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The paper reveals the concept of innovations and briefly discusses the development of models of the innovation process. To evaluate the impact of innovation development on labour productivity retrospective research of the correlations of innovations and labour productivity was carried out. This enabled to generate the evaluation scheme of innovations as the factor that increases labour productivity. The research was performed using data of EU- 27 of 2001-2010. After ranking the EU states according to labour productivity, summarised the innovative index and R&D expenditures it was established that the states of high labour productivity demonstrate bigger gaps in ranking; therefore, in the first research stage it was assumed that correlation between innovation development and labour productivity is stronger in the countries of lower labour productivity. Proceeding analysis this assumption was checked by indicating correlation between the key indicator that reflects innovation development (R&D) and labour productivity using the correlation-regressive analysis. Its results show that innovation development is not the factor that predetermines labour productivity in the countries of high labour productivity; however, the impact of innovations on labour productivity in medium and low productivity countries is direct and significant, with few exceptional cases. The conclusion here might be that innovations are resources for labour productivity increase in medium and low productivity countries.

The paper reveals the concept of innovations and briefly discusses the development of models of the innovation process. To evaluate the impact of innovation development on labour productivity retrospective research of the correlations of innovations and labour productivity was carried out. This enabled to generate the evaluation scheme of innovations as the factor that increases labour productivity. The research was performed using data of EU- 27 of 2001-2010. After ranking the EU states according to labour productivity, summarised the innovative index and R&D expenditures it was established that the states of high labour productivity demonstrate bigger gaps in ranking; therefore, in the first research stage it was assumed that correlation between innovation development and labour productivity is stronger in the countries of lower labour productivity. Proceeding analysis this assumption was checked by indicating correlation between the key indicator that reflects innovation development (R&D) and labour productivity using the correlation-regressive analysis. Its results show that innovation development is not the factor that predetermines labour productivity in the countries of high labour productivity; however, the impact of innovations on labour productivity in medium and low productivity countries is direct and significant, with few exceptional cases. The conclusion here might be that innovations are resources for labour productivity increase in medium and low productivity countries.

The aim of this article is to investigate the similarities between the EU countries in terms of achieving the Europe 2020 Strategy goals. Due to the latest data availability, the analysis is based on the year 2014. The study uses grouping methods, including the k-means algorithm. The results indicate the existence of a division between the "old" and "new" European Union Member States. However, as is shown, some of the Strategy's targets have already been achieved and some indicators have been nearly achieved, whereas among others, such as implementation of the headline indicator for investment in the R&D sector as a % of GDP is uncertain. The average performance of headline indicators for the EU–15 and EU–13 countries seems to be similar and exhibits the same trend of changes. ; Celem artykułu jest zbadanie podobieństwa krajów Unii Europejskiej pod kątem realizacji celów strategii Europa 2020. Z uwagi na dostępność danych, analizę oparto na realizacji wskaźników za 2014 r. W badaniu posłużono się metodami grupowania obiektów, w tym metodą k‑średnich. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na podział krajów z wyraźną dominacją podziału na kraje starej i nowej Unii Europejskiej. Jak pokazuje analiza część założonych celów już została osiągnięta, część zbliża się do wartości ustalonych celów, podczas gdy np. realizacja celu dla wskaźnika wydatków na badania i rozwój wyrażonych jako ich udział w PKB jest niepewna. Średnie wykonanie w zakresie głównych wskaźników dla krajów UE–15 i UE–13 wydaje się być zbliżone i o podobnym trendzie.

