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As a result of its significant economic development, Chinese society has transformed itself and today faces a global environmental crisis. In everyday life, China's big cities are covered with a thick smog of gas and particles, which is responsible for more than 1.6 million premature deaths, making China the most affected country by air pollution, along with its neighbor, India. In China, there are many sources of air pollution linked to human activities [traffic, industry, agriculture, energy production, construction], but also various natural sources of pollutants, in particular emissions of mineral dust from the deserts of Asia, in western China. The People's Republic of China has begun to regulate activities that may affect air quality. The effectiveness of such actions is conditioned by the detailed knowledge of the anthropogenic contribution to this pollution and the complex relationship between primary and secondary pollutants.In this thesis, we have investigated, on the one hand, the impact of primary pollutant reduction policies on ammonia concentrations and more generally inorganic aerosols, and on the other hand, the contribution of desert aerosol to the particulate matter load in Chinese urban agglomerations. To do so, we combined data sources and tools such as satellite observations and numerical modelling. We use the CHIMERE regional chemistrytransport model to study and characterize air pollution in China.First, we carried out a detailed evaluation of the simulations performed with a configuration of the CHIMERE model set up for China. For this, we relied on satellite observations, remote sensing, and in-situ measurements of particulate concentrations and gaseous [inorganic] precursors. The results obtained show that the model works satisfactorily according to criteria given in the literature. Regarding the impact of emission reduction policies - especially for sulfur and nitrogen oxides, long term measurements with the OMI instrument aboard the AURA satellite show a sharp decrease in the atmospheric sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide columns. From these observations, it was possible to derive corrected emissions[compared to the available 2010 inventory] for the years 2013 and 2015 for NOX and SO2. The derived emission trends were then used to study the impacts on atmospheric composition, particularly on the formation of inorganic particles and associated gases such as ammonia, whose concentrations appeared to strongly increase in recent years. Simulations showed that the sharp decrease in SO2 and NO2 emissions between 2011 and 2015 led to a overall 14% decrease in nitrate, sulphate and ammonium aerosol concentrations, as well as an increase of nearly 50% of ammonia column levels, a value corroborated by the IASI observations that indicate an increase in ammonia columns of +65 ˙% under the same conditions.In a second step, the objective was to evaluate the contribution of desert aerosol to the particulate matter load in several Chinese cities. Dust emission modeling by Asian desert regions was first evaluated using remote sensing observations. Then, we verified the model's ability to represent PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Chinese megacities by comparing measurements of ground based observation networks. The study focuses mainly on three of the most populated PRC cities with different geographic locations, Beijing, Chengdu and Shanghai. It appears that mineral dust impacts these 3 cities for 6.6 %[Beijing], 9.5 %[Chengdu] and 9.3 %[Shanghai] PM10 on an annual average. The frequencies of dust participation in particulate pollution [i.e. when dust contributes more than 25% to the daily averages of >25% of the mass of PM10] have been determined for all spring days, as well as for the 25% of the most polluted spring days. It appears that, over this season, dust contributes more significantly to pollution events : in Beijing it accounts for 22% of polluted days compared to 18% for all spring days, in Chengdu for 52% of polluted days compared to 31% for all spring days, and in Shanghai for 43% of polluted days compared to 19% for all spring days. On the contrary, for all seasons combined andespecially for peaks of particulate pollution in winter, the anthropogenic origin of pollution is highlighted. ; À la suite de son important développement économique, la société chinoise s'est transformée et fait face aujourd'hui à une crise environnementale globale. Au quotidien, le ciel des grandes villes chinoises s'est recouvert d'un épais brouillard de gaz et de particules, qui est à l'origine de plus de 1.6 millions de décès prématurés, ce qui fait de la Chine le pays le plus affecté par la pollution atmosphérique, avec son voisin, l'Inde. On retrouve en Chine, de nombreuses sources de pollution atmosphériques liées aux activités humaines [trafic, industrie, agriculture, production d'énergie, construction], mais aussi des sources de polluants d'origine naturelle, avec à l'Ouest, notamment les émissions de poussières minérales depuis les déserts d'Asie. La République Populaire de Chine a commencé à réglementer les activités pouvant dégrader la qualité de l'air. L'efficacité de telles actions est conditionnée par la connaissance fine de la part anthropique de cette pollution et de la relation complexe entre polluants primaires et secondaires.Dans cette thèse nous avons investigué d'une part l'impact des politiques de réduction des polluants primaires sur les concentrations d'ammoniac et plus généralement sur l'aérosol inorganique. D'autre part, la contribution de l'aérosol désertique sur la charge particulaire des grandes agglomérations chinoises. Pour cela, nous avons combiné des outils d'étude de l'atmosphère comme les instruments satellitaires et la modélisation numérique via le modèle de chimie-transport régional CHIMERE, afin d'étudier et de caractériser cette pollution atmosphérique en Chine.Dans un premier temps, nous avons procédé à une évaluation détaillée des simulations effectuées avec une configuration du modèle CHIMERE mise en place pour la Chine. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur les observations satellitaires, mesures de télédétection, et mesures in-situ des concentrations en particules et de leurs précurseurs gazeux [inorganiques]. Les résultats obtenus montrent un fonctionnement satisfaisant du modèle selon les critères donnés dans la littérature. Concernant l'impact des politiques de réductions des émissions – notamment pour les oxydes de soufre et d'azote, les sondages de l'instrument OMI à bord du satellite AURA permettent de constater une diminution rapide des colonnes atmosphériques de dioxyde de soufre et de dioxyde d'azote, comme réponse aux normes mises en place en Chine. À partir de ces observations, il a été possible de dériver des émissions corrigées [par rapport à l'inventaire 2010 disponible] pour les années 2013 et 2015 pour les NOX et le SO2. Cette représentation des tendances d'émissions a ensuite été exploitée pour étudier les impacts sur la Chimie atmosphérique, notamment sur les bilans des particules inorganiques et des gaz associés comme l'ammoniac dont les concentrations semblent augmenter fortement ces dernières années. Il apparait, qu'entre 2011 et 2015, la forte diminution des émissions de SO2 et NO2 a entrainé une diminution de 14% de la production de nitrate, sulfate et ammonium, ainsi qu'une augmentation de presque 50% des niveaux des colonnes d'ammoniac, une valeur corroborée par les observations de l'instrument IASI qui indiquent une augmentation des colonnes d'ammoniac de +65% selon les mêmes conditions.Dans un second temps, l'objectif a été d'évaluer la contribution des sources d'aérosols naturels que sont les déserts sur la charge particulaire des villes chinoises. La modélisation des émissions depuis les régions désertiques asiatiques a d'abord été évaluée à partir d'informations obtenues par télédétection. Puis, nous avons vérifié la capacité du modèle à représenter les concentrations des PM2.5 et PM10 dans les mégapoles chinoisespar confrontation à des mesures des réseaux d'observations aux sols. L'étude se concentre principalement sur trois des villes les plus peuplées de PRC aux situations géographiques différentes : Pékin, Chengdu et Shanghai. Il en ressort que les poussières minérales impactent ces 3 villes pour 6.6% [Pékin], 9.5% [Chengdu] et 9.3% [Shanghai] des PM10 en moyenne annuelle. Les fréquences de participation des « dust » à la pollution particulaire [i.e. quand les dust contribuent à plus de 25% des valeurs journalières des PM10] ont été déterminées pour l'ensemble des jours du printemps, ainsi que pour les 25% des jours du printemps les plus pollués. Il apparait pour cette saison que les poussières participent de façon plus fréquente aux évènements de pollution : à Pékin pour 22%des jours pollués contre 18%pour l'ensemble des jours de printemps, à Chengdu pour 52%des jours pollués contre 31% pour pour l'ensemble des jours de printemps, et à Shanghai pour 43% des jours pollués contre 19% pour pour l'ensemble des jours de printemps. En revanche, pour toutes les saisons confondues et surtout pour les pics de pollution par les particules en hiver, l'origine anthropique de la pollution est mise en avant.

As a result of its significant economic development, Chinese society has transformed itself and today faces a global environmental crisis. In everyday life, China's big cities are covered with a thick smog of gas and particles, which is responsible for more than 1.6 million premature deaths, making China the most affected country by air pollution, along with its neighbor, India. In China, there are many sources of air pollution linked to human activities [traffic, industry, agriculture, energy production, construction], but also various natural sources of pollutants, in particular emissions of mineral dust from the deserts of Asia, in western China. The People's Republic of China has begun to regulate activities that may affect air quality. The effectiveness of such actions is conditioned by the detailed knowledge of the anthropogenic contribution to this pollution and the complex relationship between primary and secondary pollutants.In this thesis, we have investigated, on the one hand, the impact of primary pollutant reduction policies on ammonia concentrations and more generally inorganic aerosols, and on the other hand, the contribution of desert aerosol to the particulate matter load in Chinese urban agglomerations. To do so, we combined data sources and tools such as satellite observations and numerical modelling. We use the CHIMERE regional chemistrytransport model to study and characterize air pollution in China.First, we carried out a detailed evaluation of the simulations performed with a configuration of the CHIMERE model set up for China. For this, we relied on satellite observations, remote sensing, and in-situ measurements of particulate concentrations and gaseous [inorganic] precursors. The results obtained show that the model works satisfactorily according to criteria given in the literature. Regarding the impact of emission reduction policies - especially for sulfur and nitrogen oxides, long term measurements with the OMI instrument aboard the AURA satellite show a sharp decrease in the atmospheric sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide columns. From these observations, it was possible to derive corrected emissions[compared to the available 2010 inventory] for the years 2013 and 2015 for NOX and SO2. The derived emission trends were then used to study the impacts on atmospheric composition, particularly on the formation of inorganic particles and associated gases such as ammonia, whose concentrations appeared to strongly increase in recent years. Simulations showed that the sharp decrease in SO2 and NO2 emissions between 2011 and 2015 led to a overall 14% decrease in nitrate, sulphate and ammonium aerosol concentrations, as well as an increase of nearly 50% of ammonia column levels, a value corroborated by the IASI observations that indicate an increase in ammonia columns of +65 ˙% under the same conditions.In a second step, the objective was to evaluate the contribution of desert aerosol to the particulate matter load in several Chinese cities. Dust emission modeling by Asian desert regions was first evaluated using remote sensing observations. Then, we verified the model's ability to represent PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Chinese megacities by comparing measurements of ground based observation networks. The study focuses mainly on three of the most populated PRC cities with different geographic locations, Beijing, Chengdu and Shanghai. It appears that mineral dust impacts these 3 cities for 6.6 %[Beijing], 9.5 %[Chengdu] and 9.3 %[Shanghai] PM10 on an annual average. The frequencies of dust participation in particulate pollution [i.e. when dust contributes more than 25% to the daily averages of >25% of the mass of PM10] have been determined for all spring days, as well as for the 25% of the most polluted spring days. It appears that, over this season, dust contributes more significantly to pollution events : in Beijing it accounts for 22% of polluted days compared to 18% for all spring days, in Chengdu for 52% of polluted days compared to 31% for all spring days, and in Shanghai for 43% of polluted days compared to 19% for all spring days. On the contrary, for all seasons combined andespecially for peaks of particulate pollution in winter, the anthropogenic origin of pollution is highlighted. ; À la suite de son important développement économique, la société chinoise s'est transformée et fait face aujourd'hui à une crise environnementale globale. Au quotidien, le ciel des grandes villes chinoises s'est recouvert d'un épais brouillard de gaz et de particules, qui est à l'origine de plus de 1.6 millions de décès prématurés, ce qui fait de la Chine le pays le plus affecté par la pollution atmosphérique, avec son voisin, l'Inde. On retrouve en Chine, de nombreuses sources de pollution atmosphériques liées aux activités humaines [trafic, industrie, agriculture, production d'énergie, construction], mais aussi des sources de polluants d'origine naturelle, avec à l'Ouest, notamment les émissions de poussières minérales depuis les déserts d'Asie. La République Populaire de Chine a commencé à réglementer les activités pouvant dégrader la qualité de l'air. L'efficacité de telles actions est conditionnée par la connaissance fine de la part anthropique de cette pollution et de la relation complexe entre polluants primaires et secondaires.Dans cette thèse nous avons investigué d'une part l'impact des politiques de réduction des polluants primaires sur les concentrations d'ammoniac et plus généralement sur l'aérosol inorganique. D'autre part, la contribution de l'aérosol désertique sur la charge particulaire des grandes agglomérations chinoises. Pour cela, nous avons combiné des outils d'étude de l'atmosphère comme les instruments satellitaires et la modélisation numérique via le modèle de chimie-transport régional CHIMERE, afin d'étudier et de caractériser cette pollution atmosphérique en Chine.Dans un premier temps, nous avons procédé à une évaluation détaillée des simulations effectuées avec une configuration du modèle CHIMERE mise en place pour la Chine. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur les observations satellitaires, mesures de télédétection, et mesures in-situ des concentrations en particules et de leurs précurseurs gazeux [inorganiques]. Les résultats obtenus montrent un fonctionnement satisfaisant du modèle selon les critères donnés dans la littérature. Concernant l'impact des politiques de réductions des émissions – notamment pour les oxydes de soufre et d'azote, les sondages de l'instrument OMI à bord du satellite AURA permettent de constater une diminution rapide des colonnes atmosphériques de dioxyde de soufre et de dioxyde d'azote, comme réponse aux normes mises en place en Chine. À partir de ces observations, il a été possible de dériver des émissions corrigées [par rapport à l'inventaire 2010 disponible] pour les années 2013 et 2015 pour les NOX et le SO2. Cette représentation des tendances d'émissions a ensuite été exploitée pour étudier les impacts sur la Chimie atmosphérique, notamment sur les bilans des particules inorganiques et des gaz associés comme l'ammoniac dont les concentrations semblent augmenter fortement ces dernières années. Il apparait, qu'entre 2011 et 2015, la forte diminution des émissions de SO2 et NO2 a entrainé une diminution de 14% de la production de nitrate, sulfate et ammonium, ainsi qu'une augmentation de presque 50% des niveaux des colonnes d'ammoniac, une valeur corroborée par les observations de l'instrument IASI qui indiquent une augmentation des colonnes d'ammoniac de +65% selon les mêmes conditions.Dans un second temps, l'objectif a été d'évaluer la contribution des sources d'aérosols naturels que sont les déserts sur la charge particulaire des villes chinoises. La modélisation des émissions depuis les régions désertiques asiatiques a d'abord été évaluée à partir d'informations obtenues par télédétection. Puis, nous avons vérifié la capacité du modèle à représenter les concentrations des PM2.5 et PM10 dans les mégapoles chinoisespar confrontation à des mesures des réseaux d'observations aux sols. L'étude se concentre principalement sur trois des villes les plus peuplées de PRC aux situations géographiques différentes : Pékin, Chengdu et Shanghai. Il en ressort que les poussières minérales impactent ces 3 villes pour 6.6% [Pékin], 9.5% [Chengdu] et 9.3% [Shanghai] des PM10 en moyenne annuelle. Les fréquences de participation des « dust » à la pollution particulaire [i.e. quand les dust contribuent à plus de 25% des valeurs journalières des PM10] ont été déterminées pour l'ensemble des jours du printemps, ainsi que pour les 25% des jours du printemps les plus pollués. Il apparait pour cette saison que les poussières participent de façon plus fréquente aux évènements de pollution : à Pékin pour 22%des jours pollués contre 18%pour l'ensemble des jours de printemps, à Chengdu pour 52%des jours pollués contre 31% pour pour l'ensemble des jours de printemps, et à Shanghai pour 43% des jours pollués contre 19% pour pour l'ensemble des jours de printemps. En revanche, pour toutes les saisons confondues et surtout pour les pics de pollution par les particules en hiver, l'origine anthropique de la pollution est mise en avant.

