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PurposeAims to investigate the long‐run and short‐term relationships among four Asian property stock markets of Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia; and four European property stock markets of UK, France, Germany and Italy. Additionally, aims to examine the relationships between equally‐weighted Asian and European regional property stock indices.Design/methodology/approachThe long‐term analysis is undertaken using Johansen multivariate cointegration approach. The degree of short‐term dependence is investigated with an extended EGARCH model for evidence of mean and volatility spillovers across the property stock markets.FindingsThe combined findings of minimal cointegration, weak mean transmission and lack of significant evidence of cross‐volatility spillovers among the Asian and European property stock markets imply that investors would benefit from diversifying property stock portfolios internationally in Asia and Europe in the short‐ and long‐run.Originality/valueThis study contributes significantly to the empirical literature on capital asset pricing and on the risk‐return performance of international real estate. In particular, the findings from the study will be useful for European investors to understand better the potential portfolio implications of investing in Asian real estate.

Recent decades have brought international and municipal courts much closer together and induced meaningful cooperation. This holds true also for the International Court of Justice and domestic judicial institutions as they engage actively in an inter-judicial dialogue, particularly on the normative level. Due to the impact of globalisation and internationalisation, the World Court has expanded its jurisprudence to also accommodate references and analysis of external judicial organs and their pronouncements. Likewise, ICJ decisions are referred to and consulted by municipal courts as authoritative statements of international norms or assistance in fact determination.

This monograph examines this inter-judicial dialogue in a comprehensive manner by identifying and analysing all its aspects as evidenced in respective jurisprudence. Surprisingly, the mutual conversation in judicial decisions between the World Court and national judicial institutions has drawn little attention from international legal scholarship, and the book is designed to fill this lacuna.

This project breaks disciplinary silos by bringing those who work in climate finance and policy together with development scholars and practitioners to share lessons, understanding, and research with an overall goal of making a contribution to the climate change field so that those at the community level benefit from the multitude of programmes designed for climate impacts. For some 70 years, International Development specialists have been developing programs and delivering funds to those who most need assistance. There is a wealth of knowledge to be uncovered by examining the international development industry for those who are now tasked with delivering climate finance. The academic, policy, and practitioner communities have spent decades researching, examining, and analyzing both development policies and finance independent of each. This volume will seek to bring that research together. Corrine Cash is Assistant Professor in Geography and Environment at Mount Allison University, Canada. Larry Swatuk is Professor in the School of Environment, Enterprise and Development, University of Waterloo, Canada. .

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Introduction: International Entrepreneurship from Methodological Perspectives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure -- 2.1 Stream A: Qualitative Research Methods -- 2.2 Stream B: Quantitative Research Methods -- References -- Part I: Qualitative Research Streams: Conceptualisation -- Immigrants and International Entrepreneurship: Transnational Dynamic Capability and Dual Social Network Embeddedness -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Background -- 2.1 Ethnic Advantage -- 2.2 Dynamic Capability Perspective -- 2.3 TE´s Dynamic Capability Development -- 2.4 Opportunity Sensing -- 2.5 Opportunity Seizing -- 3 Transnational Entrepreneurship: A Theoretical Framework -- 3.1 TEs´ Dual Social Embeddedness -- 4 The Mediating Role of TEs´ Dynamic Capabilities -- 5 The Moderating Role of Institutional Distance -- 6 Theoretical Implications and Conclusion -- References -- Internationalisation of SMEs and Distant Markets: The Networking and Service Functions of Global Cities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Interdisciplinary Conceptual Research Framework -- 2.1 Management and SME Internationalisation -- 2.2 Limitations in the Use of MNC Theories -- 2.3 Incremental Theory -- 2.4 Network and Resource-Based Approaches -- 2.5 Support of Advanced Producer Services -- 3 Global Cities and SME Internationalisation -- 3.1 Cities as Economic Command and Control Centres -- 3.2 The Concentration of Entrepreneurship and Supportive Services -- 4 Proposal for a Conceptual Research Framework -- 5 Exploring the Economic Functions of Global Cities: A Research Methodology -- 6 Research on Classification and Rankings of Global Cities -- 7 Research on Advanced Producer Services (APS) -- 7.1 APS and SME Internationalisation -- 7.2 Advanced Producer Services and Globally Born Start-Ups.

