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Chapter 1 - Biotechnology to render future cities as living and intelligent organisms -- Chapter 2 - The Triple B: Big data, biotechnology and biomimicry -- Chapter 3 - Revisiting energy policy and planning in future living cities -- Chapter 4 - On gene editing and the conflicts between biodiversity and urban liveability -- Chapter 5 - Biometrics, privacy, safety and resilience in future cities.

AbstractRecognition of the deficiencies of traditional 'blueprint' approaches to land use and infrastructure planning has led to increased emphasis on management of the process of urban development. Such management should recognize the distributional impacts of decision‐making and be responsive to the needs of residents. However, much urban planning activity has been and continues to be gender‐blind. In order to redress this deficiency, it is argued that increased understanding is needed of women's economic and social roles in urban society, their exclusion from economic opportunities and decision‐making processes, and the discriminatory nature of much legislation. Urban residents' experience is shaped both by household strategies and by the way in which they are affected by or can affect planning, investment and management decisions made at the neighbourhood or city level. Differing experiences may be related to class and ethnicity, but are also likely to be gender‐specific. The potential impact of policy and investment in a variety of sectors of urban development on residents, especially women, is explored. Recommendations are made for a more gender‐aware approach to planning for economic activity, land and shelter, public transport and infrastructural and social services, and for specific actions to be taken by both planners and residents.

The quality of the audit plays an important role in the financial markets as a factor which creates the investor confidence is auditor's opinion on the financial statements. Number of companies collapsed globally and as well as locally as a result of allegations made by employees of those companies. However, the audit report of these companies did not address any problems which were existed in the companies. Therefore, it is questionable whether the quality of audits is achieved. A standardized audit quality framework does not exist in Sri Lanka to measure audit quality. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka (ICASL) has issued Sri Lanka Standard on Quality Control (SLSQC) to maintain the audit quality in Sri Lanka. However, it is not sufficient to measure the audit quality. In most of the developed countries, a separate audit quality framework exists as a guide to measure the audit quality. In the absence of such a framework, this study is aimed at examining the perception of junior level auditors on the audit quality indicators and how they prioritize audit quality indicators in order to enhance the audit quality. In order to achieve this objective, a questionnaire was developed and distributed among 120 junior-level auditors who work at Audit Firms in Sri Lanka. A total of 76 responses were able to obtain. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. As per the results of this study, the factor which has a significant effect on the audit quality is the mental/ psychical status of the auditor. Moreover, the results also suggest audit engagements carried out based on the ethical standard rather than based on the legal standard has an effect on increasing the quality of the audits performed. Further, the perception of the junior level auditors differs based on the gender, academic qualifications and position in the firm for certain audit quality indicators. Based on the results of this study it can be recommended to adopt a new audit quality framework by the government relevant governing bodies to enhance the audit quality in Sri Lanka. Keywords: Auditors, Audit Quality, Perception, Sri Lanka

Audit quality is closely related to the auditor's audit process. Attitude and Cognitive Auditor is very necessary for completing the audit; besides that, audit risk considerations play an important role in decision-making by the auditor. Various ways and processes of audit work also adapt to circumstances that are not usually carried out. Therefore, audit quality needs to be studied more deeply so that in the future, the audit process can remain of high quality in all conditions. This study aims to examine the effect of audit quality in terms of audit skepticism, planning, and risk, which play a moderating role. The sample of this research is 265 auditor respondents in Indonesia. A research method is a quantitative approach tested through path analysis. Statistical testing was carried out using the SmartPLS 3 testing tool. The results showed that professional Skepticism affected audit quality. Furthermore, Audit Planning influences Audit quality. Audit risk is proven to strengthen the relationship between professional Skepticism and audit quality. However, Audit Risk has different results, which does not strengthen the relationship between audit planning and Audit Quality. Therefore, audit risk needs to be corrected and considered by the auditor in terms of professionalism and audit planning. It aims to improve audit quality. Future research can consider the use of information technology, which is a major part of the audit process