Il presente studio intende approfondire alcuni degli aspetti storico-economici del comune di Bagni di Lucca, cittadina termale della Media Valle del Serchio, non rinunciando ad offrire una sintesi geografica del territorio. In particolare, il punto di vista che abbiamo privilegiato riguarda le manifatture locali e la loro evoluzione nella seconda metà del Novecento, in ragione del preminente ruolo economico da esse assunto, nel corso del periodo considerato ed almeno fino ai primissimi anni Duemila, rispetto alla tradizionale industria termale, la quale ha ispirato nel tempo, e contrariamente alle vicende produttive del comune, un'apprezzabile letteratura. Bagni di Lucca si presenta attualmente come un territorio "cristallizzato", che indugia malinconicamente in una memoria di cui si è resa protagonista e virtuosa. Essa lascia intravedere, pur nella situazione di stallo demografico e socioeconomico in cui versa, un milieu locale di straordinaria ricchezza, che, se compreso e valorizzato adeguatamente da parte dei soggetti locali, potrebbe trovare nuovi margini di crescita e di espressione. La cittadina, che nella prima metà del XIX secolo conobbe il culmine della fama a livello europeo, costituì una meta turistica irrinunciabile da parte di nobili, diplomatici, intellettuali e ricchi borghesi, e non solo per le rinomate virtù terapeutiche delle sue acque termominerali, ma anche perché essa venne prescelta quale sede di residenza estiva dalla corte principesca di Lucca e, successivamente, da quella granducale. Con l'unificazione politica della Toscana, ed il conseguente forfait da parte degli abituali frequentatori aristocratici, iniziò la lunga e graduale flessione dell'attività turistica locale, che, incapace di rimodernarsi nel tempo, faceva leva, all'indomani del secondo conflitto mondiale, su strutture ricettive deteriorate e palesemente obsolete. La fragilità dell'equilibrio economico del centro, determinata essenzialmente dalla sua vocazione monofunzionale (ed aggravata, per di più, dal progressivo stato di abbandono in cui versava l'agricoltura, un tempo preziosa attività integrativa) indusse la popolazione a cercare, attraverso soluzioni di tipo individuale, nuove fonti di sostentamento alternative al turismo, attingendo ad un humus variegato di risorse che, seppur formatosi all'ombra dell'economia termale, si presentava storicamente ben radicato e diffuso sul territorio. In particolare, le attività di base che permisero all'economia locale di rilanciarsi con successo, grazie all'introduzione di nuove tecnologie e di una nuova organizzazione del lavoro, furono le seguenti: la fabbricazione di statuine e di manufatti in gesso, la produzione di carta e di cartone, infine l'estrazione del tannino dal legname di castagno. Già nei primi anni Sessanta del Novecento, l'analisi della struttura sociale della popolazione di Bagni di Lucca evidenziava una tendenza in atto che, in brevissimo tempo, sembrò manifestare un carattere irreversibile: il 52% circa degli attivi, infatti, era rappresentato da operai e manovali, nel quadro di un contesto economico sempre più spiccatamente orientato sull'industria. Bagni di Lucca, che da esclusiva ed elitaria stazione termale si stava trasformando in una dinamica cittadina operaia, fu dunque in grado, grazie ad una sapiente combinazione di tradizione e modernità, di ristrutturare con successo la propria economia. Il nostro studio non ha la pretesa di essere esaustivo, né di misurarsi in senso stretto con i contenuti specialistici delle discipline storico-economiche ed archeologico-industriali. Il suo intento è piuttosto di sottolineare l'importanza antropogeografica di determinate attività produttive, le quali, radicate nella storia, nella tradizione e nel complesso delle risorse ambientali ed umane del territorio esaminato, hanno intrapreso, in una fase storica di crescita economica, la via dell'adeguamento ai tempi, gettando un ponte tra un sostrato di acquisizioni tecniche e di usi sociali consolidati da un antico retaggio, e nuove possibilità di aggiornamento e di sviluppo. A fianco del termalismo (ma soprattutto, a partire dal secondo dopoguerra, in alternativa ad esso), tali industrie hanno agito, pertanto, come fattori microeconomici di identità territoriale, grazie anche ai quali si deve, in virtù dei sistemi e dei valori del lavoro che hanno generato, la variegata ricchezza del milieu locale. This study aims to examine some of the historical and economic aspects of Bagni di Lucca, a spa town in the Media Valle del Serchio, without renouncing to offer a geographical synthesis of the territory. In particular, the point of view we have privileged concerns the local factories and their evolution in the second half of the 20th century, because of the prominent economic role they assumed, during the period considered and at least until the very early years of the 2000s, with respect to the traditional spa industry, which has inspired over time, and contrary to the productive events of the municipality, an appreciable literature. Bagni di Lucca currently presents itself as a "crystallised" territory, lingering melancholically in a memory of which it has become a protagonist and virtuous. In spite of the demographic and socio-economic stalemate in which it finds itself, it allows us to glimpse a local milieu of extraordinary richness, which, if properly understood and valued by the local players, could find new margins of growth and expression. The town, which in the first half of the 19th century reached the peak of its European fame, was an essential tourist destination for nobles, diplomats, intellectuals and rich bourgeoisie, not only for the renowned therapeutic virtues of its thermal mineral waters, but also because it was chosen as a summer residence by the princely court of Lucca and later by the grand ducal court. With the political unification of Tuscany, and the consequent withdrawal of the usual aristocratic visitors, the long and gradual decline of local tourism began, which, unable to modernise over time, relied on deteriorated and clearly obsolete accommodation facilities in the aftermath of the Second World War. The fragility of the economic balance of the centre, essentially determined by its monofunctional vocation (and aggravated, moreover, by the progressive state of abandonment in which agriculture, once a valuable supplementary activity, was found) induced the population to seek, through individual solutions, new sources of sustenance alternative to tourism, drawing on a varied humus of resources which, although formed in the shadow of the thermal economy, was historically well rooted and widespread in the territory. In particular, the basic activities that allowed the local economy to successfully relaunch itself, thanks to the introduction of new technologies and a new organisation of work, were the following: the manufacture of statuettes and plaster artefacts, the production of paper and cardboard, and finally the extraction of tannin from chestnut wood. Already at the beginning of the 1960s, an analysis of the social structure of the population of Bagni di Lucca highlighted a trend that in a very short time seemed to show an irreversible character: about 52% of the active population was represented by workers and labourers, in the context of an economic context increasingly oriented towards industry. Bagni di Lucca, which was transforming from an exclusive and elitist spa resort into a dynamic working-class town, was therefore able to successfully restructure its economy thanks to a skilful combination of tradition and modernity. Our study does not pretend to be exhaustive, nor does it attempt to measure itself in a strict sense against the specialist contents of the historical-economic and archaeological-industrial disciplines. Rather, its intention is to underline the anthropogeographical importance of certain productive activities which, rooted in the history, tradition and complex of environmental and human resources of the area examined, have undertaken, in a historical phase of economic growth, the path of adaptation to the times, building a bridge between a substratum of technical acquisitions and social customs consolidated by an ancient heritage, and new possibilities for updating and development. Alongside the spa industry (but above all, since the second post-war period, as an alternative to it), these industries have therefore acted as microeconomic factors of territorial identity, thanks also to which, by virtue of the work systems and values they have generated, we owe the varied richness of the local milieu.

The Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) learned with immense shock and sadness of the passing on of Professor Samir Amin on Sunday, 12th August 2018. Subsequently, Prof. Samir Amin's body was interned at Père Lachaise in Paris on 1st September 2018 at a site provided by the French Communist Party. The Council was represented at the burial by Prof. Fatow Sow and Dr. Cherif Sy; two members of the CODESRIA community who have worked with Samir Amin for a while.
For CODESRIA, this marks nothing less than the end of an era in the history of African social research given the many pioneering roles the late Professor Amin played as a scholar, teacher, mentor, friend, and revolutionary. Samir was many things to us as a Council; for the younger members of the community, it meant much more to be in his company at the numerous CODESRIA meeting he attended. A model for three generations of African and, indeed, radical scholars globally, Samir was that giant Baobab tree whose grandeur of intellect and spirit made him a worthy role model. While serving as Director of the United Nations African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (IDEP), he hosted the initial scaffolding of the CODESRIA at IDEP, brought together and nurtured new talent that laid the foundations which launched Council on a path of growth and resilience to what it is to-date. As the final note on his reflections contained in this Bulletin illustrates, while serving as CODESRIA's founding Executive Secretary, Samir worked very closely with Abdalla Bujra and later Thandika Mkandawire, to shape the initial years of CODESRIA's intellectual identity and trajectory.
After CODESRIA relocated from the premises of IDEP to a new home in the Fann Residence part of Dakar, Samir Amin remained engaged with Council and its community of scholars, participating actively and effectively in all its activities. This 15th General Assembly of CODESRIA is perhaps the first Assembly without Samir Amin presence. In all previous General Assemblies, Samir has been a notable presence even giving the Cheikh Anta Diop Lecture at the 10 Assembly in Kampala, Uganda. It is at the General Assembly that many young academics interacted with Samir, often for the first time and indeed experiencing the awe of his presence. Though Samir is absent at the current Assembly, there is no doubt that his intellectual and revolutionary spirit is definitely present just as the thoughts and ideas that he shared so generously and to the very end will continue to inspire reflection and debate.
Samir Amin's intellectual journey was a long and illustrious one. It was a journey marked by commitments that distinguished him as a scholar of unparalleled convictions. He died still an unapologetic socialist academic or, as the title of his memoir reads, 'an independent Marxist' whose work was driven by an unshakeable conviction to confront and oppose totalizing economic orthodoxies. He treated this confrontation and opposition as a prelude to social transformation. He was steadfast in his belief that the world must shift away from capitalism and strive to build new 'post-capitalist' societies. He described capitalism as a small bracket in the long history of human civilization. His works identify and record the multiple crises of capitalism, a system he described as senile and obsolete. In its place, Samir Amin formulated a political alternative that he envisioned would proceed by i) socializing the ownership of monopolies, ii). definancializing the management of the economy and iii) deglobalising international relations [cited in Campbell, 2015: 286]. For him, these three directions provided the basis of an active politics of dismantling capitalism; a politics he committed his skill and energy mobilizing for. Even as he grew older, he mustered fresh bursts of energy to continue the struggle and to the very last days when he was in Dakar, he was apart of the team of scholar/ activists gathered together by International ENDA Third World Network to draft the Alternative Report on Africa (Dakar, 2018). CODESRIA was apart of this process and the Report will by shared at this General Assembly.
Many of Samir Amin's writings make the point repeatedly on the urgent necessity to dismantle the 'obsolete system' known as capitalism. However, none was as emphatic in rethinking the underlying cultural underpinning of the 'obsolete system' like Eurocentricism. In that engaging publication, he provided a rggesounding critique of world history as is centered around Eurocentric modernity and invites us to understand modernity as an incomplete process that, to survive its current crises, will need 'economic, social and political reconstruction of all societies in the world.' Embedded in this argument is a long held position about the importance of the Bandung moment (1955) as a moment of an alternative globalization based on Afro-Asian solidarity. It is from this perspective that one understands why Samir Amin emphasized the importance of China [see tribute by Sit Tsui and Yan Xiaohui in this bulletin]. Afro-Asian solidarity was the basis upon which Samir Amin located his alternative politics which also defined his towering global outlook and presence.