Currently, no judicial or quasi-judicial mechanisms exist with the explicit competence to consider complaints of individuals claiming to be victims of violations of international humanitarian law. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) cannot fulfil this role as it has neither the means, the purpose nor the mandate to make enforceable judicial determinations with regard to claims of individuals alleging to be victims of such violations. Instead, it operates mainly through confidential discussions with governments. Likewise, criminal prosecutions of individual perpetrators before national or international courts, while contributing significantly to improving the implementation of humanitarian law, cannot and should not be the only answer to violations of the law. For one thing, the future International Criminal Court (ICC) will only consider the most serious violations of humanitarian law, leaving numerous other violations uninvestigated. Moreover, criminal prosecutions are concerned with individuals rather than parties to the conflict. The acts that are labelled as international crimes, however, find their basis in the collectivity. Crimes are unlikely to be prevented nor will compliance with their prohibition be significantly improved through criminal prosecution of individuals alone. Similarly, while the ICC may, either upon request or on its own motion, afford reparations to victims of war crimes, these are reparations afforded within the individual responsibility framework of the ICC. The Court may make an order directly against a convicted person rather than against a state or entity.

This paper considers the case of the international migrants' confidence in political institutions, from a social embeddedness perspective on political trust. We use country-level aggregates of confidence in institutions as indicators of specific cultures of trust, and by employing data from the European Values Study, we test two competing hypotheses. First, as confidence in institutions depends on the values formed during early childhood, the international migrant's confidence in political institutions in the current country of residency will be influenced by the confidence context from the country of origin. Second, the host country may have different norms of trust in political institutions, and a process of re-socialization may occur. Therefore, the immigrants' confidence in institutions is influenced by two confidence contexts: one from the origin country and one from the host country. The time spent in the two cultures, along with other characteristics from these contexts, shape the interaction effects we tested in multilevel cross-classified models. ; This work was supported by the CNCS-UEFISCDI grants PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0210 (http://www.romanianvalues.ro/), PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0669 (https://resproject.wordpress.com/), and PN-II-RU-TE-2014-4-2851 (http://idc.fspub.unibuc.ro/projects/demoaid). For supplementary materials referred to in this article, please visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1755773915000417

State legislatures in the United States engage in a substantial amount of international activity. In the 2001-2002 legislative sessions, some 886 bills & resolutions with significant international implications were introduced. Approximately 306 of these were adopted. This level of international activity has increased substantially since 1991, & the substantive focus has changed over time. In addition, about half of all state legislatures received at least one foreign delegation & sent at least one delegation of members abroad in the last session. As in most areas of state policy, there is considerable interstate variation in legislatures' international activities. Some states had virtually no international legislative activity, whereas others were very active. The principal factors explaining this variation were the degree of state involvement in the international economy, as measured by the level of state exports, & party control of the legislature. 3 Tables, 2 Figures. Adapted from the source document.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction. Need, Imagination, and the Care of the Self -- 1. Professionals Abroad. Occupational Solidarity and International Desire as Humanitarian Motives -- 2. Impossible Situations. Affective Impasses and Their Afterlives in Humanitarian and Ethnographic Fieldwork -- 3. Figurations of the Human. Children, Humanity, and the Infantilization of Peace -- 4. Bear Humanity. Children, Animals, and Other Power Objects of the Humanitarian Imagination -- 5. Homemade Humanitarianism. Knitting and Loneliness -- 6. A Zealous Humanism and Its Limits. Sacrifice and the Hazards of Neutrality -- Conclusion. The Power of the Mere. Humanitarianism as Domestic Art and Imaginative Politics -- Notes -- References -- Index