This book assesses the use and limitations of the principal-agent model in a context of increasingly complex political systems such as the European Union. Whilst a number of conceptual, theoretical and methodological challenges need to be addressed, the authors show that the principal-agent model can still provide deeper insights into a wide range of political phenomena. Through an empirical analysis of multiple principal-agent relations in the EU, covering a variety of policy fields and political actors, the volume refines our theoretical understanding of the politics of delegation and discretion in the EU. It will appeal to scholars in interested in EU politics and policy, public administration and governance, and international organisations. The chapter 'Multiple principals preferences, different types of oversight mechanisms, and agent's discretion in trade negotiations' is published open access under a CC BY 4.0 license via link.springer.com.--

Intro -- TITANIC 2010? THE EUROPEAN UNIONAND ITS FAILED LISBON STRATEGY -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- AUTHOR'S BIOGRAPHY -- ABSTRACT -- GLOSSARY AND CONVENTIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- ON THE LISBON TRAIN - SOME SECOND THOUGHTSON THE EUROSTAT APPROACH, BASED ON A SINGLEFACTOR MODEL -- IS THERE NO SINGLE LISBON PROCESS AT ALL?A FOUR-FACTOR MODEL -- SOME NOTES ON THE CAUSALITY OF THE LISBONPROCESS ON THE EUROPEAN LEVEL -- ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THEEUROPEAN REGIONS -- BALANCING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE AND GLOBALDEVELOPMENT - THE THEORY -- BALANCING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE AND GLOBALDEVELOPMENT - THE RESEARCH DESIGN -- "DESTRUCTIVE CREATION" AND GLOBALDEVELOPMENT - PRESENTING AND INTERPRETINGTHE NEW EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE -- TITANIC 2010 - THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM, R&D,THE PROLONGED WORKBENCH AND THAT OTHERLISBON RACE -- POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSIONS -- STATISTICAL APPENDIX -- THE BALANCING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE INDEX -- A PATH MODEL WORLD GROWTH AND SOCIALDEVELOPMENT -- ENHANCING SOCIAL EUROPE - THE MINISTERIALDECLARATION OF THE "12" FOR A SOCIAL EUROPE -- ANNEXSOME HINTS FOR FUTURE WORK -- THE OTHER LISBON RACE:THE SHANGHAI UNIVERSITY RANKING OF THEWORLD'S TOP 500 UNIVERSITIES -- DATA SOURCES -- TUITION FEES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION -- SELECTED REFERENCES -- INDEX.

In the last decade, the EU's policy on cybersecurity has changed significantly, both as to its referent objects and priority level. While the 2013 Cybersecurity Strategy focused almost exclusively on the importance of cybersecurity for the proper functioning of the single market, its 2017 version also contained an analysis of malicious cyber activities that threaten the political integrity of Member States and the EU as a whole. As the field's level of complexity grows and forward-looking initiatives are constantly being proposed in order to promote cyber resilience across the EU, it is increasingly challenging the Union in the process of coordinating and implementing the planned actions. Cybersecurity has also become a national security issue entangling private and public, external and internal, civilian, and military issues making it necessary, but very challenging to widen and deepen ties among stakeholders in the EU. Yet cybersecurity governance is fragmented at the EU level, and there is an evident lack of trust that prevents effective cooperation among stakeholders on crucial aspects of the process. This contribution argues that as a result, cybersecurity policy in the EU remains unsystematic and predominantly reactive in nature, addressing the issuespecific incidents that have already occurred, although in our technology-dependent societies more emphasis should be placed on prevention. Therefore, in a natural scholarly quest for explanations, this chapter focuses on the development and main elements of the EU's cybersecurity policy, followed by mapping the attitudes of cybersecurity stakeholders and their normative objectives in the context of EU integration in this domain. ; peer-reviewed

1. The European Union humanitarian aid policy -- 2. Cooperation and delegation in the international context -- 3. Intervention strategies in crisis contexts -- 4. Data, measurement and method -- 5. Intervening in humanitarian crisis contexts : the choice between unilateralism, partial and total delegation.

Minsky's institutional analysis of the development of the economy and how financial regulation fits in it -- Recent proposals of change in financial regulation inspired by Minsky -- Basel III : the revised capital requirements, the leverage ratio, and total loss absorbing capacity -- Two additional regulatory metrics : the liquidity coverage ratio and the net stable funding ratio -- Main consequences of the interaction between new regulatory rules (risk weighted capital requirements, leverage ratio, liquidity ratio, net stable funding ratio) and the new mandatory resolution regime for banks -- Financial fragility in the European crisis : three episodes -- Deleveraging in European banking and financial stability 2010-13 -- Italy's banking crisis -- Index.

