5.88 per cent of the households possess harvester and 17.65 per cent of the households possess thresher.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 41.18 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent of the households possess local cow and goat and 2.94 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.85, average own labour (women) available was 1.68, average hired labour (men) available was 9.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.2.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 35.06 ha (88.26%) of dry land and 4.67 ha (11.74%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 8.04 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 12.98 ha (88.66%) of dry land and 1.66 ha (11.34 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 14.04 ha (82.36%) of dry land and 3.01 ha (17.64 %) of irrigated land.  There were 8 functioning and 3 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have cotton (4.28%), groundnut (5.83 Ha), horse gram (1.62 ha), maize (5.59 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), red gram (20.25 ha) and sorghum (1.21 ha).  The sample households possessed 85.29 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  About 85.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, maize, Red gram, Horse gram, Sorghum, groundnut and paddy was Rs. 38144.92, 15184.09, 26741.88, 16727.24, 33363.87, 34774.16 and 26182.46 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.6, 1:2.02, 1:1.88, 1:2.21, 1:1.11, 1:2.79 and 1:2.22, respectively.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 41,250 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 68,636.36, for small farmers it was Rs. 79,909.09 and semi medium farmers it was Rs. 137,750.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,695.29. For large farmers it was Rs. 5,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,485.95, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,044.63 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,600.45.  Sampled households have planted 6 mango trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops. 3  Households have planted 1 cashew and pongamia, 45 neem, 2 tamarind, 13 banyan and 4 acacia trees in their field to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7,617.65 for land development, Rs. 441.18 for irrigation facility and Rs.705.88 for improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 20.59 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility and 14.71 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 29.41 for land development and 2.94 for improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 29.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 61.76 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 91.18 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 85.29 per cent have Incidencee of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (85.2%) were interested towards soil testing.  The household possess, 97.06 per cent of the households used fire wood and 2.94 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 64.71 per cent and 35.29 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.12 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.82 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 17.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 26.47 per cent, milk were adequate for 29.41 per cent, egg were adequate were for 11.76 per cent and meat were adequate for 14.71 per cent of the households.  pulses were inadequate for 5.88 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 82.35 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 85.29 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 55.88 per cent, milk were inadequate for 50 per cent, egg and meat were inadequate for 82.35 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 91.18 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (35.29%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (17.65%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (32.35%), high rate of interest on credit 4 (8.82%), Low price for the agricultural commodities and lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.76%),Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (29.41%), inadequate extension service (14.71%), less rainfall (41.18%) and Source of Agri-technology information (32.35%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bagnalu-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 502 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 91 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 58 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 33 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 31 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75 %) in 87 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-56 kg/ha) in 18 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) 73 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 18 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 63 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 64 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 3(<1) 48(10) Sapota 3(<1) 225(45) Maize (<1) 50(10) Pomegranate 3 (<1) 225(45) Bajra 6(1) 342(68) Guava 3(<1) 224(45) Redgram 3(<1) 10(2) Jackfruit 3(<1) 225(45) Bengal gram - 134(27) Jamun 3 (<1) 225(45) Groundnut 2(<1) 365(72) Musambi 3(<1) 225(45) Sunflower 3 (<1) 10(2) Lime 3(<1) 225(45) Cotton 2(<1) 48(10) Cashew 3(<1) 224(45) Chilli 6(1) 45(9) Custard apple 6(1) 387 (71) Tomato 6 (1) 45(9) Amla 