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The main idea of the article is the specificity of the modernization of the Tunisian society, as well as its gender aspect, is largely due to the fact that this process, thanks to the efforts of the ruling elite, began before the establishment of the colonial regime. In the context of the existing Islamic tradition, the degree of engagement of women in the social or productive spheres was conditioned by social differentiation. After establishing the French protectorate, actively using the administrative apparatus, encouraging the growth of the non-Muslim population, the French pursued a policy of cultural colonialism, which led to the design of the ideological and political realities of Tunisia in two directions. Representatives of the first direction continued the traditions of pre-colonial reformism, substantiating the idea of self-sufficiency of Islam. Representatives of the second, not denying the cultural significance of Islam, considered the prospects of modernization with the absorption of European experience.Representatives of Islamic modernism argued that, reformed and adapted to the spirit of time, Islam became the ideological basis of social development, in particular the release of women, whose primary role was to play education.The most radical of them questioned the use of hijab, as a purely Islamic tradition. Without denying the traditions of Islam, they advocated assimilation of the achievements of European culture, science and public opinion.The ideal of a new Tunisian woman appeared in the context of the synthesis of Islamic and Western cultures. He called for the emancipation of women and the reform of family-marital relations, taking into account the socio-cultural traditions of the Tunisian society.Thus, most of the Tunisian intellectual elite was united in the view that women's education is a prerequisite for the modernization of society. However, some advocated for its purely Islamic nature, others did not deny the need for secular nature, in this case the French. The position of this kind undoubtedly created the preconditions for solving the issue of women's education.The process of socializing Tunisian women in the 1930s was manifested in the creation of women's community organizations. Members of such organizations, as a rule, were representatives of an enlightened and prosperous elite of Tunisian society, whose activities were initially charitable.Thesis, westernized Tunisian women, who were mostly educated in France, usually propagandised their own feminist ideas. However, their activities caused a sharp rejection, even among representatives of Islamic modernists. Until the second half of the 1950's, it was not a struggle for emancipation, and participation in the national liberation movement was a dominant factor in the social updating of a number of Tunisian women. ; В статті дослідник розкриває специфіку модернізацій них процесів жіночого руху на прикладі туніського суспільства. Цей процес, на думку автора, почався ще до створення колоніального режиму. У контексті існуючої ісламської традиції ступінь залучення жінок до соціальної чи продуктивної сфери було обумовлено соціальною диференціацією. Відбувалось поступове оформлення ідейно-політичних реалій Тунісу. Творення жіночих громадських організацій відбувався завдяки процесу соціалізації туніських жінок. Участь їх у національно-визвольному русі була домінуючим фактором соціального оновлення суспільства.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة مستوى جودة الحياة الوظيفية وأثرها على الفاعلية التنظيمية في المستشفيات العسكرية بمنطقة الرياض بالمملكة العربية السعودية من وجهة نظر العاملين فيها، وهي ( برنامج مستشفي قوى الأمن ومدينة الأمير سلطان الطبية العسكرية ومدينة الملك عبد العزيز الطبية )، واعتمدت الدراسة النهج الوصفي التحليلي، وقد تم اختيار عينه عشوائية طبقيه من العاملين في هذه المستشفيات، وتم توزيع( 450) استبانه وبلغ عدد الاستبانات الراجعة (403) استبانه بنسبة (89.5% )صالحة للتحليل الإحصائي، وبعد إجراء التحليل الإحصائي للبيانات باستخدام البرنامج الإحصائي SPSS توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج، وأهمها أن مستوى جودة الحياة الوظيفية من وجهة نظر العاملين في المستشفيات العسكرية كانت بدرجة متوسطة حيث بلغ المتوسط الحسابي لجودة الحياة الوظيفية (3.18) كما وجد أن مستوى الفاعلية التنظيمية في المستشفيات العسكرية من وجهة نظر العاملين كانت بدرجة متوسطة وبلغ المتوسط الحسابي( 3.26)، وكما أشارت النتائج إلى وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في تصورات المبحوثين لجودة الحياة الوظيفية والتي تعزى لمتغير( الجنسية والخبرة ) حيث كانت النتائج لصالح غير السعوديين و ذوي الخبرة أقل من 6 سنوات، وأظهرت النتائج عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في تصورات المبحوثين لجودة الحياة الوظيفية والتي تعزى للمتغيرات(جهة العمل، والعمر، والمؤهل العلمي، والحالة الاجتماعية، والتصنيف الوظيفي، وطبيعة العمل، والنوع الاجتماعي). وأوصت الدراسة بالحرص على وجود نظام واضح وملائم للترقيات بما يضمن تحقيق أهداف المستشفيات وطموحات عامليها و الاهتمام بتحسين بيئة وظروف العمل في المستشفيات العسكرية وتفعيل جداول العمل المرنة بما يتناسب ومصلحة المستشفيات العسكرية وعامليها. ; This study aims at identifying the level of quality of work life and its impact on the organizational effectiveness at the military hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from the perspective of employees. The study used the descriptive method. A sratified random sample of employees at these hospitals was chosen. 450 questionnaires were distributed, of which 403 were answered back (89.9%) and were valid for statistical analysis. After statistical analysis of data using SPSS program, the study reached some findings, the most important of which are: the quality of work life from the perspective of the employees at military hospitals is at medium level, with an average point of (3.18). From the perspective of the employees, the organizational effectiveness at military hospitals is medium, with an average point of (3.26). The findings revealed statistically significant differences in the surveyed employees' perceptions of quality of work life with regards to the demographic variables of (nationality and experience), where results came in favor of non-Saudis and employees with less than 6 years of experience. The results showed no statistically significant differences in the perceptions of respondents to the quality of work life attributable to variables of (hospital, age, education, marital status, category, rank / occupation and gender). The study recommends setting a clear and appropriate promotion system in order to ensure implementation of the objectives of the hospitals and aspirations of their employees, as well as paying attention to improving the work environment and conditions at military hospitals and putting into effect flexible work schedules for the interest of military hospitals and their employees.