Vacant land presents many challenges for older financially distressed cities. Community engagement is a very important element to solve the urban vacant land problem and assist in long term regeneration. This paper reviews what plans, policies, implementation methods, and community engagement process were developed to overcome barriers and challenges to vacant land projects. Most studies reveal that the importance of community engagement process in terms of understanding the problems and potential value of vacant land, redevelopment process, financial support, regulation, and neighborhood organizations participation for vacant land projects. To encourage community engagement to repurpose vacant land, municipalities should have to provide adequate information about vacant land conditions and their potentials in terms of ecological and social value. Code enforcement and tax foreclosure are efficient ways to control vacant land and the abandoned building problem. Tax incentive systems, such as high taxation rates on land but a low rate or no tax at all on infill development on vacant land, tax credits on vacant land forest structure, and rehabilitation abatement on abandoned buildings can increase public investment in vacant land. Local governments should support such efforts by creating community involvement groups, such as neighborhood coordinators, civic leaders, CDCs (Community Development Corporations), and other community-based nonprofit organizations. Community engagement is not specific planning, but it is part of an ongoing process in planning strategies to urban regeneration and renewal vacant land.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- 1. Rethinking the Politics of Urban Violence -- 2. Parties, Clientelism, and Violence: Exclusionary Political Order in Colombia -- 3. Medellin: Reshaping Political Order and Criminal Coexistence -- 4. Cali: The Derailment of a Pioneering Participatory Project -- 5. Bogota: Building and Branding a Global City -- 6. The Politics of Urban Violence: Comparisons and Next Steps -- Notes -- References -- Index

This paper explores urban politics of representation and their role in processes of political and cultural participation for migrant and diasporic urban dwellers. Urban politics of representation are about finding a location in the city and about locating the city (or one's own city) in the world. Living, representing and being represented in the city is attached to looking for and finding (or failing to find) a place in the world. The strangers, the mobile subjects and the migrants seek (and sometimes find) a place of work and of sociality in the city. Often marginalized, patronized and excluded from formal (national) politics, they engage with the urban politics of representation either as actively seeking political representation or, and more often, as a reflection of their mobile status and their everyday engagement with images and representations of the self, community, the city and global culture. Unlike formal and national politics, urban politics of representation involve activities in the street, participation in local life, engagement with creative practices and the arts, among other things all of which increasingly involve appropriations of media and communication technologies. With reference to empirical material from London and New York, this paper argues that in the study of juxtapositions of difference in the city, we can observe politics of representation and forms of active (and mediated) citizenship, which are often ignored in formal politics for the management of diversity.

How do cities build a social contract with their diverse constituencies and foster political trust among the urban poor? This study focuses on informal traders, who constitute a major source of food security and employment in urban Africa. Centered on Ghana's three main cities, we analyze interviews with metropolitan policymakers and a survey of approximately 1,200 informal traders. The findings show that expectations about reciprocity and procedural justice play a key role in shaping the probability of trusting one's local government. Lower levels of trust were associated with disappointment over the lack of benefits that accompany tax payments to local assemblies. Moreover, those who had experienced harassment by city authorities were less likely to trust their local government. The analysis demonstrates that political trust at the subnational level deserves greater empirical attention, especially as countries continue to deepen decentralization initiatives and cities strive to meet global development goals around inclusivity. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; CRP2; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance; Capacity Strengthening; GSSP ; DSGD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

The cities of Lowell and New Bedford in Massachusetts, Jamestown in New York, and McKeesport in Pennsylvania have all undergone years of adversity and decline, their economic bases having been badly damaged by structural changes in the national economy, particularly in the manufacturing sector. In situations like these, can local development efforts make a difference? Ross Gittell answers in the affirmative. This interdisciplinary work focuses on comparative case studies of the four cities. The book reveals how public, private, and community-based local economic development initiatives affe