6(1) 451(90) Brinjal 10(2) 148(30) Tamarind 2(<1) 7 (1) Onion 7(1) 151(30) Marigold 3(<1) 48(10) Bhendi 7(1) 151(30) Chrysanthemum 3(<1) 48 (10) Drumstick 3 (<1) 118(24) Jasmine 3 (<1) 48(10) Mulberry 3 (<1) 332(66) Crossandra 3 (<1) 48(10) Mango 2(<1) 7(1) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Hire Bagnalu-2 is located at 15019'0.235'' to 150 17'53.861'' North and East 760 14' 15.793'' to 76012'6.35'' covering an area of about 502.23 ha coming under Halavarthi, Kunakeri and Hirebagnala villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 37 respondents, 2 (5.41%) were landless, 14 (37.84%) were marginal farmers, 8 (21.62%) were small and semi medium farmers, 4 (10.81%) were medium farmers and 1 (2.7%) were large farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 113 (58.25%) men and 81 (41.75%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.5, marginal farmers were 5.8, semi medium farmers' was 4.1, small farmers' was 5.25, medium farmers' was 5.5 and large farmers were 8.  Majority of the respondents 44 (22.68%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 90 (46.39%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (24.23%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (6.7%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 41.75 per cent illiterates, 23.71 per cent of them had primary school, 3.09 per cent of them had Middle school education, 13.4 per cent of them had high school, 8.25 per cent of them had PUC, 0.52 per cent of them had diploma and PhD, 1.55 per cent of them had ITI and 1.03 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 24.32 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 72.97 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 21.6 per cent of the household members, 46.3 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.52 per cent were general labour and trade and business, 1,55 per cent were private services, 20.6 per cent were student, 1.03 per cent were housewives and 5.67 per cent were children.  The households possess, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 2.70 per cent of the households possess katcha and semi pacca house, 83.78 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.41 per cent of them possess pucca/ RCC.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 94.59 per cent of the households possess TV, 78.38 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.7 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 27.03 per cent of the household's possess motor cycle and 27.03 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 10.81 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 2.70 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough, power tiller and tractor, 8.11 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 75.68 per cent of the households possess weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 16.22 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 37.84 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.41 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow, 10.81 per cent of the households possess buffalo and sheep and 2.70 per cent of the households possess goat.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.54, average hired labour (men) available was 6.94 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.41.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 31.2 ha (55.4%) of dry land and 25.12 ha (44.5%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 6.2 ha (91.8%) of dry land and 0.55 ha (8.11%) of irrigated land.  Small farmers possess 5.7 ha (67.1%) of dry land and 2.84 ha (32.88%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 9.5 ha (55.9%) of dry land and 7.49 ha (44.08 %) of irrigated land.  Medium farmers possess 4.86 ha (33.5%) of dry land and 9.6 ha (66.41 %) of irrigated land.  Large farmers possess 4.8 ha (51%) of dry land and 4.65 ha (48.91%) of irrigated land.  There were 15 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 40.54 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown maize (28.15 ha), Bajra (11.41 ha), sunflower (8.95 ha), sugarcane (5.04 ha), cotton (1.74 ha), groundnut (0.81 ha), navane (0.15 ha) and horsegram (0.08 ha).  The cropping intensity in Hire Bagnalu-2 Micro watershed was found to be 91.88 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Horse gram, bajra, cotton, navane, sunflower, sugarcane and groundnut was Rs. 39460.71, 160264.81, 73788.04, 31694.73, 165623.34, 39873.08, 213786.99 and 40243.12 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.61, 1:0.99, 1:0.69, 1:2.72, 1:0.44, 1:1.1, 1:1.23 and 1:0.99 respectively.  Further, 56.76 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 10,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 64,667.86, for small farmers it was Rs. 83,000, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 80,250, medium farmers it was Rs. 185,040 and large farmers it was Rs.300,000.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 26,280.57. For landless farmers it was Rs. 2,500, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 20,934.95, for small farmers it was Rs. 3 30,828.13, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,281.25, medium farmers it was Rs. 40,854.17 and large farmers it was Rs.206,000.  Sampled households have planted 56 coconut, 10 mango trees in their field and 1 guava trees in their backyard.  