It is vital that children with a disability have their condition recognised early and subsequently receive access to high quality early intervention (EI) services. Research shows that EI results in significant benefits and sustainable outcomes for these children. This report seeks to examine how the Federal government can best serve the needs of children with disabilities and their families through the provision and funding of EI services. This report focuses on an expansion of the Helping Children with Autism (HCWA) package as a possible Commonwealth government funding model, to include children who are deaf or hearing impaired; blind or visually impaired; or who have Cerebral Palsy (CP) or Down Syndrome (DS). Families of children with disabilities are at greater risk of a number of social and psychological stresses, including mental and physical health problems, marital problems and divorce, poor housing and increased expenses coupled with reduced income. Additionally, it is estimated that bringing up a disabled child cost three times that of bringing up a non-disabled child. These families require additional government assistance to help with the challenges they face. The argument for allocating disability funds to assist in accessing EI services can be summarised under four key pillars: ethical, developmental, economic and empirical. Children with disabilities require additional support and services which generally are not required by the mainstream population. Solid evidence exists which firmly establishes the need for children with disabilities to receive EI and demonstrates the progress that can be made when children receive appropriate interventions. Research shows that because of the plasticity of an infant's brain and the potential for remodelling, the earlier interventions commence and the longer they continue, the more beneficial they will be. Children with any of the four discussed disabilities can significantly benefit from access to intense, effective EI services. In planning early childhood intervention policy, special consideration must be given to rural, Indigenous or disadvantaged families and measures put in place to attempt to counteract some of the challenges they face. The HCWA package was designed to provide families with a child with autism with additional help and financial support, through allocating funds to access essential EI services for their children. Based on the strong evidence of the benefits of EI and considering how well the HCWA package has been received by parents of children with autism; Federal government funds should be set aside to assist with the provision of EI services for children with other disabilities. The main recommendations are to expand certain key replicable elements of the package to include children with other disabilities: deafness or hearing impairment, blindness or vision impairment, CP or OS. Funding should be provided through two avenues: annual funding for early intervention services and an expansion of the Medicare/PBS list. Additionally, rural families should be able to access extra funds to assist with access to services. This scheme should be universal and apply to all Australian families, therefore not be means tested or based on severity of disability. It should also be implemented with the consideration of expanding to include other disabilities in the future.

As a creature of administrative law, Congress has set forth clear, statutory definitions of "parent," "child," "son," "daughter," and "step-parent." As a practical matter, these terms create a uniform system by which family relationships are recognized and immigration benefits are conferred. In one notable exception, Congress directs adjudicators to look to state law when determining which children are citizens at birth. Derivative citizenship, the legal process whereby birthright citizenship is passed from a citizen to his or her child who is born outside of the United States, is a technical maze. There are at least nine different statutes in effect that may apply to a person, depending on the child's birth date and the parents' citizenship and marital status. Derivative citizenship may be conferred both at the time of birth, and, when specific conditions met, retroactively. Congress made the express policy choice to defer to state definitions of legitimation (also known as parentage) when conferring citizenship. This requires immigration adjudicators to then know, understand, and properly apply the laws of 50 different states when conferring citizenship status. This Article's focus is on a troubling, contemporary application of derivative citizenship that is occurring in removal proceedings. Often times, a child with one citizen parent will grow up, assuming that he or she is a citizen. It is only after committing a crime in their 20s or 30s do they first learn that their parents never filed the paperwork to declare their status. Although they are still eligible to have their derivative citizenship status conferred retroactively, government attorneys are contesting that the parents who raised them are in fact their legal parents. In extreme cases, the government attorneys are first disclosing to some of these people that the men and women who raised them are not in fact their genetic parents. This Article highlights numerous problems with this practice. Of most import, the immigration judges and government attorneys are misapplying state law when determining who is and is not a parent of a child. Whereas state laws have made clear that love, support, and care is proof of parentage, (and that collateral challenges to parentage may neither be raised after a set number of years nor by strangers to the family unit) immigration courts are ignoring state law to declare that blood alone is the sine qua non of parentage. This Article presents the derivative citizenship scheme, summarizes state law legitimation and parentage statutes, and argues that the immigration courts and government attorneys are grossly distorting family law. Of note, immigration courts are the least desirable forum to adjudicate these claims due to their systematic (and perhaps deliberate) overburdened workload, lack of representation to the alleged (and usually detained) citizen, and the incentive by the government attorney to remove individuals with criminal records, even when those individuals are in fact citizens. The Article ends with proposals to remove these claims from a contested removal proceeding and into either administrative or district court proceedings whereby the adjudicator can faithfully apply the complexities of family law without the distraction of knowing someone's criminal history.

