Suchergebnisse

On November 29 and 30, 1971, Iran occupied three islands, which were
nominally under British protection, in the Persian Gulf. As a result of Britain's
failure to prevent the occupation, the Government of the Libyan Arab Republic, on
December 7, 1971, announced the nationalization of all of the interests and
properties in Libya of BP Exploration Company (Libya) Limited (BP), a subsidiary
of British Petroleum Company Limited. On September 1, 1973, on the fourth
anniversary of the military takeover of Libya led by Colonel Muammar el-Qaddafi,
the Government of Libya announced the nationalization of 51 percent of the
interests and properties in Libya of nine international oil companies.
Approximately 5½ months later, on February 11, 1974, on the eve of the opening of
the Washington conference of major oil-importing nations, the Government of Libya
announced the nationalization of the remaining 49 percent of the interests and
properties in Libya of three of those nine companies: Texaco Overseas Petroleum
Company (TOPCO), a subsidiary of Texaco Inc.; California Asiatic Oil Company
(CALASIATIC), a subsidiary of Standard Oil Company of California; and the Libyan
American Oil Company (LIAMCO), a subsidiary of Atlantic Richfield
Company.

The CD starts with introduction by ILRI Director General Carlos Sere Then follows the seven interviews conducted by Brian Perry, ILRI Epidemiologist covering aspects and issues of the current Avian Flu situation, their experiences, national and regional surveillance as well as community surveillance and action. The representatives were from South East Asia (Robyn Alders, IRPC/KYEEMA Foundation; India (Santanu Bandopadhyay, Ministry of Agriculture; Nigeria (Daniel F Adene, Poultry Diseases Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan; Senegal (Poultry specialist E. Fallou Gueye ISRA/Family Poultry Network; Kenya (Catherine Wanjohi from Department of Veterinary Services); World Bank Adam lagerstedt; and South Africa (Celia Abolnik Ondeistepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria). The South East Asia representative talked about Laos, East Tumor. She states that Laos is one of the first countries to suffer the Bird Flu outbreak, which was in 2004. That it has small commercial industry and that people preferred village poultry. The outbreak was limited to commercial units, and that it was under control. The government's key efforts were also discussed. She indicated that in Laos no veterinarians are trained. There is luck of sufficient information and communication. Laos is still building capacity. Surveillance is one of the failures because of neglected veterinary services and education on basic sciences over many years. Community action was also discussed. The interview with India's representative started with geographical distribution of Bird Flu, and limitation to specific areas. It was indicated that it was a sudden outbreak in a district in a remote area commercial farm. Soon after, there was another outbreak in rural backyard poultries. The discussion included developing of national policies, and whom it involved. Other topics were - active laboratories, vaccination, strains imported, compensation to farmers on destroyed birds, depopulation, animal welfare, public health issues, mortalities, and community awareness. The third interviewee from Nigeria discusses cases of Bird Flu, mortality rate, diagnosis, outbreaks, training, lack of participation in surveillance, spreading mechanism, and recommendations. The representative from Senegal discusses the vulnerability of Avian Flu, preparedness, expertise, how avian flu affects the livelihood of the small farmers, risk of smuggled carcasses, role of migratory birds and water, compensation to farmers, education, training, and action. With the Kenyan representative the discussion was on role in preparedness, coordinating of activities, how effective was the surveillance system, capacity building in lab level, diagnosis methods, and bodies involved in the surveillance like the national museum which was involved in wild bird surveillance by collecting samples. He also stated that there is an active surveillance team for domestic poultry and birds, major risks are said to be migratory birds, and illegal importation. The discussion ends with what actions to be taken and control policies. The World Banks interview includes how word bank view the whole process including money and responsibility that it is not the lead agency internationally. WHO deals with the human side and FAO the other side. He stated that World Bank basically coordinates financial flow and donors & funding agencies. He mentioned that country strategy is used to allocate money and that reprogramming of funding is already in use. The discussion on South Africa is on the ongoing work which involved diagnosis and research in Avian Influenza. The discussion includes tracing the origin, mutation, strains in South Africa, Ostrich viruses, intensive farming system, identify how the virus come to the country, the surveillance program, lessons learnt, direct and indirect impact, increasing awareness, inadequate compensation, and coordination of surveillance. A summary of possible ways forward was presented by Tom Randolph, Agricultural economist at ILRI. He looked into how to develop policies to control Avian Flu, service needed to support different front line agencies, and indicates the research community can contribute by its expertise, lab capacity etc. and how to develop control policies, why and how can the community translate those lessons into better control efforts in the future. Front line agencies like, FOA, OIE and WHO and national institutes were reminded to prepare for and fight any outbreaks of the disease. It was mentioned that ILRI and IFPRI representing the CGIAR, would like to help to facilitate the process, help to get it started but not control or lead.