Households have planted 82 neem and 2 banyan trees in their field and also 22 neem and 1 tamarind trees in their backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,918.92 for land development, Rs. 1,702.70 for irrigation facility and Rs. 2,648.65 for improved crop production. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 59.46 per cent for land development and 29.73 per cent for irrigation facility and improved crop production.  Own funds were the source of additional investment for 2.7 per cent for land development, irrigation facility and improved crop production.  Soft loan were the source of additional investment for 2.7 per cent for land development, irrigation facility and improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 8.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 102.7 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 5.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. Further, 2.70 per cent of the households have used head load, 29.73 per cent of the households used cart and 83.78 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 64.86 per cent have incidence of soil and water erosion problems. The household possess, (64.86%) were interested towards soil testing.  The households posssess, 97.3 per cent of the households used fire wood and 5.41 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 83.78 per cent and 16.22 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 45.95 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the sample households possess BPL cards.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 89.19 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.11 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 72.97 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.7 per cent, milk and egg were adequate for 78.38 per cent and meat were adequate for 64.86 per cent of the households.  Pulses were inadequate for 13.51 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 67.57 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 27.03 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 91.89 per cent, milk were inadequate for 13.51 per cent, egg 4 were inadequate for 16.22 per cent and meat were inadequate for 27.03 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 8.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (70.27%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (24.32%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (45.95%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (54.05%), high rate of interest on credit (45.95%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (70.27%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (64.86%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (21.62%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Daddegallu-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 311 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils and three per cent by mining /industrial area, water bodies and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 52 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 48 per cent is slightly eroded (e1), 41 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands and 8 per cent is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 74 per cent soils strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 23 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH > 9.0).  Electrical conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in 71 per cent of the soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed is low (<10 ppm) in available sulphur.  Entire area in the microwatershed is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in available boron.  Entire area in the microwatershed is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Entire area in the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 71(23) 96(31) Pomegranate - 129(41) Maize - 168(54) Guava - - Bajra - 167(54) Jackfruit - - Redgram - 94(30) Jamun - 40(13) Bengal gram 71(23) 96(31) Musambi 40(13) 89(29) Groundnut - - Lime 40(13) 89(29) Sunflower 40(13) 89(29) Cashew - - Cotton 71(23) 96(31) Custard apple 71(23) 96(31) Chilli - - Amla - 168(54) Tomato - 23(7) Tamarind - 40(13) Drumstick - 129(41) Marigold - 168(54) Mulberry - 82(26) Chrysanthemum - 168(54) Mango - - Jasmine - 39(12) Sapota - 23(7) Crossandra - 58(18) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Chapter 1 FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Daddegallu-3 is located at 15022'35.529'' to 150 20'45.305'' North and 760 7' 13.707'' to 7606'12.385''covering an area of about 311.52 ha coming under Dadhegala, Koppala and Yathnatti Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 39 respondents, 1 (2.56%) were landless, 17 (43.59%) were marginal farmers, 13 (33.33%) were small farmers, 6 (15.38%) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.13%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 106 (57.61%) men and 78 (42.39%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers were 4.4, semi medium farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 5.1 and medium farmers' was 7.  Majority of the respondents 37 (20.11%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (40.22%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (27.72%) were in 36-60 years of age and 22 (11.96%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 40.22 per cent illiterates, 21.74 per cent of them had primary school, 4.35 per cent of them had Middle school education, 15.76 per cent of them had high school, 5.43 per cent of them had PUC, 0.54 per cent of them had diploma education, 1.63 per cent of them had ITI education and 5.43 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 94.87 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 2.56 per cent of the household industry and trade and business.