There is no doubt that Samir Amin's intellectual presence was defined by depth of knowledge, complexity of thought and fidelity to Marxist organising principles. There is no way of summarizing the corpus of work he produced, the revolutionary engagements he undertook and the transformative potential that led him to remain steadfast even when many others were only too happy to find a good reason to backtrack and conform. His work is enormous in volume but also in the depth of its knowledge and relevance to society. He provoked and joined debates across the globe but more importantly with comrades in Latin America and Asia, those of the dependency and underdevelopment school but also later from a South-South perspective. In CODESRIA's flagship journal Africa Development alone, Samir Amin published twenty articles. A biodata document he shared with the Council has 24 books in English and 41 in French. He is published in English, French, Arabic, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish to name but these few languages. In all these publications and in the various languages, Samir Amin articulated his belief in alternatives, and as indicated above, this belief remained strong even to the last month of his life on earth.
Born to an Egyptian father and French mother on 3rd September 1931 in Cairo, Egypt, Samir Amin's convictions owe much to the context of his childhood all the way from Port Said in northern Egypt to Cairo where he schooled. He spent his early life in Egypt where he attended his formative schooling before proceeding to France to pursue higher education at Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris ("Sciences Po"). Here, he earned a diploma in 1952 and later a PhD in 1957 at the Sorbonne. Samir later earned another diploma in mathematical statistics from L'institut national de la statistique et des etudes economiques. He had always been interested in radical thought and action from early on, noting in an interview that he already considered himself a communist in Secondary School. Even though he and his cohort did not know what communism really meant in their early childhood, they assumed it meant "equality between human beings and between nations, and it meant that this has been done by the Russian revolution." It is not surprising that with this pedigree, Samir Amin focused in his graduate research on "The origins of underdevelopment – capitalist accumulation on a world scale" and emphasized in his work that underdevelopment in the periphery was, in large measure, due to the working of the capitalist system. He consequently underscored the need to search for socialist alternatives to liberal globalisation.
Samir Amin returned to Cairo in 1957, worked briefly in Gamal Abdel Nasser's Institute for Economic Management (1957–1960) before heading to work as an adviser in the Ministry of Planning in Mali (1960- 1963). Subsequently, Samir Amin's intellectual life became largely internationalist in orientation, and anchored principally on the question of accumulation as key to understanding underdevelopment. He maintained the sojourn between France where he took up a Professorship in 1966 and Dakar, Senegal his adopted home where he worked for ten years, from 1970 to 1980 at IDEP. Later in 1980, he founded the Third World Forum, originally hosted at the CODESRIA Secretariat, and lent his considerable weight to the institutionalisation of ENDA and the World Forum for Alternatives. His support for revolutionary politics is marked not just in the books and papers he published but also in the lecture circuit where he spoke to audiences about the undeniable relevance of radical politics.
Samir Amin's thinking was in large measure defined by the solidarity built around the Bandung Confer- ence of 1955. This remained a critical touchstone in his work in which non-western civilisations and his- tories played an important role. Bandung, for him, inaugurated a different pattern of globalisation, the one he called 'negotiated globalisation.' Though not asufficientbasisforcomplete"de-linking"from'ob- solescent capitalism', Samir Amin saw in Afro-Asian solidarity possibilities and pathways to that delinking; the process, as he explained, by which you submit "ex- ternal relations to the needs of internal progressive so- cial changes and targets." The notion of 'delinking' oc- cupied a major place in Samir Amin's thinking and is positioned in contrast to 'adjustment' that was the pre- ferred approach of the Bretton Woods Institutions. As Mamdani shows elsewhere in this Bulletin, there are major problematic elements of this notion that Samir Amin continued to grapple with. But ultimately, Samir Amin noted that delinking is in fact a process that, de- pending on the societies implementing it, can be used to install graduated level of autonomous development instead of countries in the periphery remaining locked into and merely adjusting to the trends set by a funda- mentally unequal capitalist system.
In Samir Amin, we found the true meaning of praxis; a thinker who insisted that his work has immediate relevance to society. His departure deprives us of the practical energy he brought to our meetings and debates; and denies radical thinkers a model around whom they found the compass that enabled them to navigate the treacherous, indeed murderous, waters of capitalism. We however are lucky to have lived in his company, to have learned from his fountain of knowledge and to have shared in the passion of his convictions. The Council plans to invigorate the value of his legacy by celebrating him during this 15th General Assembly but also beyond the confines of the Assembly.
Thus, this edition of the Bulletin contains two intertwined sets of essays; all organised around Samir Amin. In the one instance, we have a selection of messages in his memory. One the other, we have a selection of essays he authored. Separately, we will re-publish all the essays he published in Africa Development in a special issue of the journal to provide them in one collection for posterity. But whichever way, and as his own reflection in the essay published in this volume and his memoirs show, CODESRIA is an inheritance that Samir Amin bequeathed the African social science community. As such, it is fitting that the Bulletin designed for the 15th CODESRIA General Assembly is also a Bulletin that publishes essays in his honour.
The choice of theme for the General Assembly predates the passing on of Samir Amin. But the theme itself is one that was dear to Samir Amin. It is our pleasure therefore to present the essays contained here as essays that shed light on a life lived fully but also that open up a space to explore the unfulfilled promises of globalisation. We hope that at the end of it, this will be a fitting study in honour of our departed icon but also a commentary on the key issues the 15th General Assembly explored.

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Not Available ; Quality Protein Maize (QPM): Importance and production requirements Ramesh Kumar, DP Chaudhary, AK Das and Sujay Rakshit ICAR - Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana Introduction The present scenario of increasing population puts pressure on agriculture not only to increase production and productivity but also the grain quality. It is imperative that increasing production of food crops to ensure food and nutritional security of the nation has become a necessity rather a matter of choice. However, the challenge to meet the growing demand for food seems to be a daunting task due to rapid reduction in agricultural land, reduced availability of water resources and climate change. Moreover, ensuring the nutritional security or improving the nutritional status of the poorer section on sustainable manner is an added challenge. The present food production scenario indicates that much of the future food production is expected to come from coarse cereals, particularly maize because of its highest yield potential as compared to any other food crop. Maize has already credited as queen of cereal and further due to its high content of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and some of the important vitamins and minerals, it has also acquired a well - deserved reputation as 'poor man's nutri - cereal'(Kumar et al .,2012). Maize contributes 15% of the world's protein and 19% of the calories derived from food crops (Vasal SK, 2002). Millions of people in the world, and particularly in developing countries, derive a part of their protein and daily calorie requirements from maize (Mbuya et al.,2011). In recent years the diversified uses of maize as food, feed and as an industrial raw material is also increasing. In addition to this maize is part of the livestock - to - meat cycle across the world (Tanumihardjo et al., 2019). The food processing industries are coming up with new value - added products of corn like flakes, chips, biscuits, sooji etc. Increased demand from consumers has led to higher per capita consumption and demand for maize. Improved growth in Indian economy has increased per capita income thereby improving the purchasing power of its people. The consequence of all these events has led to change in the food habits with an increased non - vegetarian population of the country. The increased non - vegetarian populations had its own cascaded of events on food/feed and meat industries. The increased demand of meat has increased the demand of maize from poultry and piggery feed industries. In this particular context, quality protein maize (QPM) can play a crucial and very important special role in ensuring the food and nutritional security of the country. Nutritive Value of Quality Protein Maize The maize grain on an average contains around 15 % moisture, 8 - 12 % protein, 2 - 4 % fat, 3 % fibre, 67 - 72 % starch and around 1.5% minerals. Hence it is a good source of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and some of the important vitamins and minerals and, therefore, termed as nutri - cereal. Majority of the population depend on cereals for their livelihood and maize is the staple cereal food for several million people, especially in the developing countries across Sub - saharan Africa who derive their >30% of the total dietary protein and >20% of the daily calories requirements from maize as it supplies many macro and micronutrients necessary for human metabolic needs. The kernel protein is made up of five different fractions, viz., albumin 7 %, globulin 5 %, non - protein nitrogen 6 %, prolamine 52 % and glutelin 25% and the left - over 5 % is residual nitrogen. The quality of maize protein is poor due to the presence of large concentration of an alcohol soluble protein fraction, prolamine also known as zein in the endosperm. Zein is very low in lysine and tryptophan content and since this fraction contributes more than 50 percent of the total protein, the maize protein is, therefore, deficient in lysine and tryptophan content. On the other hand, zein fraction contains very high amount of leucine and imbalanced proportion of isoleucine. The ill - proportion of four essential amino acids in normal maize kernels results in poor protein quality of traditional maize kernels affecting its biological value i.e. the availability of protein to the body. Thus, the composition of maize protein has an in - built drawback of being deficient in two essential amino acids, viz., lysine and tryptophan. However, high - quality protein sources, such as eggs, meat, dairy products and legumes provide total or complementary sources of these amino acids, but many rural poor have limited access to these foods. Therefore, populations depending on maize as their staple food generally show the protein deficiency disorders like Marasmus and Kwashiorkar. In addition, maize lacks vitamin B and also due to high concentrations of phytate some minerals in the maize grain have low bioavailability. Therefore, a need was felt to improve the biological value of protein in maize varieties. In early 1960s the breeders at Purdue University obtained the natural mutants of maize which have soft and opaque grains. The biochemical and genetic analysis of mutant kernels revealed that they contain higher concentration of lysine and this nutritionally superior maize was named opaque - 2 maize, after discovering that "opaque - 2" single gene mutation is responsible for the improved protein quality (Mertz et al., 1964). It was mentioned that the original mutants obtained were soft and opaque, but they have some draw - backs like higher susceptibility to storage and ear rot. Therefore, to overcome this problem International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT) introduced endosperm modifier genes through continued recurrent selection breeding programme led by Dr. S. K. Vasal and team. As a result, hard endosperm o2 stocks were developed and were designated as quality protein maize (QPM) to distinguish it from soft o2 strains. Quality protein maize (QPM) was created by selecting genetic modifiers that convert the starchy endosperm of an opaque2 (o2) mutant to a hard, vitreous phenotype. However, not all of the hard endosperm o2 lines retained high levels of the critical amino acids. Later the genetic studies on QPM have shown that there are multiple, unlinked o2 modifiers (OPM), but their identity and mode of action are unknown. In QPM the concentration of zein is lowered by 30 percent, as a result the lysine and tryptophan content increases in comparison to maize. The lower contents of leucine in QPM further balance the ratios of leucine to isoleucine (Table1). The balanced proportion of all these essential amino acid in QPM enhances the biological value of protein (Table - 2). The true protein digestibility of maize vis - à - vis QPM is almost same, but the biological value of QPM is just double as compared to maize varieties (Fig1), rather it is highest among all cereals and pulses (Fig1). The reason behind it is that all cereals except QPM are deficient in lysine, an essential amino acid and all pulses are deficient in another essential amino acid methionine. Maize breeders have developed several QPM hybrids by incorporating opaque - 2 mutant gene modifiers in different parental lines. QPM looks and taste like normal maize, but it contains nearly twice the quality of lysine and tryptophan along with balanced amino acid profile. QPM as Food and Nutritional Security In India, tribal population constitutes approximately 10% of the total population and is found in most parts of the country especially in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, etc. Thus, a sizable tribal population exist which is economically deprived. Further, most of tribal population depends on maize as their basic diet. In these areas the scope for QPM to ensuring food and nutritional security is paramount. Substituting maize with QPM is a viable option for ensuring their nutritional requirements. Tribal peoples are acknowledged to have very close association with ecosystem and environment because of their dependence on nature directly for daily requirements. However, the problem of malnutrition arises due to inadequate intake of nutrients in the diet. The situations are almost same in some African countries. Several studies are conducted on human beings and animal and are continue to be conducted on positive health benefits of QPM consumption in their daily diet. Gunaratna et al., 2010 reported that consumption of QPM instead of maize leads to an increase in growth rate of height and weight by 12 and 9%, respectively in infants and young children coming from population with mild to moderate under nutrition where maize is the significant component of the diet. This happened due to the higher biological value of QPM as compared to the maize (Table 2). The results are encouraging and based on these results the Indian policy makers can think of providing QPM in the tribal belt or in the areas where there is a problem of malnutrition. Government of India can also think of introducing QPM in public distribution system and QPM based food in mid - day meal in schools and Aanganwadis. Government of India has already started Tribal - Sub Plan (TSP) and under this programme the Directorate of Maize Research has provided QPM hybrid seeds for cultivation in the areas where tribal population is more. Some on - farm trainings have also being organized in these areas for creating awareness to use QPM as staple food. QPM and Animal feed Maize is an integral part of the animal feed used in India and outside. There are several studies where maize has been replaced by QPM as an ingredient of animal feed and encouraging results have been observed in case of broilers, chickens and pigs. Feed trials have repeatedly shown that pigs fed with QPM grow twice as fast as those fed with commercial maize (Krivanek et al., 2007). Some nutritional studies with pigs and chicken diets have shown that performance is improved when QPM is substituted for maize without any additional protein supplement. In broiler diet, the substitution of QPM for maize at a rate of 60% substantially reduces the need for soybean meal and therefore the cost (Subsuban et al., 1990). Similarly, in an experiment with finisher pigs, less soybean meal was needed to maximize performance in diets based on QPM compared with diets having maize. Beef steers fed on high–lysine maize gained faster weight compared to those fed on normal maize. Thus, QPM can reduce the cost of animal feed by decreasing the expenditure incurred on more expensive high protein sources. Linear programming models allow feed companies to identify the cheapest way of providing the minimum dietary requirements for farm stock. Calculations for pig and poultry ration containing maize, QPM, sorghum, soybeans meal and synthetic lysine and tryptophan showed that the usage of QPM instead of maize resulted in saving of 2.8% on chickens feed and 3.4 % on pig feed (Lopez - Pereira, 1992). It is also evident that if QPM was to replace maize in broiler feed in Kenya, the 5% cost reduction would translate into a gain of US dollars 300,000 either as reduced costs for farmers or profit for feed manufactures. In India also it can happen if we use QPM as an ingredient in animal feed. It will help in reducing the