The paper reports on a survey into the linguistic needs of law professionals in four European countries, with the aim of identifying their views on the importance and their use of foreign language skills as well as their preferences for ELP course content. The data, obtained from a questionnaire survey of 536 legal professionals from Poland, the Czech Republic, Croatia and Germany, show that while the respondents agree on many of the major points, there are also some differences conditioned by the respondents' age and the specific tasks they perform in the legal profession. The article argues that these variables have to be taken into consideration in the LSP context because they determine some of the specific needs that need to be addressed in Legal English instruction. It is suggested that the findings about the lawyers' self-perceived importance and preferred styles of learning are highly relevant for LSP practitioners, particularly when designing Legal English programmes and testing materials. ; Artykuł stanowi badanie potrzeb lingwistycznych osób wykonujących zawody prawnicze w krajach europejskich, w celu określenia ich poglądów co do ważności i użytkowania przez nich języków obcych oraz pod kątem treści kursów prawniczego języka angielskiego. Analizowane w artykule dane pochodzą z ankiety wypełnionej przez 536 prawników w Polsce, Czechach, Chorwacji i Niemczech. Wskazują one, że respondenci są zgodni w zakresie głównych kwestii, jednakoż istnieją wśród nich pewne różnice poglądowe, które zależą od ich wieku oraz określonych aktywności realizowanych w danym zawodzie prawniczym. W artykule podjęto polemikę nad faktem, iż takie różnice winny być uwzględnione w zakresie nauczania języków specjalistycznych, ponieważ identyfikują określone potrzeby i z tego względu należy je brać pod uwagę w nauczaniu prawniczego języka angielskiego. Autorki sugerują, że wskazania indywidualnej oceny roli języków obcych i preferowanego stylu uczenia się powinny być aplikowane podczas opracowywania programów nauczania i oceny języka specjalistycznego, a szczególnie języka prawniczego angielskiego, kierowanego do prawników.

On foreign economic relations between European Union and India on the premises of WTO regulations; contributed articles presented at an international seminar at School of International Studies, JNU

Europe in search of legitimacy : strategies of legitimation assessed / Erik Oddvar Eriksen and John Erik Fossum -- Legitimising the Euro-"polity" and its "regime" : the normative turn in EU studies / Richard Bellamy and Dario Castiglione -- The new Europe : a federal state or a confederation of states? / Daniel J. Elazar -- The EU as a consociation : a methodologial assessment / Olivier Costa and Paul Magnette -- EU legitimacy revisited : the normative foundations of a multilevel polity / Nicole Bolleyer and Christine Reh -- We, the peoples of Europe? / Kalypso Nicolaidis -- Why Europe needs a constitution / Jürgen Habermas -- The idea of a European constitution / Pavlos Eleftheriadis -- The democratic costs of constitutionalisation : the European case / Dieter Grimm -- The constitutional conundrum of the European Union / Sergio Fabbrini -- Europe's "democratic deficit" : the question of standards / Giandomenico Majone -- The myth of Europe's democratic deficit / Andrew Moravcsik -- Why there is a democratic deficit in the EU : a response to -- Majone and moravcsik / Andreas Follesdal and Simon Hix -- Legitimacy in the multilevel European polity / Fritz W. Scharpf -- Beyond a constraining dissensus : the role of national parliaments in domesticating and normalising the politicization of European integration / Sandra Kröger and Richard Bellamy -- An emerging European public sphere / Erik Odvar Eriksen -- A theory of collective identity : making sense of the debate on a European identity / Klaus Eder -- Must Europe be Swiss? : on the idea of a voting space and the possibility of a multilingual demos / Joseph Lacey -- Civil society and EU democracy : "astroturf" representation? / Beate Kohler-Koch -- Whither European citizenship? : eros and civilisation revisited / C. Shore -- Why European citizenship? : normative approaches to supranational union / Rainer Baubock -- Citizenship, immigration, and the European social project : rights and -- Obligations of individuality / Yasemin Nuhoglu Soysal -- Solidarity in the European Union / Andrea Sangiovanni