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 69.57 per cent of the household members, 1.09 per cent were household industry and trade and business, 16.85 per cent were student, 1.63 per cent was housewives and 4.89 per cent were children.  The households possess, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  In the study area, 10.26 per cent of the households possess thatched houses, 58.97 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 20.51 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC and 12.82 per cent of the households possess semi pacca.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 94.87 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.56 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD player and refrigerator, 100 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and mobile phones, 23.08 per cent of the household's possess bicycle and 30.77 per cent of the households possess motor cycle.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 12.82 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 20.51 per cent each of the households possess 2 plough, 2.56 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill and chaff cutter, 5.13 per cent of the households possess tractor, 17.95 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 46.15 per cent of the households possess weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.38 per cent of the households possess bullocks and local cow, 5.13 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and 17.95 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.68, average own labour (women) available was 1.46, average hired labour (men) available was 7.59 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.43.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 47.54 ha (89.88%) of dry land and 4.45 ha (8.42%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 12 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17.13 ha (95.49%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (4.51%) of irrigated land.  Semi medium farmers possess 14.35 ha (89.87%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (10.13 %) of irrigated land.  Medium farmers possess 4.05 ha (66.67%) of dry land and 2.02 ha (33.33 %) of irrigated land.  There were 1 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.56 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown maize (37.87 ha), sunflower (3.33 ha), red gram (2.1 ha), jowar (1.62 ha), rabi maize (1.28 ha), Bengal gram and mulberry (1.21 ha), rabi bengal gram (0.93 ha), pearl millet (0.81 ha), red gram (0.61 ha) and paddy (0.4 ha). Cropping intensity in micro watershed was found to be 96.8 per cent.  The households possess 69.23 per cent of the households have bank account. The household's posess, 64.1 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bengal gram, red gram, bajra, mulberry, jowar and sunflower was Rs. 31782.98, 34704.54, 21997.31, 10613.13, 20133.77, 30097.46 and 39789.73 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.05, 1:1.34, 1:1.05, 1:1.44, 1:0.82, 1:0.6, and 1:0.95 respectively.  Further, 41.03 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 20.51 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 53,200 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 56,510.59, for small farmers it was Rs. 62,926.92, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 139,366.67 and medium farmers it was Rs. 130,000.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 11,333.44. For landless farmers it was Rs. 53,200, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,324.15, for small farmers it was Rs. 3 4,840.53, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23,227.78 and medium farmers it was Rs. 65,000.  Sampled households have planted 5 teak, 50 neem, 2 tamarind and 1 banyan and peepul trees in their field and also 2 neem trees in their backyard to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,153.85 for land development, Rs. 666.67 for irrigation facility, Rs. 2,153.85 for improved crop production and Rs.179.49 for improved livestock management. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; own funds was the source of additional investment for 61.54 per cent for land development, 7.69 per cent for irrigation facility, 41.03 per cent for improved crop production and 5.13 per cent for improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 10.26 per cent for land development, 5.13 per cent for irrigation facility and 7.69 for improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 20.51 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 82.05 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 2.56 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 2.56 per cent of the households have used head load, 15.38 per cent of the households used cart, 71.79 per cent of the households used tractor and 15.38 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 23.08 per cent have shown incidence of soil and water erosion problems.  The household possess, (76.92%) were interested towards soil testing.  