cost of feed as well as in increase the growth of the animal either it is broiler, chicken, pig or cattle. The broilers and chickens fed with QPM matured in less time as compared to non QPM fed ones and the farmer benefitted by selling more number of animals in a short span of time. Additionally, QPM fed pigs experience rapid weight gain and are ready for market sooner or can provide an additional quality protein source for small farm families. Impact of QPM Babies and adults consuming QPM are healthier and at lower risk for malnutrition disorders such as marasmus and kwashiorkor. Data from Latin America and Africa showed the role of QPM in reversing the effects of malnutrition in those who are already affected. QPM offers 90% the nutritional value of skim milk, the standard for adequate nutrition value. At a time when UNICEF reports that 1,000,000 infants and small children are starving each month, the inclusion of QPM in daily rations improves health and saves lives. Additionally, QPM fed pigs experience rapid weight gain and are ready for market sooner or can provide an additional quality protein source for small farm families. The commercial success of QPM can be achieved as several QPM hybrids have been developed and tested across varying climatic and growing conditions. At present QPM varieties are grown on roughly 9 million acres (36,000 km²) worldwide. Meanwhile, QPM research and development have spread from Mexico to Latin America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. In Guizhou, the poorest province in China, where QPM hybrid yields are 10% higher than those of other hybrids, and the crop has enabled new pig production enterprises, bringing increased food security and disposable income. In total, the QPM germplasm is being grown worldwide and it is contributing over $1 billion annually to the economies of developing countries. Production requirements Isolation distance The foremost requirement for QPM cultivation is isolation distance of minimum 400 meters. There should not be any other maize crop (non - QPM) in surrounding of 400 meters. The opaque - 2 gene is expressed when it present in homozygous conditions, if any other maize crop is there in surrounding area and pollen of other maize will fall on QPM silk and it will create heterozygous conditions resulting opaque 2 gene will not express that is why it is strongly recommended that we will have to grow QPM crop in isolation or we can grow this in a specified area where only QPM is grown. Soil and climate QPM can be grown successfully in a wide range of soil from loamy sand to clay. But it performs well in high organic matter content soil with high water holding capacity and neutral in pH. Soil should have high drainage capacity as maize is more susceptible to water logging condition. QPM can be successfully grown in varied climatic conditions though out the country in an altitude from mean sea level to 3000 m height. Selection of cultivar A no. of QPM hybrids have been released in India for cultivation namely, HQPM1, HQPM 4, HQPM 5, HQPM 7, Shaktiman 1, Shaktiman 2, Shaktiman 3, Shaktiman 4, Shaktiman 5, Pusa HM 8, Pusa HM 9, Vivek QPM 9 and Pusa Vivek QPM 9 improved. The farmers can select anyone among these hybrids in consultation with local maize breeder/agriculture expert. Sowing time QPM can be grown in all the seasons viz. kharif, rabi and spring. Seed rate Seed rate varied according to seed size, season, sowing method. But on an average 20 kg/ha is optimum for higher yield. Seed treatment To protect the seed from seed and soil borne diseases and pest seed should be treated before sowing with fungicide Bavistin + Captan in 1:1 ratio @ 2 g/kg seed. Method of sowing Line sowing in furrows at 60 - 70 x 20 - 25 cm (row x plant) spacing to obtain the optimum plant population of 70000 to 80000 per ha with sowing depth of 4 - 5 cm is the best method. Nutrient management The requirement of nutrient and fertilizers are as follows: Nutrient Dose Form Requirement (Kg/ha) N 150 - 180 Urea 3255 - 3906 P2O5 70 - 80 SSP 438 - 500 K2O 70 - 80 MOP 116 - 133 Besides that ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha and FYM @ 10 t/ha is required for high productivity of QPM. FYM should be applied at 10 - 15 days before sowing. The whole amount of SSP, MOP, ZnSO4 and 10% of urea should apply as basal in furrows. The remaining urea should be applied in three split applications. 20% urea at 4 leaf stage, 40% at 8 leaf stage and remaining 30% at flowering stage. Fertilizers should be applied from both sides of rows. Three days before application of fertilizers light hoeing is needed for optimum use of nutrients by crops. Water management If irrigation facility is available then irrigation should be done in furrows up to 2/3rd height of the ridge at knee high stage, flowering and grain filling stage. Weed management Weed is a serious problem of maize in Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh which may causes yield loss up to 35%. Therefore, timely weed management is essential for good yield. Pre - emergence herbicide atrazine @ 1.0 - 1.5 kg a.i./ha in 600 litre water is very effective for control of weed. Tembotrione @ 262 ml in 375 litre water is recommended for post - emergence application and it should be applied when the crop is 25 - 30 days old. Earthing up Earthing up is a very essential operation in QPM cultivation. Earthing up should be done when the crop is 35 - 40 days old. Insect Pest Management: Maize stem borer (Chilo partellus) The pest lays eggs on the lower surface of central whorl leaf and the larvae enter the plant from the central whorl and eventually results in dead heat formation Foliar application of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml / litre water in 200 litre water per ha is quite effective The spray should be done at the appearance of symptoms on 2 - 3 weeks old crop. It can also be controlled by release of 8 trico cards (Trichogramma chilonis) per ha at 10 & 17days after germination. Pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens) This insect is more serious in peninsular India during rabi season. Foliar application of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml / litre water in 200 litre water per ha is quite effective. The spray should be done at the appearance of symptoms on 2 - 3 weeks old crop. Shoot fly (Atherigona spp.) It is more serious during spring season in northern India. It lays eggs on emerging seedlings and maggets cuts the growing point resulting in dead heart formation. Seed treatment gaucho 600FS @ 6.0 ml/ kg seed is most effective. Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) It is new exotic pest in maize ecosystem. It feeds heavily on central whorl leaves and it is more serious on crop up to six weeks old. It lays eggs in clusters on upper and lower surface of the leaves. Young larvae cause papery windows on leaves while grown larvae feeds by making bigger irregular wholes, cut the leaf margins and may damage the central whorl leaves also. The infected plants are filled with its excreta. The seed treatment with Cyantraniliprole 19.8% + Thiamethoxam 19.8% FS @ 6 ml/kg of seed offers protection for 15 - 20 days of crop growth against Fall Armyworm is quite effective up to 3 leaves/ 20 days old crop. Release of egg parasitoids viz., Telenomus remus (4000/ ac) or Trichogramma pretiosum @ 50,000/acre at 7 and 14 days following first spray using neem formulation with the trap catch of one moth/day observed continuously. Note: Parasitoid release may be alternated with neem spray at weekly intervals, but not to be applied simultaneously. For management of early instar larvae with a damage level of 5 - 10%, whorl application of Bacillus thuringiensis v. kurstaki formulations 2% (400g/acre) applied @ 2g/l or Metarhizium anisopliae or Beauveria bassiana (1kg/acre) applied @ 5 g/liter is recommended. If infestation is more than 10%, spray with anyone of the recommended insecticides with label claim, viz., Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (80 ml/acre) applied @ 0.4 ml/l or Thiamethoxam 12.6 % + Lambda cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC (50ml/acre) applied @ 0.25 ml/l or Spinetoram 11.7 % SC (100ml/acre) applied @ 0.5 ml/l is recommended. DISEASE MANAGEMENT Turcicum leaf blight: Spray Zineb/Meneb @ 2.5 - 4.0 g/l water 2 - 4 times at 8 - 10 days intervals as a control measure. Maydis leaf blight: It can be controlled by 2 - 4 times spraying of Dithane Z - 75 or Zineb @ 2.4 - 4.0 g/l water at 8 - 10 days intervals after first appearance of the symptoms of disease. Banded leaf and sheath blight: Seed treatment of peat - based formulation (Pseudomonas fluorescence) @ 16 g/kg of seed or soil application @ 7 g/l water as soil drenching or foliar spray of Sheethmar (Validamycin) @ 2.7 ml/l water is effective against this disease. Bird management In some places mature cobs are damaged by birds. In such situations matured cob can be protected from bird damage by tying cobs with leaf of the same plant. Harvesting Harvesting should be done at optimum moisture content (20%) in grain to avoid postharvest loses due to store grain pest and diseases. Harvesting immediately after shower should be avoided. The harvested cobs should be sun dried before shelling and should be shelled at 13 - 14% grain moisture. During storage the moisture content of grain should be 8 - 10 %. Table 1. Essential amino acid content of maize Amino acid Normal (mg per g N) QPM (mg per g N) Lysine Isoleucine Leucine Sulphur amino acid Aromatic amino acid Threonine Tryptophan Valine 177 206 827 188 505 213 35 292 256 193 507 188 502 199 78 298 Table 2. Protein quality of maize Quality measures Normal QPM True protein digestibility Biological value (%) Amount needed for equilibrium 8040 - 47547 92 80 230 References Gunarathna NS, De Groote H, Nestel P, Pixley KV and McCabe GP. (2010). A meta - Analysis of community level studies on quality protein maize. Food Policy. 35: 202 - 210. Krivanek AF, De Groote H, Guraratna NS, Diallo AO and Friesen D. (2007). Breeding and Disseminating quality protein maize (QPM) for Africa. African J. Biotech. 6 (4):312 - 324. Kumar RS, Kumar B, Kaul J, Chikkappa GK, Jat SL, Parihar CM and Kumar A. (2012). Maize research in India - historical prospective and future challenges. Maize Journal. 1(1):1 - 6. Lopez - Pereira MA.(1992). The economics of quality protein maize as an animal feed: Case Studies of Brazil and EI Salvador, CIMMYT, Mexico, DF. Mertz ET. (1970). Nutritive value of corn and its products. In: Inglett GE, editor. Corn: culture, Processing, products. Westport, Conn.: Avi Publishing. p 350–9. Subsuban CP, Olanday PO, Cambel IH. (1990). Advantages of quality protein maize (QPM) In broiler ration. Research and Development Journal (Philippines). 1(1): 5 - 17. Vasal, S.K. (2002). Quality protein maize development: An exciting experience. In Integrated Approaches to Higher Maize Productivity in the New Millennium, Proceedings of the Seventh Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference, Nairobi, Kenya,5–11February2002;Friesen,D.,Palmer,A.F.E.,Eds.;CIMMYT(InternationalMaize and Wheat Improvement Center) and KARI (Kenya Agricultural Research Institute): Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 2–9. 3. Mbuya, K.; Nkongolo, K.K.; Kalonji - Mbuyi, A. (2011). Nutritional analysis of quality protein maize varieties selected for agronomic characteristics in a breeding program. Int. J. Plant Breed. Genet. Vol.(5): 317–327. Tanumihardjo, S., McCulley, I., Roh, R., Lopez - Ridaura,S., Palacious - Rojas,N. and Vellakumar, S.(2014). Introgression of low phytic acid locus (lpa2 - 2) into elite maize (Zea mays) inbred through marker Assisted backcross breeding. Aust. J Crop Sci., 8:1224 - 1231. ; Not Available

(JAKARTA, INDONESIA) — Soon after voting ended in the world's fourth-largest country and third-largest democracy, Prabowo Subianto is claiming a knock-out blow winning more than half the vote and the necessary number of provinces to eliminate both his challengers.According to unofficial tallies, which have been historically accurate, Prabowo has garnered 58% of the vote in today's contest. The official count will not be announced until mid-March and his opponents have yet to concede defeat.Nevertheless, highly popular incumbent president Joko Widodo (Jokowi)'s backing for the former special forces commander, and active undermining of his own party's candidate Ganjar Pranowo, is a big reason for the ostensibly lopsided result. But the famously temperamental Prabowo's clever rebranding as a cute and cuddly grandpa seems to have helped quite a bit, too.Arriving in Jakarta just as the three-day "quiet period" was beginning spared me all the raucousness of the election campaigning. But the billboards of the three candidates — Anies Baswedan, Ganjar Pranowo, and Prabowo — were prominently plastered across the city. The few everyday folk I spoke to seemed to favor the former general. A young hotel housekeeper told me she voted for Prabowo (as did almost all her friends and family) as he was "a strong leader, and honest." Reports here speak of the youth vote as being a big factor in the result. Much of the U.S. commentary has pointed out that Prabowo was once banned from entering the U.S. for his links to a military unit accused of human rights atrocities. To that the feisty general might say: get over it. After all, the United States was forced to lift the ban on his entry after Jokowi — after beating Prabowo in a bitterly-fought election in 2019 — invited him to become his defense minister. Now that Prabowo is likely to become president, such musings are chiefly academic. While my interlocutors in town seemed worried about democratic backsliding in the country (and this has been apparently underway for a couple of years), relatively few voters appear swayed by this concern. And in an increasingly multipolar world, Washington is less able to influence how other countries choose their leaders, and tell them how they should govern. For his part, as president Jokowi has focused relentlessly on economic growth and domestic issues, though he also skillfully steered Indonesia's G20 presidency in the turbulent wake of the Ukraine war. Under him Indonesia has not only prospered, but also put into place a tough industrial policy, including limiting or banning the export of certain valuable natural resources, such as nickel. This encourages these resources to be processed in-country, which helps grow and sustain economically valuable industries that require these resources, such as electric vehicle parts, thereby diversifying and strengthening the Indonesian economy.The European Union has responded by taking him to the WTO, and the United States has not been exactly enthusiastic on these "downstreaming" policies. But China has played ball, building ore-processing plants in the country. Beijing has also built shiny new infrastructure, most prominently a new "Whoosh" bullet train from Jakarta to Bandung.Meanwhile, Jakarta has not expressly taken sides in the U..S-China tussle. This is hardly surprising. Non-alignment (or bebas dan aktif — free and active — as the Indonesians call it in Bahasa) is a core Indonesian grand strategy principle. Indonesia was a foundational contributor to the idea of non-alignment in the Global South, with the famous 1955 Bandung conference being held there. Even under the authoritarian leader Suharto, who tilted toward the United States, Indonesia maintained strong relations with arch-communist Vietnam. Though China was shunned by Suharto — and the Chinese-Indonesian minority treated poorly — it all seems in the rear-view mirror in today's Indonesia. China is Indonesia's biggest trade partner and among its biggest investors. Hoardings commemorating the Chinese new year are visible in parts of the city and the community is much better integrated than in the past. Furthermore, when it comes to Russia, Indonesian social media has been rife with sympathy with Moscow on the Ukraine war. What will Prabowo's foreign policy be like? His past record indicates that the ex-general is much more a strong-willed, if volatile, pragmatist than an ideologue. Today, this means a continuation of Jokowi's policy record of economic growth and the development of domestic industry and infrastructure. Thus business-friendly relations with Beijing, as also attempts to attract more American investment and trade, will continue.Prabowo is also far more exposed in his youth to the world than was Jokowi when he was sworn in. The former general has lived in Europe and Singapore and was trained by the U.S. military. Which means that Indonesia under him could be somewhat more vocal on regional and international issues than it has been. Recall Prabowo's bold play on a Ukraine peace plan at the United Nations last year. Nevertheless, unless Washington makes a big deal of past human rights issues (unlikely), there are opportunities for incremental strengthening of ties. Military exercises between the two have been on an upswing lately. Indonesia has also softened its earlier opposition to AUKUS and refrained from joining BRICS, partly keeping relations with Washington in mind.Trade relations are something to watch however, with Washington's new focus on imposing labor standards on its major trading partners. This is not always welcome in Global South capitals which see lower labor costs as a comparative advantage. Unlike the United States these days, Indonesia is also very comfortable with trade integration. It was the most important ASEAN member leading the RCEP process and continues to lead in shaping the implementation of the world's largest trade agreement. Should there be a Republican in the White House next year, issues such as trade deficits could loom large. Indonesia also seeks a critical minerals agreement with the United States and hopes to benefit from the Inflation Reduction Act's clean energy subsidies, but it will be a long haul to get there.As long as Washington understands that Indonesia is committed to a non-aligned rise, there is much scope to deepen ties. Indonesians see their relations with other major powers as being defined on their own merits and not as a byproduct of any other relationship. That ought to be a good basis for moving forward.

