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The paper analyses the global natural gas market in the context of the
identification of influential international factors or phenomena that will
determine trends in the next foreseeable period. Natural gas is an energy
source that, in addition to renewable energy sources, shows a high and
continuous growth trend. Almost all countries possess certain means to
produce electricity (including renewable energy sources) or obtain it from
the immediate environment, while gas and oil are energy products that all
countries use but do not have. Trends related to these two energy sources
and the factors that influence the creation of their market are numerous and
complex. The authors present some important aspects and approaches to energy
security issues related to global energy challenges, as well as the risks
and threats that the world is exposed to today and in the future. The
authors conclude that natural gas as the energy of the future is recording
increasing consumption, which requires a profound analysis of trends in this
area.

Abstract
This article analyses the legality of Western states providing weapons to Ukraine. It focuses on five areas of international law: (1) the jus ad bellum; (2) the law of neutrality; (3) international humanitarian law; (4) state responsibility for complicity in internationally wrongful acts; and (5) international criminal law. It concludes that weapons transfers likely violate the law of neutrality, entitling Russia to respond with countermeasures; that Russia can lawfully target transferred weapons under ihl; and that weapons transfers could lead to state and individual responsibility if evidence comes to light that the Ukrainian military is using weapons previously supplied by the West to commit war crimes. By contrast, providing weapons to Ukraine does not violate the jus ad bellum because they are in service of Ukraine's right of self-defence against Russia and does not make the supplying states co-belligerents in Russia's international armed conflict with Ukraine.

This research provides a state-level systemic explanation for antigovernment insurgencies. We posit that state international income position influences antigovernment movements, which effect, however, hinges on the level of trade openness. By analyzing 157 states from 1990 through 2018, it is found that for a state having an unclosed market, its internationally relative income level is negatively associated with mass antigovernment protests. This study implies that trade liberalization may exert a context-specific impact on domestic political insurgency, which helps understand why trade liberalization seems to be a reason for mass anti-government movements in some contexts while enhancing a regime in other cases.

This edited volume is the first to discuss the methodological implications ofthe 'emotional turn' in International Relations. While emotions have becomeof increasing interest to IR theory, methodological challenges have yet toreceive proper attention. Acknowledging the plurality of ontologicalpositions, concepts and theories about the role of emotions in worldpolitics, this volume presents and discusses various ways to researchemotions empirically. Based on concrete research projects, the chaptersdemonstrate how social-scientific and humanitiesoriented methodologicalapproaches can be successfully adapted to the study of emotions in IR. Thevolume covers a diverse set of both well-established and innovativemethods, including discourse analysis, ethnography, narrative, and visualanalysis. Through a hands-on approach, each chapter sheds light onpractical challenges and opportunities, as well as lessons learnt for futureresearch. The volume is an invaluable resource for advanced graduate andpostgraduate students as well as scholars interested in developing theirown empirical research on the role of emotions.

AbstractA politicalspringis an abrupt, broad, sustained increase in public dissent in a state that has prohibited it, as in Czechoslovakia in 1968 or Tunisia in early 2011. Some springs produce offspring – clusters of events within neighbouring states (civic unrest, increased state repression, co-option of dissent, revolution) and among those states (intensification of international rivalries, foreign interventions). An English Spring in 1558–9 produced such a cluster in Northwestern Europe. This article addresses the underlying causal mechanism connecting springs and their offspring, rather than the related correlational question (viz. under what conditions a spring is followed by offspring). That mechanism istransnational group polarisation, or the progressive separation of preferences across a population into pro- and anti-government groups. Transnational polarisation along a pro-versus-anti-government axis is an endogenous process triggered by exogenous events, such as violence or public demonstrations that raise the status of, or threat to, one of the groups. It presents powerful actors across states with new threats and opportunities and can help explain how the Tunisian Spring of early 2011 produced throughout the Arab Middle East infectious unrest, serial repressions and reforms, heightened international tensions, and foreign interventions.

Abstract
The global populist backlash is considered threatening to the multilateral order, but its impact on individual attitudes toward international organizations, like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), is understudied. We bridge insights from research on the IMF and populism to develop a theoretical framework centered on three propositions. We argue that populist individuals should be more prone to blame the IMF for economic problems than non-populists, but that this effect is highly conditional on sovereignty intrusion, escalating when an IMF program exists and as the program becomes more onerous. In contrast, IMF scapegoating by populist politicians should be largely ineffective. Analyzing survey data from across the European Union and an original survey experiment in Greece, we find support for each contention. The paper advances understanding of the partisan politics of the IMF and shows that the implications of the populist wave for international order are more complex than often assumed.

Dans l'hypothèse où les procès pour crimes internationaux relèvent du registre symbolique, cet article est consacré aux conditions concrètes du rituel judiciaire à l'œuvre devant la Cour pénale internationale (CPI). L'analyse est structurée en trois cercles concentriques : le premier est celui de La Haye, ville de la paix et des organisations internationales, à des milliers de kilomètres des situations dont est saisie la CPI ; second cercle, le nouveau bâtiment de la CPI matérialise la forme que les États parties désirent donner à la Cour ; dans les salles d'audience, enfin, la mise en scène est opérante : le décorum qui y est requis matérialise le rituel judiciaire. On commentera aussi l'absence de publicité de ces « didascalies » judiciaires, ainsi que les prétentions à l'universalité de ces procès-rituels.

Though representatives of the United States participated very actively in the drafting of the Constitution of the International Labor Organization in 1919, and though the first International Labor Conference was held in Washington under the presidency of the Secretary of Labor, the Government of the United States had no part in the work of the International Labor Organization during its first fifteen years. In consequence, the United States has hitherto held aloof from one of the most significant of the modern developments of international law. Fortunately, this situation has now been changed. On August 20,1934, the United States became the fifty-ninth member of the International Labor Organization. The steps by which this result has been achieved, and the problems growing out of it, present some interesting legal questions which ought not to escape attention.

The International Companion Animal Management Coalition has produced this document to provide government bodies and non-governmental organisations with a detailed resource to support them in their development and implementation of effective and humane programmes to manage cat populations.

The paper deals with Nehru's constitutional vision of international order, his idea of piece, Nehru's intellectual make-up, the Asian aspect of his political thought and the doctrine of Panchsheel (five principles of peace). The significance of Panchsheel is discussed and it is noted that Nehru's greatest contribution was the doctrine of Panchsheel. (DÜI-Sen)

Recent public concerns and publicity about the extent of tax avoidance by some of the largest and most respected transnational corporations have prompted numerous parliamentary inquiries and intergovernmental initiatives. Among the questions raised during hearings in the UK House of Lords on 11 June 2013 were whether such avoidance could be more effectively prevented either by a reduction in the complexity of the rules, or by a more aggressive interpretation of those rules by tax authorities. These questions raised issues concerning the complexity and interpretation of law, which received interestingly different responses from the academics to whom they were posed, and they merit closer examination, which is the aim of this article. The article begins by discussing some types of complexity, then considers how these are rooted in the indeterminacy of legal language and finally discusses the sociology and politics of the interpretive communities concerned. The main part applies this analysis to the historical development of international tax rules, seen in the context of these current pressures and initiatives for reform of international corporate taxation.