The households possess, 89.74 per cent of the households used fire wood and 28.21 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 20.51 per cent, 66.67 per cent of the households used bore well, 2.56 per cent of the households used open well and 7.69 per cent used lake/ tank in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 53.85 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.87 per cent of the sampled household's possessed BPL cards and 2.56 per cent of the sample households has not possess PDS cards.  Cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 64.1 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 41.03 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 66.67 per cent, fruits were adequate for 10.26 per cent, milk were adequate for 92.31 per cent, egg were adequate for 46.15 and meat were adequate for 20.51 per cent of the households.  Pulses were inadequate for 30.77 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 53.85 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 28.21 per cent, 4 fruits were inadequate for 64.1 per cent, milk were inadequate for 5.13 per cent, egg were inadequate for 7.69 per cent and meat were inadequate for 66.67 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 82.05 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (56.41%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (87.18%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (69.23%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (84.62%), high rate of interest on credit (100%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (76.92%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (92.31%), inadequate extension services (56.41%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (79.49%), less rainfall (23.08%) and Source of Agri-technology information (10.26%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Tese de doutoramento em Economia, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra ; Many countries strive to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by liberalizing their FDI regulations and providing investment incentives, including lower income taxes or income tax holidays, as well as import duty exemptions. The rationale for these policies stems from the expectation of externalities from FDI, since foreign firms possess technological advantages such as advanced know-how, marketing and managerial skills and international experience, that can be transmitted to domestic firms through different channels, and may stimulate technological changes in the host country. We draw on macroeconomic models of technology diffusion to uncover empirical patterns of externalities from FDI for the Portuguese manufacturing sector, using a new balanced panel dataset with a total of 5,045 manufacturing firms (domestic and foreign) for the period 1995-2007. Subsequently, we attempt to make policy recommendations to boost productivity and growth, through the analysis of the transitional dynamics under the real convergence process, in which the mechanism of technological catching-up allows to relate FDI with the manufacturing productivity, clustered by technological groups, following Pavitt (1984). In contrast with earlier literature for the Portuguese manufacturing sector, that find controversial results for 1996-2000, our results seem to confirm that foreign presence is positively and significantly correlated with TFP growth, but only in certain industries and depending on the size of the domestic firms. In one-period lag, we find positive externalities in small firms in scale-intensive industries, through backward linkages, (basic metals and other transport equipment) and through forward linkages (metal products). Our research highlights the fact that the heterogeneous nature of manufacturing firms and the uneven distribution of externalities across industries that entail time to occur, require the use of dynamic models with panel data disaggregated by technological groups and firm size. To pursuit our research objectives, we start by analysing the transmission mechanisms of externalities from FDI to the productivity of domestic firms, focusing on linkages with foreign customers (backward) and suppliers (forward). We focus on five Western European countries to provide a broader picture of the determinant factors of externalities from FDI in Developed Countries (DCs), through its classification, along the lines of the Theory of Heterogeneous Firms. This allows for a better understanding of the relevant variables to include in the empirical studies that focus on DCs, which are concentration, domestic and foreign R&D expenditures, scale, technological gap, and capital intensity. In addition, applying multiple imputation in Stata 13.0, we construct a database that integrates a significant number of the variables necessary to empirically investigate the existence of externalities from FDI in the Portuguese manufacturing sector. The variables, collected from AMADEUS, Quadros do Pessoal, EU Klems and OCDE databases, measure three dimensions: Total Factor Productivity; foreign presence; and variables that may influence the productivity of domestic firms, either directly or indirectly, i.e., affecting the impact of foreign presence on the Total Factor Productivity, such as indicators of firm efficiency and R&D activities, Our new panel data provides a set of useful 15 indicators for 4,685 domestic firms and 360 firms with foreign capital, in the manufacturing sector. The empirical analysis follows a two-stage strategy. First, we employ the Wooldridge-Levinshon and Petrin estimator, which is considered a robust method to estimate the TFP. Then, we regress the TFP on several explanatory variables using the system-GMM estimator that is unbiased and consistent in