Due to their promising and unique properties, nanoparticles (NP) are increasingly being used in industry and in everyday products. Their special properties are based on their size of less than 100 nm and the associated large surface area and high reactivity. If released into the environment during production or use, they may pose a risk to ecosystems and living organisms. For this reason, their input into the environment, transport and transformation processes, and consequences for ecosystems should be studied in detail, before higher environmental concentrations will occur. In this dissertation, the transformation and mobility of nanoparticles in soil and water-saturated systems were investigated. The main physico-chemical processes leading to colloidal stabilization of NP in these systems were uncovered. In addition, retention mechanisms in bank filtration systems were analyzed, as bank filtration is an important process in drinking water production. The influence of properties of natural soil solutions such as quantity and quality of organic matter and concentration of (multivalent) cations on the colloidal stability of silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) NP was investigated by batch experiments. In small-scale laboratory column experiments, important mechanisms for the retention of cerium dioxide (CeO2) and Ag NP were analyzed. In near-natural bank filtration systems, the effectiveness of these mechanisms was tested in more complex systems and over longer periods of time. The results of this work clearly show that different nanoparticles, despite their common small size, are subject to very different transformation processes in the environment. Depending on their surface properties, the type and quantity of the sorbed organic substance differs, which in turn is decisive for the colloidal stability and thus mobility of the NP. Nevertheless, the presence of multivalent cations, especially calcium (Ca2+), leads to a strong aggregation of the NP, even if organic coatings differ. Calcium and dissolved organic matter also play an important role for transport processes in water-saturated porous media: While Ca2+ leads to increased adhesion of NP to sediment surfaces, organic coatings promote steric repulsion between particles and surfaces. Especially NP with (synthetic) coatings, which are less susceptible to Ca2+ bridging, can be transported over long distances in saturated sediments. In addition to these properties of the mobile phase, hydrological factors and properties of the stationary phase are important. In clean laboratory systems, interactions with the solid phase such as iron oxides and clay minerals are mainly responsible for the retention of NP. In natural systems, however, biological surfaces such as biofilms, plants, and dead biomass offer many possibilities for the interaction with NP. Here, even an increase in the flow velocity cannot increase the transport. This leads to a low probability of NP transport in water-saturated, porous media such as bank filtration systems. Instead, NP accumulate in surficial sediments in most cases. These may be exposed to changing environmental conditions as well as high biological activity, which can lead to both mechanical and hydrochemical changes. In this case, there is a risk of NP remobilization, caused mainly by co-mobilization with natural colloids under strong mechanical forces and the presence of organic macromolecules. The results obtained in the dissertation indicate a low mobility of NP in soil and sediment ecosystems. Due to the ubiquitous presence of cations, NP aggregate rapidly in soils. Only in soil solutions with low ionic strength NP appear to be stable and thus mobile for a longer period of time. For riverbank filtrates as a potential drinking water resource, NP appear to be a low risk as long as they are present in the currently observed low concentrations. Nevertheless, stable organic coatings, higher flow velocities, and increasing amounts of introduced NP can contribute to increased transport into deeper sediment layers. Especially if ecosystems do not provide sufficient retention sites in biofilms and organic matter, a breakthrough of NP is possible. The co-transport of NP with natural colloids leads to high importance of preferential flow paths for NP transport. The strong accumulation of NP in near-surface sediment layers observed so far may lead to further risks for ecosystems such as the uptake of NP by grazers and thus a potential accumulation in the food web. All in all, the increasing input of NP into the environment should be critically observed and future investigations must focus on natural systems in order to test previously investigated processes and mechanisms in more complex environments. ; Nanopartikel (NP) finden aufgrund ihrer vielversprechenden und einzigartigen Eigenschaften zunehmend in der Industrie und in Alltagsprodukten Einsatz. Diese speziellen Eigenschaften beruhen auf ihrer Größe von unter 100 nm und der damit verbundenen großen Oberfläche und hohen Reaktivität. Gelangen sie bei ihrer Herstellung oder Verwendung in die Umwelt, stellen sie gegebenenfalls ein Risiko für Ökosysteme und Lebewesen dar. Aus diesem Grund sollte ihr Eintrag in die Umwelt, stattfindende Transport- und Umwandlungsprozesse sowie daraus erwachsende Folgen für Ökosysteme detailliert untersucht werden, ehe höhere Umweltkonzentrationen auftreten. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die Umwandlung und Mobilität von Nanopartikeln im Boden und in wassergesättigten Systemen untersucht. Die wesentlichen physiko-chemischen Prozesse, die zur kolloidalen Stabilisierung von NP in diesen Systemen führen, wurden erforscht. Zudem stand die Untersuchung von Rückhaltemechanismen in Uferfiltrationssystemen im Vordergrund, da die Uferfiltration ein wichtiger Prozess in der Trinkwasseraufbereitung ist. Der Einfluss von Eigenschaften natürlicher Bodenlösungen wie Quantität und Qualität der organischen Substanz sowie Konzentration (multivalenter) Kationen auf die kolloidale Stabilität von Silber (Ag)- und Titandioxid (TiO2) NP wurde anhand von Batchexperimenten erforscht. Die Untersuchung von wichtigen Retentionsmechanismen für den Rückhalt von Cerdioxid (CeO2)- und Ag NP fand in kleinskaligen Laborsäulenversuchen statt. In naturnahen Uferfiltrationssystemen wurde die Wirksamkeit dieser Mechanismen dann in komplexeren Systemen und über längere Zeiträume überprüft. Die Ergebnisse der Dissertation zeigen deutlich, dass Nanopartikel trotz ihrer gemeinsamen geringen Größe sehr unterschiedlichen Transformationsprozessen in der Umwelt unterliegen. Je nach Oberflächeneigenschaften unterscheidet sich Art und Menge der sorbierten organischen Substanz, die wiederum entscheidend für die kolloidale Stabilität und damit Mobilität der NP ist. Die Anwesenheit multivalenter Kationen, insbesondere Kalzium (Ca2+), führt jedoch auch bei Anwesenheit unterschiedlicher organischer Coatings zur starken Aggregierung der NP. Kalzium und gelöste organische Substanz spielen auch für Transportprozesse in wassergesättigten porösen Medien eine wichtige Rolle: Während Ca2+ zur verstärkten Anhaftung von NP an Sedimentoberflächen führt, fördern organische Coatings die sterische Abstoßung zwischen Partikeln und Oberflächen. Insbesondere NP mit (synthetischen) Coatings, die eine geringe Anfälligkeit für Ca2+-Verbrückungen aufweisen, können in gesättigten Sedimenten über größere Distanzen transportiert werden. Neben diesen Eigenschaften der mobilen Phase sind aber auch hydrologische Faktoren und Eigenschaften der stationären Phase von Bedeutung. In abiotischen, definierten Laborsystemen sind vor allem Wechselwirkungen mit gegensätzlich geladenen Sorptionsplätzen der Festphase wie Eisenoxiden und Tonmineralen für den Rückhalt von NP verantwortlich In natürlichen Systemen dagegen bieten biologische Oberflächen wie Biofilme, Pflanzen und abgestorbene Organismen vielfältige Möglichkeiten für die Wechselwirkung mit NP. Hier kann auch eine Erhöhung der Fließgeschwindigkeit den Transport nicht verstärken. Dies führt zu einer geringen Wahrscheinlichkeit des NP-Transports in natürlichen wassergesättigten, porösen Medien wie Uferfiltrationssystemen. Stattdessen kommt es in den meisten Fällen zur Akkumulation von NP in oberflächennahen Sedimenten. Diese wiederum sind Änderungen von Umweltbedingungen ebenso wie hoher biologischer Aktivität ausgesetzt, was sowohl zu mechanischen als auch hydrochemischen Änderungen führen kann. In diesem Fall besteht das Risiko einer Remobilisierung der zurückgehaltenen Nanopartikel, die vor allem durch Co-Mobilisierung mit natürlichen Kolloiden hervorgerufen und durch mechanische Scherkräfte sowie bei Anwesenheit organischer Makromoleküle verstärkt wird. Die in der Dissertation erbrachten Ergebnisse weisen auf eine geringe Mobilität von NP in Böden und wassergesättigten Sedimenten hin. Durch die ubiquitäre Präsenz von Kationen aggregieren NP in Böden schnell. Nur in Bodenlösungen mit geringer Ionenstärke scheinen NP auch für längere Zeit stabil und damit mobil zu sein. Für Uferfiltrate als potenzielle Trinkwasserressource scheinen NP eine geringe Gefahr darzustellen, solange sie in den derzeit beobachteten niedrigen Konzentrationen vorliegen. Dennoch können stabile organische Coatings, höhere Fließgeschwindigkeiten und wachsende Mengen von eingetragenen NP zum verstärkten Transport in tiefere Sedimentschichten beitragen. Insbesondere wenn ein geschädigtes Ökosystem nicht ausreichend Retentionsplätze in Biofilmen und organischen Ablagerungen bietet, ist ein Durchbruch von NP möglich. Durch den Co-Transport von NP mit natürlichen Kolloiden wird zudem präferentiellen Fließwegen eine hohe Bedeutung im NP-Transport zukommen. Die bislang beobachtete starke Akkumulation von NP in oberflächennahen Sedimentschichten kann zu weiteren Gefahren für Ökosysteme führen wie die Aufnahme von NP durch Weidegänger und dadurch eine potentielle Akkumulation im Nahrungsnetz. Alles in allem sollte der zunehmende Eintrag von NP in die Umwelt kritisch beobachtet werden und zukünftige Untersuchungen müssen vor allem auf naturnähere Systeme fokussiert sein, um bisher erforschte Prozesse und Mechanismen in komplexeren Systemen zu überprüfen.

