Suchergebnisse

There are around 200 million people - about three percent of the world's population living in a country not of their birth (Centre for Global Development (2008)). Economic systems that have failed to provide for people's most basic survival needs, or that are simply unable to fulfil expectations of decent living standards, drive people to look outside their country of birth for a better life. The consequences of labour migration usually are assessed analysing migration theories. At present, there is no single, coherent theory of international migration, only a fragmented set of various theories. Scientists of various fields focus on slightly different but interrelated reasons for the decision to migrate. Economists emphasize that reasons leading to migration are motivated and sustained by three major types of influences: demand-pull factors in the destination area; supply-push factors in the origin area; network factors that link origin and destination areas. Sociologists describe a chain migration process: migration begets additional migration. The first person emigrating from the area sends information to those in the home country about jobs, housing, and schools in the new setting. Anthropologists emphasize changes in the standard of living and cultural reasons. First-hand accounts from new immigrants as well as media accounts of the country's standard of living entice people to immigrate to the new country for a better way of life. Psychologists describe importance of personality factors on migration decisions. Those who want to resettle in another country tend to be more work-oriented and to have higher achievement and power motivation, but lower affiliation motivation and family centrality, than those who do not want to leave their country of origin. Political scientists emphasize ethno political reasons. Countries may encourage emigration to ease ethnic conflict, or to establish presence in another country, by resettling particular ethnic groups voluntarily or involuntarily. Summarizing different ...

This volume offers an overview of some emerging trends and structural patterns in the development of international law, highlighting its evolution over the course of time, and discussing leading principles through various different thematic lenses.

On September 10, 2018, U.S. National Security Advisor John Bolton delivered an address fiercely criticizing the International Criminal Court (ICC). Bolton challenged the legitimacy of the ICC and expressed particular concern over its inquiry into potential war crimes committed by members of the U.S. military and intelligence agencies in Afghanistan. He identified retaliatory measures the United States would undertake if the ICC "comes after us, Israel or other U.S. allies."

The complexity of disaster environments poses an extraordinary burden on human decision makers to take timely, appropriate action in uncertain conditions. The information load escalates beyond our limited cognitive capacity for processing information, yet timely action is critical when lives are at risk. The information burden increases with scope and complexity in disaster environments, impeding action despite available resources and committed personnel. The author argues that if individual and organizational learning processes can be increased in complex disaster environments, this knowledge may be shared with the wider international community to generate a stronger capacity to reduce the risk of and losses from, disaster; and offers a design for an interactive, intelligent spatial information system which can provide decision-makers with flexible capacity to obtain an overview of the entire set of disaster response operations, while retaining the capacity for detailed examination of specific problems at any given time.

Especially during World War I the Hague Regulations respecting the Laws & Customs of War on Land played an important part in the international academic debate on the punishment of violations of the laws & customs of war. Again & again academics & publicists pointed to specific rules of the regulations & most of them accepted that such violations had to be punished in court. In the interwar period violations of the written rules of the laws of war were more & more often just called "war crimes," a term which had already been used during World War I. During World War II violations of the Hague Regulations or of the Geneva Convention were not at the forefront of the debate on the punishment of the Nazi mass crimes, although almost nobody claimed that such violations should go unpunished. The debate centered mainly on the question of the punishment of violations against the unwritten laws of war referred to in the Martens Clause of the fourth Hague Convention of 1907. These crimes were finally summed up as "crimes against humanity" at a conference in London in July 1945. References.

This open access book aims to elaborate on the legal prerequisites to establish the liability of corporations for transboundary environmental harm, not only by identifying existing liability rules, principles and standards but also by analysing their potential for further legal development. The authors consider international and transboundary liability law to currently be an underutilised tool for international environmental protection. The book seeks to address this by exploring what is needed in terms of legislative action and identifying options for judicial pliability, thereby providing an important legal contribution in furthering the development of an effective international and transnational environmental liability law regime.

This paper presents the findings of an early evaluation of the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change's 2050 Calculator International Outreach Programme. The programme supported eleven countries to develop their own versions of the 2050 Calculator. Drawing on interviews with stakeholders who were involved directly and indirectly in the development of the 2050 Calculators, this paper evaluates the process of developing these tools in different national contexts and discusses the lessons learnt so far. The findings discussed include the original motivations for involvement and how these evolved through the project, and the process of stakeholder engagement. The latter was expected to be a key benefit of the Calculator, and one which would open up debate about long term energy futures. While the teams developing the Calculators faced challenges, including data availability, political buy-in, and defining scenario trajectories, a flexible approach enabled countries to develop Calculators that were tailored to their national objectives and political environments. Overall, the 2050 Calculators have led to a wide range of benefits and there is ongoing commitment to develop new iterations and applications to use these Calculators to support planning of, and debate on, future energy and emissions trajectories.

The nationalization of foreign-owned property presents problems which put a severe strain upon some of the accepted principles of international law. Chandler Anderson, one of the founding members of the American Society of International Law, pointed out nearly a quarter of a century ago that the principle which safeguards foreign-owned property from confiscation in time of peace "has become a part of the law of nations not merely because it represents a universally recognized standard ofjustice, but also because it is absolutely essential for the welfare of every nation, for without its protection no commercial, or financial international intercourse could safely be carried on." Since that time, the practice of expropriating foreign property by "nationalization" has spread from Soviet Kussia to other countries constituting important parts of the free world strongly opposed to Communism.