the presence of omitted variables and endogenous explanatory variables. Our dynamic model consider time lags up to two periods. Our analysis at the aggregate level (i.e. for the whole manufacturing sector) shows positive and significant externalities via backward and forward linkages, in one-period lag, However, we found negative horizontal externalities in the three periods, as well as negative vertical externalities, both in the current period and with a two-period lag. The analysis with industry breakdown (classified by technological groups), and controlling for firm size, showed that firms (small and large) of scale-intensive industries, and small firms in science-based industries, benefit from positive externalities. Finally, we analyse the relationship between FDI inward flows and a set of innovation (such as R&D expenditures as a percentage of GDP and the number of scientific publications) and absorptive capacity indicators (such as the GDP per capita and the number of graduates). The purpose is twofold. First, we assess whether FDI inflows, during the last 30 years of European integration, have contributed to increase the productivity, Secondly, we evaluate the efficacy of FDI policies to promote innovation and its coordination with measures aiming to promote the absorptive capacity. To promote innovation, the Investment promotion agency should continue to encourage foreign projects in traditional industries because they appear to benefit more from vertical externalities from FDI, followed by the industries where Portugal has a comparative advantage. Regarding absorptive capacity, we suggest new strategies, such as the resumption of focus on productivity and the articulation of this goal with the innovation policy to support research and education. Since, as we have proved, that real convergence is not an automatic process triggered by foreign presence, we suggest that, it can be assisted by a reinforcement of supply-side measures, with an integrated industrial policy, favouring certain industries where there is evidence of positive externalities from FDI. This is crucial because, Portugal is a small open economy that makes it vulnerable to external factors that hinder the economic growth. Since the new millennium, the country lost the backwardness advantages from which it benefited since the 1950's. In addition, the global financial crisis led to a drop in industrial production accompanied by a reduction in FDI attraction. In this context, technology transfer, that can occur due to foreign presence, can increase the TFP and promote long-term growth, especially in the manufacturing sector, which is a driver of technological change, because it can generate high rates of innovation and drag capabilities to other sectors. Our policy recommendations regarding the kind of FDI projects to attract to the manufacturing sector represent an important contribute since, to the best of our knowledge, there are no prior attempts to perform a normative analysis of the investment promotion policy in Portugal, other than those that are inherent to the sphere of action of AICEP, which cannot be disclosed to the academic community. ; Muitos países se têm empenhado em atrair Investimento Direto Estrangeiro (IDE), liberalizando a sua legislação sobre investimento estrangeiro e concedendo incentivos aos projetos de investimento estrangeiro, incluindo benefícios fiscais. A razão para essas políticas decorre da expectativa de ocorrência de externalidades de IDE, uma vez que as empresas estrangeiras possuem vantagens tecnológicas, como conhecimentos, capacidades de marketing e de gestão e experiência internacional, que podem ser transmitidas para as empresas nacionais, através de diferentes canais e podem estimular a mudança tecnológica no país hospedeiro. Nós baseamo-nos em modelos macroeconómicos de difusão tecnológica para revelar os padrões empíricos de externalidades do IDE na industria transformadora portuguesa, utilizando um novo conjunto de dados em painel balanceado, com um total de 5.045 empresas (nacionais e estrangeiras) para o período 1995-2007. Posteriormente, tentamos fazer recomendações de política tendentes ao aumento da produtividade e ao crescimento económico, através da análise da dinâmica de transição no processo de convergência real, em que o mecanismo de recuperação tecnológica permite relacionar o IDE com a produtividade, agrupada por grupos tecnológicos, de acordo com Pavitt (1984). Em contraste com a literatura anterior para a industria transformadora portuguesa, que revela resultados controversos para o período 1996-2000, os nossos resultados parecem confirmar que a presença estrangeira está correlacionada positiva e significativamente com o crescimento da produtividade total dos fatores, mas apenas em certas indústrias e dependendo do tamanho das empresas nacionais. Com um desfasamento de um período, encontramos externalidades positivas em pequenas empresas nas indústrias escala-intensivas, através de ligações para trás (metais básicos e outro equipamento de transporte) e através de ligações para a frente (produtos metálicos). A nossa pesquisa destaca o fato de que a natureza heterogénea das empresas da industria transformadora, a distribuição desigual de externalidades entre indústrias, e o fato das externalidades requererem algum tempo para se materializarem, requer a utilização de modelos dinâmicos com dados em painel e uma análise desagregada por grupos tecnológicos e dimensão das empresas. Visando a prossecução dos nossos objetivos de