If you have not been paying attention, our government has decided that all electric vehicles are the solution to the climate problem. At least as long as they are made in the US with union labor and benefits. California has committed to banning the sale of anything else. In today's post, a few tidbits from my daily WSJ reading on the subject. From Holman Jenkins on electric cars:  If the goal were to reduce emissions, the world would impose a carbon tax. Then what kind of EVs would we get? Not Teslas but hybrids like Toyota's Prius. "A wheelbarrow full of rare earths and lithium can power either one [battery-powered car] or over 90 hybrids, but, uh, that fact seems to be lost on policymakers," a California dealer recently emailed me.[Note: that wheelbarrow of rare earths comes from multiple truckloads of actual rocks. Also see original for links.] ...The same battery minerals in one Tesla can theoretically supply 37 times as much emissions reduction when distributed over a fleet of Priuses.This is a shock only to those who weren't paying attention. It certainly isn't lost on government. Chris Atkinson, the Ohio State University sustainable transportation guru whose slogan I've cited before—"the best use of a battery is in a hybrid"—was a key official in the Obama Energy Department.Our policies don't exist to incentivize carbon reduction, they exist to lure affluent Americans to make space in their garages for oversized, luxurious EVs so Tesla can report a profit and so other automakers can rack up smaller losses on the "compliance" vehicles they create in obedience to government mandates.Actually, I vote GMC's 9,000 lb, 1,000 hp. 0-60 in 3 seconds $110,000 electric Hummer the prize for most conspicuous mis-use of Chinese lithium and its associated carbon emissions.  Tesla's new "cyber truck" comes close. I can't wait to see those driving around Palo Alto. Mining the required minerals produces emissions. Keeping the battery charged produces emissions. Jenkins is a pretty good economist. There is supply and demand:  Only if a great deal of gasoline-based driving is displaced would there be net reduction in CO2. But who says any gasoline-based driving is being displaced? When government ladles out tax breaks for EVs, when wealthy consumers splurge on a car that burns electrons instead of gasoline, they simply leave more gasoline available for someone else to consume at a lower price.Stop just a minute and digest this one, if you have not already. If you use less gas, someone else uses more. EV subsidies just shift who uses the gas. The same supply just goes somewhere else. One has to subsidize electrics so much that the price of gas goes down, permanently, so that it's not worth bringing out of the ground. And the price and demand are global. Lower prices encourage Indians and Africans to finally get cheap gas powered cars.  This may be a secret to you, the public. It's not to economists.Well, some economists. Alas my beloved profession is as open to virtue signaling as everyone else so I don't see a loud "stop subsidizing battery only EVs and banning everything else" from economists. The problem here is the problem with any plan to subsidize our way to emissions reduction. Humans are perfectly capable of consuming both renewable and dirty energy in ever-growing quantities if the price is right. The emissions data prove as much....By incorporating carbon taxes into its tax systems, global society might at least slow the rate of CO2 emissions while simultaneously improving the efficiency of its tax codes. It still seemed unlikely, but it wasn't clear why. After all, politicians enact plenty of taxes. Governments have been advised for decades to adopt consumption taxes as a way to fund their welfare states without destroying the possibility of growth. Cramming a lot into one delicious column, Jenkins wonders at human nature: How to explain, along the way, the coevolution of the climate empty gesture with climate rhetoric that increasingly shouts the unfounded claim that climate change threatens human survival? I explain it this way: When it became clear nobody was going to do anything about climate change, it became safe to engage in hysterical rhetoric about climate change....As David Burge put it (thanks to an anonymous colleague for this delicious tidbit)"To help poor children, I am going to launch flaming accordions into the Grand Canyon.""That's stupid.""WHY DO YOU HATE POOR CHILDREN?"Climate change is real. Climate change matters. Addressing it is expensive. Other environmental problems clamor for resources too. Europe has stopped growing, and the US is headed the same way. We don't have trillions to waste. California as always leads the way on the beau geste: ... in California, ... drayage trucks, which carry containerized cargo to and from ports and rail centers, face a looming deadline. The state will require any new drayage trucks added to fleets starting next year to run on electric batteries or hydrogen fuel cells. California also plans to phase out sales of new gasoline-powered passenger cars, pickup trucks and SUVs by 2035 and require all new medium- and heavy-duty truck sales be zero-emissions by 2036. ... Trucks represent 6% of the vehicles on California's roads, but a quarter of the state's on-road greenhouse-gas emissions,.... California plans to spend $1.7 billion for medium- and heavy-duty infrastructure for zero-emission vehicles by 2026.$1.7 billion, for state-provided "infrastructure," on top of the costs to industries... for a benefit of...?  The central problem: How are they going to recharge those trucks? [Truck operators] They position trucks near highways, rail or ports, not available power. As fleets add trucks they may need to draw an additional 6 to 8 megawatts of power or more. "That's about 1,000 homes," said Steve Powell, chief executive of utility Southern California Edison. "We may need a new substation or something like that and a line to be built." It has not been built, and the truck deadline is now. So what do operators do?  A mobile charging system in California runs on natural gas. PHOTO: PROLOGIS MOBILITY, from Wall Street JournalSouthern California Edison has come across some fleets powering chargers using diesel generators...so that new EV trucks don't sit unused. Another solution: more batteries. [Pacific Drayage Services President] Gillis is installing a system of chargers paired with battery storage. It can discharge power to trucks even during times of grid stress. The battery storage itself can recharge at a time of day when electricity prices are the cheapest. There is an important point here on just how many batteries are needed for the "transition."  Don't just count the batteries in the trucks. Count the batteries in the charging stations too. And the utility. Even California knows that it does no good to electrify and then power the grid with coal and natural gas. The plan is for solar and wind electricity, but that needs utility scale battery backup. A week or more of power. The sources of my last post only added up the batteries needed for the cars. That's too low by many multiples.  He is also hedging—Gillis tripled his usual order of new diesel trucks from 30 to 100, which will arrive by year-end, just beating the deadline before California phases them out.I get the idea. Build it and they will come. Put the trucks in place now, so what if at huge cost, and so what if we burn coal to power them. Then when solar and wind and utility scale storage arrive, the users will be there. But trucks don't last that long. By 20 years when all that infrastructure finally has its permits, today's electric trucks will be long gone. Covering Kerry's trip to China, a reminder that climate is all about how China and India develop, not which car San Franciscans use to drive up to Tahoe. The Climate Action Tracker says that between 2015 and 2022 China's greenhouse gas emissions increased nearly 12%, while U.S. emissions declined some 5%. China's methane emissions rose about 3% from 2015 to 2021, the latest year with good data, while the U.S. cut them by 5%.... China's "coal production reached record levels in 2022 for the second year running," and "coal is set to remain the backbone" of China's energy system. No kidding: Between 2020 and 2022, China added some 113 gigawatts of new coal-fired power plants, according to S&P Global Commodity Insights. The entire world managed to retire some 187 gigawatts of coal plants between 2017 and 2022.As of January China had some 306 coal-fired power stations proposed, permitted or under construction, according to Global Energy Monitor, a nonprofit that tracks worldwide coal-fired power projects of 30 megawatts or more. When finished those plants would generate some 366 gigawatts, or about 68% of the world's total coal capacity under development.As of April China also had 180 new coal mines or mine expansions proposed, permitted or under construction, the nonprofit reported.In a lovely article  Aatish Taseer reminds us there are 1.3 billion people in India (as well as 1.4 billion in China). It's hot, just like it is in Texas. When they reach middle income, they will want air conditioning, just like in Texas. This doesn't make the virtue-signaling tour because there is no easy answer. If China and India don't think they can grow based on solar, wind, and nuclear, just what can we do about it? Send more diplomats? It does not help that the US is now deciding to "disengage" and fight some sort of battle for economic supremacy via industrial policy trade restrictions and tariffs. Even Taiwan on a silver platter isn't going to get China to change. Even if the US shuts down, de-growths, and goes back to subsistence farming, China will spew CO2. I guess the argument is go first to establish a moral example. But if that moral example is obviously self-defeating, pointless, and just money down ratholes to entrenched interests, I doubt it will shame China to much action. A carbon tax, and a Manhattan project to drive down the cost of nuclear would make a whole lot more sense.  (Half the Manhattan project is technical, the other half is to rewrite the regulatory rule book on a wartime schedule.) Think what you could do with the trillion or so dollars going to various subsidies and mandates. Update Read "Old Eagle Eye" excellent July 19 comment below. Boiling it all down to a nutshell, our policy path now is going to produce energy with a lot more materials -- rocks, steel, concrete, batteries, aluminum, carbon fibre -- and energy to produce those materials, relative to fossil fuels or nuclear. Producing those materials also produces more carbon now, with a hoped for savings later.  That the 1970s environmental movement ends up with a huge increase in making stuff from rocks, rather than a service-oriented economy with small impact power, first natural gas and then nuclear, and a light touch upon the earth, is a bit of a paradox.   Also, in addition to spending our trillion dollars and industrial policy wonks on making nuclear cheap and abundant, if a warming climate really is an economic and environmental problem, and given the current policy path is both ineffective and hugely expensive, why should we not even speak or research geoengineering? It's not ideal, but nothing is ideal. 

The company towns in Baja California peninsula may be considered an instrument of development of this territory in the late nineteenth century till early twentieth century. The Mexican government took advantage of the early industrialization in this part of the country using an unprecedented economic strategy: the great challenge to try to occupy a long and narrow peninsula that was scarcely populated. In Mexico with the Law of colonization and demarcations of land emerged in 1880 during the Porfirian goverment, allowed to award contracts to individuals and companies in order to exploit the natural resources in the peninsula of Baja California, with the aim that they should promote productive development and colonization of the area. The large territorial concessions mostly to foreign capital to colonize this region are the examples that develop the región, like the investments of the International Company of Mexico who came to control 62.000km2 (half of the peninsula), this was a US capital after passed to British capital and started operations at the port of Ensenada, the same company plans his urban development. The agricultural colony of Tecate had a great urban impulse with the arrival of the railroad and great investments brought by the company take place in the border. Also, the company had the intention to locate in San Quintin an agricultural hub. In the north of the peninsula also the US capital with the Colorado River Land Company that performed the feat to irrigate the desert border between Mexico and the United States, develops an area of 340,000 hectares on the Mexican side, diverting the cause of the great Colorado River constructing Canals to start agricultural development with populations like Mexicali in Mexico side and Calexico in the United States, this to consolidate the international border. It is importan to mention within this territory a small concession to the New Pedrara Mexican Onyx Company that exploded and establish a little industrial colony in the late nineteenth century to export large amount of mineral to the United States. The territorial concession for the exploitation of Guerrero Negro Salt is perhaps the most significant case today as it has become the first industrial exporter of salt in the world. Other significative example is the Compagnie du Boleo, a french company that obtain from the Mexican government a concession and took over a total area of 20,627 hectares where copper exploded and built a functional industrial city in the peninsular center. The concessions of some islands in the Gulf of California like the island of El Carmen by the Pacific Salt Company Limited of London that develop holdings salt works, or San Marcos island with his industrial colony owned by the Mexican Western Company that continues operating and exports plaster to North America. Finally the urban emergence of El Triunfo and San Antonio by British and American companies as the Progreso Mining Company and Gold and Silver Mining Company make the large mining concessions in this historical period, and because through these large industries they built towns and industrial cities to consolidate this long territorry. This thesis aims to read the first industrialization of the states of Baja California and Baja California Sur through a check list of 10 cases where companies designed populations in this area, defending the hypothesis that the modernization plan of the Porfirian goverment was linked to the industry and was very important, focused in urban models of ocupation, and It contains a rich industrial heritage which today has valuable examples of original layouts, architecture, facilities, mines, factories, ports, docks, chimneys, canals, bridges, houses and entire villages that could be considered industrial heritage of the country and they could withstand a future intervention strategies revaluing its urban and territorial identity. ; Las company towns en la península de Baja California pueden considerarse un instrumento clave en la ordenación de este territorio a finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX. El gobierno mexicano aprovecha la temprana industrialización en esta parte del país, utilizando una estrategia sin precedentes: incentivar la ocupación de esta larga y angosta península escasamente poblada. A partir de la Ley de colonización y deslindes de terrenos, promulgada en 1880 durante el Porfiriato, se permite a particulares y empresas la explotación de los recursos naturales existentes en la Baja California, para favorecer el desarrollo productivo y su colonización. En este gran periodo se otorgan grandes concesiones territoriales a empresas, para colonizar esta región. En su mayoría son extranjeras, como la International Company of México, que llega a controlar 62.000 km2 (la mitad de la península). Esta empresa, de capital norteamericano, que después pasa a ser británico, inicia sus operaciones en el puerto de Ensenada, y es la misma compañía que proyecta su desarrollo urbanístico. La colonia agrícola de Tecate recibe un gran impulso con la llegada del ferrocarril y se realizan grandes inversiones en la frontera. La compañía proyecta asimismo ubicar en San Quintín un potente centro agrícola, aunque éste no llega a desarrollarse por completo. También de capital norteamericano, la Colorado River Land Company, realiza la gesta de irrigar el desierto en la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos y desarrolla un área de 340.000 hectáreas en el lado mexicano, desviando el cauce del gran Rio Colorado por medio de canales, para impulsar el desarrollo agrícola en las poblaciones fronterizas de Mexicali, en México, y Calexico, en Estados Unidos. Cabe mencionar asimismo la pequeña concesión a la colonia industrial de la empresa New Pedrara Mexican Onyx Company, que explota mármol y que llega a finales del siglo XIX a exportar grandes cantidades a Estados Unidos. La concesión territorial en Guerrero Negro para la explotación de Sal, a la compañía Salt Exporter es quizás el caso más significativo en la actualidad, ya que se consolida como la primera colonia industrial exportadora de sal a nivel mundial. La Compagnie Du Boleo, de capital francés, obtiene del gobierno mexicano una concesión de 20.627 hectáreas, donde explota cobre y construye una ciudad industrial en el centro de la península. Son igualmente relevantes las concesiones de algunas islas en el Golfo de California, como la del Carmen, a la Pacific Salt Company Limited of London, que establece una colonia industrial, o la Isla San Marcos, que por medio de la Mexican Western Company y su colonia industrial, sigue explotando y exportando yeso. Con la fundación de El Triunfo y San Antonio, por una compañía inglesa y otra norteamericana, como Progreso Mining Company y Gold and Silver Mining Company, se cierra la lista de grandes concesiones mineras de este periodo. Y estas empresas construyen poblados y ciudades industriales, poblando este largo y delgado territorio. Esta tesis analiza este periodo de ocupación de los Estados de Baja California y Baja California Sur, a través de un recorrido por 10 casos, donde diversas empresas fundan poblaciones. Se defiende la hipótesis de que este plan de modernización ligado a la industria, da lugar a un proyecto territorial singular, que ha legado un rico patrimonio industrial. Este territorio atesora hoy valiosos ejemplos de trazados originales, arquitectura, minas, fabricas, puertos, muelles, chimeneas, canales, puentes, viviendas, vías de ferrocarril y pueblos enteros, parte del patrimonio industrial del país y que podrían, en un futuro, ser objeto de estrategias de intervención que pongan en valor su identidad urbana y territorial. ; Postprint (published version)