"Objective: The aim of this study was to provide a review that gives a general perspective of legionellosis and the different factors associated with this disease, such as the incidence, causal agents, treatment, control and prevention methods used globally in order to safeguard public health. Methodology: To develop this document, the search and analysis of pertinent information was carried out in different scientific and academic databases such as Scielo, Scopus, Latindex, Redalyc, Google Scholar, among others. Results: Legionellosis is caused by species of the genus Legionella spp., with L. pneumophila being commonly associated to clinical cases. Analytical methods have been developed for their detection, as well as sanitary regulations for water and hydraulic facilities for human use, in order to mitigate their impact on the population. Implications in the study: The causal agents of legionellosis inhabit aquatic ecosystems, and are capable of resisting diverse physicochemical conditions; therefore, they have been detected in hydraulic systems and equipment for human use, thus generating their dispersion and potential infection when inhaled through small drops of water (sprays). Conclusions: Legionella spp. is an emerging pathogen of importance in public health mainly in developed countries, due to its incidence, complications and mortality. It has been established that the prevention and control of legionellosis require joint actions in the microbiological control of water, development, dissemination, implementation and monitoring of the application of regular cleaning and disinfection programs by governmental entities, international health organizations, academia, industry and the general population." ; "Objetivo: Brindar una revisión que aporte una perspectiva general de la legionelosis y de los diferentes factores asociados a esta enfermedad tales como la incidencia, agentes causales, terapéutica, métodos de control y prevención utilizados a nivel global a fin de salvaguardar la salud pública. Metodología: Para el desarrollo del presente documento se realizó la búsqueda y análisis de información pertinente en diferentes bases de datos científicas y académicas como Scielo, Scopus, Latindex, Redalyc, Google Académico entre otras. Resultados: La legionelosis es causada por especies del género Legionella spp., siendo L. pneumophila comúnmente asociada a casos clínicos. Se han desarrollado métodos analíticos para su detección, así como regulaciones sanitarias al agua e instalaciones hidráulicas para uso humano, a fin de mitigar su incidencia en la población. Implicaciones en el estudio: Los agentes causales de legionelosis habitan los ecosistemas acuáticos, y son capaces de resistir diversas condiciones fisicoquímicas por ende se han detectado en sistemas y equipos hidráulicos de uso humano, generando así su dispersión y potencial infección al ser inhaladas a través de pequeñas gotas de agua (aerosoles)."

In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, concerns that terrorists might utilise vessels to transport weaponry, terrorist operatives and/or to finance their activities prompted several international legal developments. This book evaluates the extent to which the international maritime security measures developed following the 9/11 attacks would be likely to prevent the utilisation of vessels to facilitate terrorist activities. It considers the likely effectiveness of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code for improving vessel and port security, and the 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Maritime Navigation in facilitating the interdiction of suspected terrorist vessels. It also explains how the US-led Proliferation Security Initiative - a cooperative effort through which participant governments agree to prevent the illicit transfers of Weapons of Mass Destruction and related materials - has provoked debate about the legality of vessel interdictions under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (the LOSC). After exploring alternative interpretations of the LOSC, and states' self-defence rights under Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, it formulates suggested guidelines for the unilateral interdiction of suspected terrorist support vessels in exceptional circumstances. The book also discusses the relevant recommendations by the OECD's Financial Action Taskforce for preventing the financing of terrorism, and the national maritime security legislation for preventing the maritime facilitation of terrorist activities in the United Kingdom and in Australia. The book concludes by emphasising the importance of the continual active implementation of ship, port facility and supply chain security measures, and of further enhancing international cooperation to facilitate vessel interdictions. It will be of interest to those working in the areas of Law and Terrorism, Law of the Sea, Maritime Law and Insurance and International Law.