pesquisa, começamos por analisar os mecanismos de transmissão de externalidades do IDE para a produtividade das empresas nacionais, com foco nas ligações com clientes (ligações para trás) e fornecedores estrangeiros (ligações para a frente). Nós concentramo-nos em cinco países da Europa Ocidental, com vista a fornecer uma imagem mais ampla dos fatores determinantes das externalidades do IDE em países desenvolvidos, através da sua classificação, de acordo com a Teoria das Empresas Heterogéneas. Tal permite uma melhor compreensão das variáveis relevantes a incluir nos estudos empíricos que se concentram nos países desenvolvidos, e que são: a concentração, as despesas em I&D (de empresas nacionais e estrangeiras), a escala, o hiato tecnológico e a intensidade capitalística das empresas. Além disso, utilizando imputação múltipla no Stata 13.0, construímos uma base de dados que integra um número significativo de variáveis necessárias para investigar empiricamente a existência de externalidades de IDE na indústria transformadora Portuguesa. As variáveis, recolhidas das bases de dados AMADEUS, Quadros do Pessoal, EU Klems e OCDE, medem três dimensões: produtividade total dos fatores (PTF), presença estrangeira e variáveis que podem influenciar a produtividade das empresas nacionais, direta ou indiretamente, ou seja, afetando o impacto da presença estrangeira na PTF, tais como indicadores de eficiência da empresa e atividades de I&D. Os nossos dados em painel fornecem um conjunto de 15 indicadores úteis para 4.685 empresas nacionais e 360 empresas com capital estrangeiro, na industria transformadora. A análise empírica segue uma estratégia de duas etapas. Primeiro, utilizamos o estimador Wooldridge-Levinshon e Petrin, que é considerado um método robusto para estimar a PTF. Em seguida, regredimos a PTF em diversas variáveis explicativas usando o estimador SYS-GMM que é não-enviesado e consistente na presença de variáveis omitidas e variáveis explicativas endógenas. O nosso modelo dinâmico contempla desfasamentos temporais até dois períodos. A nossa análise ao nível agregado (i.e, para o conjunto dos ramos da indústria transformadora) permitiu encontrar resultados positivos e significativos, com um desfasamento temporal de um período, através de ligações para trás e de ligações para a frente. No entanto, encontramos externalidades horizontais negativas nos três períodos considerados, bem como externalidades verticais negativas, quer no período corrente, quer com um desfasamento de dois períodos. A analise empírica com desagregação por industrias (classificadas por grupos tecnológicos), e controlando a dimensão das empresas, revelou que as empresas (pequenas e grandes) das indústrias escala-intensivas, e as pequenas empresas em indústrias baseadas na ciência, beneficiam de externalidades positivas significativas. Finalmente, analisamos a relação entre os fluxos de entrada de IDE e um conjunto de indicadores de inovação (como as despesas de I&D em percentagem do PIB e o número de publicações científicas) e indicadores de capacidade de absorção (como o PIB per capita e o número de licenciados). O nosso objetivo é duplo. Primeiro avaliamos se os fluxos de entrada de IDE, nos últimos 30 anos de integração europeia, contribuíram para aumentar a produtividade. Em segundo lugar, avaliamos a eficácia das políticas de IDE para promover a inovação e a sua coordenação com medidas destinadas a promover a capacidade de absorção. Para promover a inovação, a agência de promoção de investimentos (AICEP) deverá continuar a encorajar os projetos de investimento estrangeiro nas indústrias tradicionais, porque estas parecem beneficiar mais de externalidades verticais do IDE, seguidas pelas indústrias onde Portugal possui uma vantagem comparativa. Em relação à capacidade de absorção, sugerimos novas estratégias, como a retoma do foco na produtividade e a articulação desse objetivo com a política de inovação para apoiar a investigação e a educação. Como provamos que a convergência real não é um processo automático desencadeado pela presença estrangeira, sugerimos que o processo de convergência deve ser assistido por um reforço das medidas do lado da oferta, com uma política industrial integrada, favorecendo certos ramos da indústria transformadora onde há evidências de externalidades positivas do IDE. Isto é crucial porque, Portugal é uma pequena economia aberta que a torna vulnerável a fatores externos que impedem o crescimento económico. Desde o novo milénio, o país perdeu as vantagens de atraso de que tinha vindo a beneficiar desde a década de 1950. Além disso, a crise financeira global levou a uma queda na produção industrial, acompanhada por uma redução na atração de IDE. Neste contexto, a transferência de tecnologia que pode ocorrer devido à presença estrangeira pode contribuir para o aumento da PTF e promover o crescimento económico a longo prazo, em particular, na industria transformadora, que é um setor motor de mudança tecnológica, na medida em que tem capacidade para gerar elevadas taxas de inovação e possui capacidade de arrasto para outros setores da economia. As nossas recomendações de política quanto ao tipo de projetos de IDE que devem ser captados para a industria transformadora constituem um importante contributo. Tanto quanto é do nosso conhecimento, não existem tentativas anteriores de realizar uma análise normativa da política de promoção de investimentos em Portugal, além daquelas inerentes à esfera de ação da AICEP, que não podem ser divulgadas para a comunidade académica.