SENTIERI Project (Mortality study of residents in Italian polluted sites) studies mortality of residents in the sites of national interest for environmental remediation (Italian polluted sites, IPS). IPSs are located in the vicinity of industrial areas, either active or dismissed, near incinerators or dumping sites of industrial or hazardous waste. SENTIERI includes 44 out of 57 sites comprised in the "National environmental remediation programme". For each IPS contamination data were collected, both from the national and local environmental remediation programmes. Contamination data are mainly for private industrial areas; municipal and/or green and agricultural areas were poorly studied, therefore it is difficult to assess the environmental exposure of populations living inside and/or near IPSs. Each one of 44 SENTIERI IPSs includes one or more municipalities. Mortality in the period 1995-2002 was studied for 63 single or grouped causes at municipality level computing: crude rate, standardized rate, standardized mortality ratios (SMR), and SMR adjusted for an ad hoc deprivation index. Regional populations were used as reference for SMR calculation. The deprivation index was constructed using 2001 national census variables on the following socioeconomic domains: education, unemployment, dwelling ownership and overcrowding. A characterizing element of SENTIERI Project is the a priori evaluation of the epidemiological evidence of the causal association between cause of death and exposure. Exposures for which epidemiological evidence was assessed are divided into IPSs environmental exposures and other exposures. The former are defined on the basis of the decrees defining sites' boundaries; they are coded as chemicals, petrochemicals and refineries, steel plants, power plants, mines and/or quarries, harbour areas, asbestos or other mineral fibres, landfills and incinerators. The other exposures, considered for their ascertained adverse health effects are: air pollution, active and passive smoking, alcohol intake, occupational exposure and socioeconomic status. The epidemiologists in SENTIERI Working Group (WG) developed a procedure to examine the epidemiological literature published from 1998 to 2009; the WG identified a hierarchy in the literature examined to classify each combination of cause of death and exposure in terms of strength of causal inference. The selected epidemiological information included primary sources (handbooks and Monographs and Reports of international and national scientific institutions), statistical re-analyses, literature reviews, multi-centric studies and single investigations. This hierarchy relies on the epidemiological community consensus, on assessments based on the application of standardized criteria, weighting the studies design and the occurrence of biased results. Therefore, to put forward the assessment, the criteria firstly favoured primary sources and quantitative meta-analyses and, secondly, consistency among sources. The epidemiological evidence of the causal association was classified into one of these three categories: Sufficient (S), Limited (L), and Inadequate (I). The procedures and results of the evidence evaluation have been presented in a 2010 Supplement of Epidemiologia & Prevenzione devoted to SENTIERI. SENTIERI studied IPS-specific mortality and the overall mortality profile in all the IPSs combined. Some IPS-specific results are noteworthy and are herementioned. The presence of asbestos (or asbestiform fibres in Biancavilla) was the motivation for including six IPSs (Balangero, Emarese, Casale Monferrato, Broni, Bari-Fibronit, Biancavilla) in the "National environmental remediation programme". In these sites (with the only exception of Emarese) increases in malignant pleural neoplasm mortality were observed, in four of them the excess was in both genders. In six other sites (Pitelli, Massa Carrara, Aree del litorale vesuviano, Tito, Area industriale della Val Basento, Priolo), in which additional sources of environmental pollution were reported, mortality from malignant pleural neoplasm was increased in both genders in Pitelli, Massa Carrara, Priolo and Litorale vesuviano. In the twelve sites where asbestos was mentioned in the decree, a total of 416 extra cases of malignant pleural neoplasms were computed. Asbestos and pleural neoplasm represent an unique case. Unlike mesothelioma, most causes of death analyzed in SENTIERI have multifactorial etiology, furthermore in most IPSs multiple sources of different pollutants are present, sometimes concurrently with air pollution from urban areas: in these cases, drawing conclusions on the association between environmental exposures and specific health outcomes might be complicated. Notwithstanding these difficulties, in a number of cases an etiological role could be attributed to some environmental exposures. The attribution could be possible on the basis of increases observed in both genders and in different age classes, and the exclusion of a major role of occupational exposures was thus allowed. For example, a role of emissions fromrefineries and petrochemical plants was hypothesized for the observed increases in mortality from lung cancer and respiratory diseases in Gela and Porto Torres; a role of emissions frommetal industries was suggested to explain increased mortality from respiratory diseases in Taranto and in Sulcis-Iglesiente-Guspinese. An etiological role of air pollution in the raise in congenital anomalies and perinatal disorders was suggested in Falconara Marittima, Massa-Carrara,Milazzo and Porto Torres. A causal role of heavy metals, PAH's and halogenated compounds was suspected for mortality from renal failure in Massa Carrara, Piombino, Orbetello, Basso Bacino del fiume Chienti and Sulcis-Iglesiente- Guspinese. In Trento-Nord, Grado and Marano, and Basso bacino del fiume Chienti increases in neurological diseases, for which an etiological role of lead, mercury and organohalogenated solvents is possible, were reported. The increase for non- Hodgkin lymphomas in Brescia was associated with the widespread PCB pollution. SENTIERI Project assessed also the overall mortality profile in all the IPSs combined. The mortality for causes of death with a priori Sufficient or Limited evidence of causal association with the environmental exposure showed 3 508 excess deaths for all causes, corresponding to 439 per year; the number of excess deaths was 1 321 for respiratory diseases, 898 for lung cancer and 588 for pleural neoplasms. When considering excess mortality with no restriction to causes of death with a priori Sufficient or Limited evidence of causal association with the environmental exposure, the number of excess deaths for all causes was 9 969 (SMR 102.5, about 1 200 excess deaths per year; the excess was 4 309 for all neoplasms (SMR 103.8, about 538 excess deaths per year), 1 887 for circulatory systemdiseases, and 600 for respiratory systemdiseases. Most of these excesses were observed in IPSs located in Southern and Central Italy. The distribution of the causes of deaths showed that the excesses are not evenly distributed: cancer mortality accounts for 30% of all deaths, but it is 43.2% of the excess deaths (4 309 cases out of 9 969). Conversely, the percentage of excesses in noncancer causes is 19%, while their share of total mortality is 42%. SENTIERI is affected by some limitations, such as the ecological study design and a time window of observation possibly inappropriate to account for induction-latency time; the analyzed outcome (mortality instead than incidence) might be unsuitable as well. Despite its limitations, SENTIERI documented increased mortality for single IPSs and an overall burden of disease in residents in Italian polluted sites. These excesses could be attributed to multiple risk factors, that include also the environmental exposures. The study results will be shared with the Ministries of Health and Environment, Regional governments, Regional environmental protection agencies, Local health authorities and municipalities. A collaborative approach between institutions in charge of environmental protection and health promotion will foster, among else, a scientifically sound and transparent communication process with concerned populations. ; Il Progetto SENTIERI (Studio Epidemiologico Nazionale dei Territori e degli Insediamenti Esposti a Rischio da Inquinamento) riguarda l'analisi della mortalit? delle popolazioni residenti in prossimit? di una serie di grandi centri industriali attivi o dismessi, o di aree oggetto di smaltimento di rifiuti industriali e/o pericolosi, che presentano un quadro di contaminazione ambientale e di rischio sanitario tale da avere determinato il riconoscimento di "siti di interesse nazionale per le bonifiche" (SIN). Lo studio ha preso in considerazione 44 dei 57 siti oggi compresi nel "Programma nazionale di bonifica", che coincidono con i maggiori agglomerati industriali nazionali; per ciascuno di essi si ? proceduto a una raccolta di dati di caratterizzazione, e successivamente a una loro sintesi. La maggior parte dei dati raccolti proviene dai progetti di bonifica ipotizzati per i diversi siti, da cui si evince che oggetto di caratterizzazione e di valutazione del rischio sono state prevalentemente le aree private industriali, quelle, cio?, ritenute causa delle diverse tipologie di inquinamento (definite in SENTIERI esposizioni ambientali). Le aree pubbliche cittadine e/o a verde pubblico e le aree agricole comprese all'interno dei SIN sono state poco investigate. I SIN studiati sono costituiti da uno o pi? Comuni. La mortalit? ? stata studiata per ogni sito, nel periodo 1995-2002, attraverso i seguenti indicatori: tasso grezzo, tasso standardizzato, rapporto standardizzato di mortalit? (SMR) e SMR corretto per un indice di deprivazione socioeconomica messo a punto ad hoc. Nella standardizzazione indiretta sono state utilizzate come riferimento le popolazioni regionali. L'indice di deprivazione ? stato calcolato sulla base di variabili censuarie appartenenti ai seguenti domini: istruzione, disoccupazione, propriet? dell'abitazione, densit? abitativa. Gli indicatori di mortalit? sono stati calcolati per 63 cause singole o gruppi di cause. La presenza di amianto (o di fibre asbestiformi a Biancavilla) ? stata la motivazione esclusiva per il riconoscimento di sei SIN (Balangero, Emarese, Casale Monferrato, Broni, Bari-Fibronit e Biancavilla). In tutti i siti (con l'esclusione di Emarese) si sono osservati incrementi della mortalit? per tumore maligno della pleura e in quattro siti i dati sono coerenti in entrambi i generi. In sei siti con presenza di altre sorgenti di inquinamento oltre all'amianto, la mortalit? per tumore maligno della pleura ? in eccesso in entrambi i generi a Pitelli, Massa Carrara, Priolo e nell'Area del litorale vesuviano. Nel periodo 1995-2002 nell'insieme dei dodici siti contaminati da amianto sono stati osservati un totale di 416 casi di tumore maligno della pleura in eccesso rispetto alle attese. Quando gli incrementi di mortalit? riguardano patologie con eziologia multifattoriale, e si ? in presenza di siti industriali con molteplici ed eterogenee sorgenti emissive, talvolta anche adiacenti ad aree urbane a forte antropizzazione, rapportare il profilo di mortalit? a fattori di rischio ambientali pu? risultare complesso. Tuttavia, in alcuni casi ? stato possibile attribuire un ruolo eziologico all'esposizione ambientale associata alle emissioni di impianti specifici (raffinerie, poli petrolchimici e industrie metallurgiche). Tale attribuzione viene rafforzata dalla presenza di eccessi di rischio in entrambi i generi, e in diverse classi di et?, elementi che consentono di escludere ragionevolmente un ruolo prevalente delle esposizioni professionali. Per esempio, per gli incrementi di mortalit? per tumore polmonare e malattie respiratorie non tumorali, a Gela e Porto Torres ? stato suggerito un ruolo delle emissioni di raffinerie e poli petrolchimici, a Taranto e nel Sulcis-Iglesiente-Guspinese un ruolo delle emissioni degli stabilimenti metallurgici. Negli eccessi di mortalit? per malformazioni congenite e condizioni morbose perinatali ? stato valutato possibile un ruolo eziologico dell'inquinamento ambientale a Massa Carrara, Falconara, Milazzo e Porto Torres. Per le patologie del sistema urinario, in particolare per le insufficienze renali, un ruolo causale di metalli pesanti, IPA e composti alogenati ? stato ipotizzato a Massa Carrara, Piombino, Orbetello, nel Basso bacino del fiume Chienti e nel Sulcis-Iglesiente-Guspinese. Incrementi di malattie neurologiche per i quali ? stato sospettato un ruolo eziologico di piombo, mercurio e solventi organo alogenati sono stati osservati rispettivamente a Trento Nord, Grado e Marano e nel Basso bacino del fiume Chienti. L'incremento dei linfomi non-Hodgkin a Brescia ? stato messo in relazione con la contaminazione diffusa da PCB. Ulteriori elementi di interesse sono stati forniti dalle stime globali della mortalit? nell'insieme dei siti oggetto del Progetto SENTIERI. In particolare, ? emerso che la mortalit? in tutti i SIN, per le cause di morte con evidenza a priori Sufficiente o Limitata per le esposizioni ambientali presenti supera l'atteso, con un SMR di 115.8 per gli uomini (IC 904.4-117.2, 2 439 decessi in eccesso) e 114.4 per le donne (IC 902.4-116.5; 1 069 decessi in eccesso). Tale sovramortalit? si riscontra anche estendendo l'analisi a tutte le cause di morte, cio? non solo per quelle con evidenza a priori Sufficiente o Limitata: il totale dei decessi, per uomini e donne, ? di 403 692, in eccesso rispetto all'atteso di 9 969 casi (SMR 102.5%; IC 902.3-102.8), con una media di oltre 1 200 casi annui. Si ritiene opportuno ricordare che il Progetto SENTIERI, per obiettivi, disegno e metodi, rappresenta uno strumento descrittivo che verifica, in prima istanza, se e quanto il profilo di mortalit? delle popolazioni che vivono nei territori inclusi in aree di interesse nazionale per le bonifiche si discosti da quello cause delle popolazioni di riferimento. Ai fini dell'interpretazione dei risultati, si ricorda che la presenza di eccessi di mortalit? pu? indicare un ruolo di esposizioni ambientali con un grado di persuasivit? scientifica che dipende dai diversi specifici contesti; invece, un quadro di mortalit? che non si discosti da quello di riferimento potrebbe riflettere l'assenza di esposizioni rilevanti, ma anche l'inadeguatezza dell'indicatore sanitario utilizzato (mortalit? invece di incidenza) rispetto al tipo di esposizioni presenti, o della finestra temporale nella quale si analizza la mortalit? rispetto a quella rilevante da un punto di vista dell'esposizione. La condivisione dei risultati con i ministeri della salute e dell'ambiente, le Regioni, le ASL, le ARPA e i Comuni interessati consentir? l'attivazione di sinergie fra le strutture pubbliche con competenze in materia di protezione dell'ambiente e di tutela della salute, e su questa base l'avvio di un processo di comunicazione con la popolazione scientificamente fondato e trasparente. Parole chiave: siti di interesse nazionale per le bonifiche (SIN), mortalit? geografica, impatto sanitario ambientale, Italia

Inhaltsangabe: Introduction: The master thesis 'Worldwide Development of Nuclear Energy and the Strategic Deployment of German Consultancies on the Arabian Peninsula' is chiefly targeted at German consultancy companies so that they can assess their status of strategic deployment and prioritize their activities to enter a new business sector in a foreign market. This publication could also be of relevance for policy makers, investors, suppliers as well as nuclear energy and governmental agencies to identify their need for external advisers to safely operate a nuclear power program; provides a guideline for how to enter a new market. Hence this thesis should be considered as an aid to identify hurdles and obstacles that have to be foreseen and so overcome. Potential business fields are also noted as well as important factors that have to be considered to minimize the chance of failure in the new market. Nevertheless, this huge market with its continuously changing constraints and conditions could throw up a lot more obstacles than could be covered in this thesis. Also the internal organizations of individual companies may differ from the one described in the thesis. The objective of this master thesis is thus to set out a set of guidelines for possible approaches. The first two chapters present an overview of the current geographical, political, cultural and economic conditions to familiarize the reader with the background information and constraints needed for the subsequent chapters. The third chapter deals more specifically with the energy market on the Arabian Peninsula, particular in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. This chapter provides information on types of energy, pending developments, country-specific organizations and institutions, as well as means of financing such huge projects. The fourth chapter is devoted exclusively to nuclear energy, starting with the current status and the motivation of the two countries to launch such a development. This is followed by a description of the legal requirements and other commitments as decreed by the countries' governments. These specific legal conditions do not just apply within the countries concerned, but companies which do business there are likewise obliged to follow these regulations. Challenges for countries are opportunities for consultants, and identification of these represents is the core content of this chapter. The content of the fifth chapter is the preparatory measures that are essential prior to entering a foreign market. A company's vision and mission as well as various analyses are needed to provide a sound basis for taking a decision to proceed. In this context, SWOT analysis is noted as well as an evaluation of M.E. Porter's 'Five Forces' to describe the market and internal organizations. After the preparatory measures, the implementation phase follows. This and its various stages are described in Chapter 6. It is inevitable that, to ensure success, many measures will have to implemented and subsequently adjusted. This starts with deployment and steering of business units and proceeds to overcoming difficulties with external parties. Recruitment on a permanent basis of employees is also a prerequisite for sustained business success, together with a staff feedback, incentive and salary system. Chapter 7 sets out methods for evaluating previous years' activities in the new business. The first couple of years after 'start-up' are over and the situation in which the company is now has to be assessed. It is frequently necessary to undertake organizational upgrades, that could amount to a complete reorganization of the business, aided by change management provisions. The final Chapter 8 summarizes the key information and content, and sets forth the need and reasons for strategic deployment. Changes in the market means that companies will have to re-adjust for economic survival. Because the nuclear program of the United Arab Emirates is more advanced than that of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and information is less available in the latter country, the main focus of this thesis is on the UAE. Nevertheless, the KSA is an emerging nuclear market with great ambitious for a nuclear program and so is worthy of mention when discussing constraints and conditions that these countries have in common. Other countries that are members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) do share an interest in nuclear energy but are not yet at the same stage of development as the UAE and KSA. These serve from time to time to support arguments and figures. A sufficient and reliable energy supply is essential for continuous economic development, contributing also to poverty reduction and health care improvement. If these developments are restricted or lacking, often the result is social conflict that could even lead to civil strife. Examples are rural arid areas in the world where there is no access to potable water. A minor local conflict affects the economic development and population of specific countries and often results in regional instability and interventions from outside. The global energy imbalance has been steadily growing over the past couple of decades. Roughly 1.6 billion people live without electricity, and almost 2.4 billion people rely on traditional biomass to cook their daily meals . Modern fuels are not available or are restricted to the upper social strata. There is an almost equal share of the world's population with no access to potable water, so in the struggle for survival the consequences will be social unrest and riots. In some poor countries of the world, the per capita electricity consumption is as low as 50 kWh per annum, compared to developed countries with 8,600 kWh. Worldwide, the provision of energy is dominated by three major challenges. 1. Energy consumption has tripled in the past half century. If this continues, humankind will consume more energy in the 21st century than in the entire past history. This represents an increase of 53% in global energy consumption by 2030. 2. The main energy resources are now scarce, so to ensure economic development, countries will compete with each other to acquire their own supplies. Each country seeks to protect its existing sources and open up new ones. This will not result in a fair distribution of resources, as poor countries are not able to compete with their developed neighbors and lose out, as has often happened in history. 3. To an increasing extent attention is focusing on environmental impacts. Because of the greenhouse effect, carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels bring about a rise in global temperatures. The consequences are long-lasting drought, sea level rise, submerging coastal regions and more destructive storms. For these reasons, many governments are reviewing their present energy mixes and are considering alternatives to avert the consequences of energy scarcity, including the renewal of interest in nuclear energy that has been noted in recent decades. Adoption or resumption of nuclear energy is at least one solution for some countries faced with a threat to the security of their energy supplies. Among others, one benefit of nuclear energy is zero emissions of greenhouse gases during their operating phase and the ability of huge plants to provide electricity reliably and on a large scale. Much engineering effort has been devoted to significantly improving nuclear plant safety in recent decades. Furthermore, although they are finite, there are ample reserves of uranium and, unlike petrochemicals, they are not put to any other use apart from as an energy source. Prospecting is under way for new deposits, as currently in Yemen. The cost of electricity generated by nuclear power is now competitive, but a major concern that has still to be resolved is final storage of down burned nuclear fuel rods. An overview of the economics is provided by a cost comparison of the various electricity generation technologies, as shown in Figure 1-1 below. This survey is ongoing in a couple of countries to seek a basis for taking decisions on their energy strategies. The quoted figures are ballpark estimates, with actual values depending very much on local conditions and the current market situation, but they do serve to provide a rough comparison. The outcome of these calculations is that electricity generation from nuclear fuel is, at 91.0 US Dollar/MWh, much more competitive than firing crude oil at 133.4 US Dollar/MWh. However, a major consideration is the distinction that has to be made between supplying base and peak/cycling load. To meet the demand for base-load electricity, large-scale power plants, like nuclear and those fired with coal and crude oil are more favorable. These need an extended start-up period – ranging from a couple of hours to two or three days – before they can feed power into the grid. Smaller scale plant, like diesel-fired simple-cycle gas turbines and solar power plants are able to rapidly ramp their power output up and down to cover daily consumption peaks. For this reason, nuclear power plants almost exclusively operate continuously at or near peak output to supply base load, together with natural gas-fired combined cycle gas turbine plants and coal-fired power plants. Diesel-fired gas turbines and solar power plants find application for peak and cycling duty. The key factors are listed in the following table, with firstly the operating parameters, which are attributes specific to the various power plant technologies that are taken as basic assumptions for the further calculations. The second sub-heading is key financial constraints, which fix the technology that is more economical. These comprise the capital cost for construction and development as well as long-term costs that are highly cyclical and cannot be so readily predicted as the other costs. The third main distinction is the direct electricity generation costs. These are running costs incurred only during power plant operation and are directly related to the rated power output in MWe. This calculation serves as well to identify companies and utility suppliers for nuclear power generation as well as to broaden the mix of energy supply technologies and reduce dependency on specific primary resources.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: List of Figures4 List of Abbreviations6 1.Introduction and Objective8 1.1Objective of this Master Thesis8 1.2Introduction9 2.Geographical, Political, Cultural and Economic Conditions13 2.1Geography and Culture13 2.2Economy and Politics14 2.3Political and Social Stability in the UAE18 2.4Relations between the UAE and Germany18 2.5Relationship between the KSA and Germany19 3.Energy Sectors of the Leading Countries on the Arabian Peninsula20 3.1Electricity Generation and Consumption in KSA and UAE20 3.2Water Production and Consumption in the KSA and UAE24 3.3Renewable Energy in the UAE and KSA25 3.4Pending Developments25 3.5Country-specific Organizations and Authorities26 3.6Financing of Power Projects in Arabian Countries27 3.7Summary of Chapter 327 4.Nuclear Energy on the Arabian Peninsula28 4.1Status in the UAE and KSA28 4.2Reasons for Launching a Nuclear Program29 4.3Obligations to Launch a Nuclear Program30 4.4Commitments of the UAE31 4.5Challenges and Potentials of the Nuclear Path33 4.6Global Outlook35 5.Preparations for Market Penetration37 5.1Vision and Mission38 5.2Market Analysis39 5.3Strategic SWOT Analysis41 5.3.1Strengths41 5.3.2Weaknesses45 5.3.3Opportunities46 5.3.4Threats47 5.4Five Elements of Realization Strategy49 5.4.1Arenas (market conditions and valuable segments)49 5.4.2Staging and pacing53 5.4.3Differentiators55 5.4.4Vehicles (course of action)55 5.4.5Economic logic58 5.4.6Summary and checklist of foundation59 6.Execution of the Initial Phase60 6.1Centralization versus Decentralization of Business Units60 6.2Acquisition of New Permanent Employees61 6.2.1Recruitment strategy for employees without experience61 6.2.2Recruitment strategy for experienced employees62 6.2.3Selection of potential candidates63 6.2.4Recruitment process63 6.3Internal Deployment and Organization66 6.3.1Feedback systems66 6.3.2Development of competencies66 6.3.3Incentives and salary systems68 6.3.4Difficulties with external parties69 7.Assessment of Business after 'Start-up Phase'70 7.1Reassessment of Recent Years70 7.2Organizational Improvement Measures72 7.3Change Management and the Reorganization of Business and Markets73 7.3.1Strengthen the position in the existing market74 7.3.2Entering new global markets75 8.Summary76 List of Literature78Textprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 3.3, Renewable Energy in the UAE and KSA: Utility companies in the GCC states are under enormous pressure due to the global scarcity of fossil fuels, which are running out much faster than expected, consequently they are boosting also renewable energies. Governmental agencies have been instructed to review energy consumption in the Middle East and are seeking alternatives to meet the rising demand, which is also in line with the global environmental movement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The long shoreline and high insolation throughout the year are optimal for generating wind, water and photovoltaic power. The following illustrate the efforts made by government agencies for the upcoming year: Abu Dhabi's Masdar City is spending US Dollar 2 billion on promoting solar technology. Saudi Arabia is looking to position itself as a centre for solar energy research and so become a net exporter of energy sourced from renewables. Abu Dhabi is to build the world's largest hydrogen power plant at a cost of US Dollar 15 billion. 'Glance over the borders": Jordan is assessing plans for constructing a wind farm while Qatar is considering solar power. 3.4, Pending Developments: Regarding upcoming developments, the two countries, UAE and KSA, have to be considered separately due to the primary resources that are available. Crude oil and natural gas reserves in Saudi Arabia will last decades more than the resources in the UAE. A further reason is that the quality and composition of the mineral resources are much less favorable in the KSA than in the UAE. This means that their firing for power generation is, for economic reasons, the only reasonable option for their exploitation. In the UAE the situation is different, as there the mineral resources are of much higher quality and are too valuable to fire in power plants. The price obtainable on the world petrochemicals market is much higher than the benefit derived from electricity generation. The UAE therefore has a greater incentive to diversify its power generation and to invest in technologies other than fossil fuels much earlier. Based on the financial and economic crisis, the 'Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie' expects a smoother growth of GDP in 2008 and 2009. This means that ongoing projects with a total CAPEX of US Dollar 378 billion will be postponed or abandoned. Despite these figures, the UAE will remain the most important project market for German companies in the Arabian region. Over the near term, between 2009 and 2011, the UAE expects investments of about US Dollar 540 billion. Showing high potential for investments of about US Dollar 24 billion is expansion of water production and power plant capacities. To participate in this development, frequent consultations and top-level meetings are held to strengthen the relationship between German industry and local agencies like DEWA (Dubai Electrical and Water Authority) and ADWEA (Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority). These authorities organize and guide all water and electricity projects, starting with planning and tendering through to commissioning. Over the past four years, energy consumption in the Emirate of Dubai has increased by around 10,000 GWh. As a consequence, the projection for 2010 is for a new electricity generation capacity of 9 GWe provided by power plants. Likewise electricity transmission has potential for growth. DEWA intends to award contracts annually for more than 6,000 km of HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission lines. DEWA has an estimated annual budget of US Dollar 2 billion.

Article Details: Received: 2018-04-09 | Accepted: 2018-10-08 | Available online: 2018-09-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.03.84-92This experiment was carried out at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Teaching and Research farm during the late and early planting seasons of 2011 and 2012 to determine the efficacy of Moringa oleifera(L) and Anacardium occidentales(L) extracts on major insect pests of pests of watermelon and their effects on fatty acid compound of watermelon. This experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design and each treatment was replicated three times. Each of the plant extracts was applied at three different concentrations (5, 10 and 20%). Gas chromatography was used to determine the level of fatty acid composition.The results clearly showed that the applied plant extracts exhibited insecticidal action against the Aulocophora africana (Weise) and Dacus cucurbitae(Coquillet). 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