As a creature of administrative law, Congress has set forth clear, statutory definitions of "parent," "child," "son," "daughter," and "step-parent." As a practical matter, these terms create a uniform system by which family relationships are recognized and immigration benefits are conferred. In one notable exception, Congress directs adjudicators to look to state law when determining which children are citizens at birth. Derivative citizenship, the legal process whereby birthright citizenship is passed from a citizen to his or her child who is born outside of the United States, is a technical maze. There are at least nine different statutes in effect that may apply to a person, depending on the child's birth date and the parents' citizenship and marital status. Derivative citizenship may be conferred both at the time of birth, and, when specific conditions met, retroactively. Congress made the express policy choice to defer to state definitions of legitimation (also known as parentage) when conferring citizenship. This requires immigration adjudicators to then know, understand, and properly apply the laws of 50 different states when conferring citizenship status. This Article's focus is on a troubling, contemporary application of derivative citizenship that is occurring in removal proceedings. Often times, a child with one citizen parent will grow up, assuming that he or she is a citizen. It is only after committing a crime in their 20s or 30s do they first learn that their parents never filed the paperwork to declare their status. Although they are still eligible to have their derivative citizenship status conferred retroactively, government attorneys are contesting that the parents who raised them are in fact their legal parents. In extreme cases, the government attorneys are first disclosing to some of these people that the men and women who raised them are not in fact their genetic parents. This Article highlights numerous problems with this practice. Of most import, the immigration judges and government attorneys are misapplying state law when determining who is and is not a parent of a child. Whereas state laws have made clear that love, support, and care is proof of parentage, (and that collateral challenges to parentage may neither be raised after a set number of years nor by strangers to the family unit) immigration courts are ignoring state law to declare that blood alone is the sine qua non of parentage. This Article presents the derivative citizenship scheme, summarizes state law legitimation and parentage statutes, and argues that the immigration courts and government attorneys are grossly distorting family law. Of note, immigration courts are the least desirable forum to adjudicate these claims due to their systematic (and perhaps deliberate) overburdened workload, lack of representation to the alleged (and usually detained) citizen, and the incentive by the government attorney to remove individuals with criminal records, even when those individuals are in fact citizens. The Article ends with proposals to remove these claims from a contested removal proceeding and into either administrative or district court proceedings whereby the adjudicator can faithfully apply the complexities of family law without the distraction of knowing someone's criminal history.

The study was carried out in the municipality of Somoto, Madriz department, 217 km from Managua, Nicaragua. The objectives were: determine roles, access to resources, decision making, identify social, economic and cultural factors that influence participation, as well as identify elements for the construction of lines of action for the strengthening of the participation of young people (18-30 years old) and women over 30 years old in the honey value chain of Bee. The instrument used was the survey and the interview, the methodological design being ''non-experimental'', with a descriptive-explanatory study of the area, with a mixed qualitative-quantitative method, considering that the sample selected is the total of 33 beekeepers that make up the universe. It was found that 69% of young beekeepers dedicated to the roles and 67% who decide on the activities, and there is no active participation of women in the link of production, however, the average 5% are dedicated to the value chain; young people have the highest percentage of participation in all the study variables. The social factors that do not affect or limit them in the participation of young people is marital status with 75%, young people believe that the best economic factor that does not limit them is policies and programs of government with a percentage of 70% null. In cultural factors, young people do not take religion as a limitation with 95% null. The support organizations are INPRHU. ; El estudio se realizó en el municipio de Somoto, departamento Madriz a 217 km de Managua, Nicaragua. Los objetivos fueron: determinar roles, acceso a recursos, toma de decisiones, identificar factores sociales, económicos y culturales que influyen en la participación, así como también e identificar elementos para la construcción de líneas de acción para el fortalecimiento de la participación de jóvenes (18 – 30 años) y mujeres mayores de 30 años en la cadena de valor de miel de abeja. El instrumento utilizado fue la encuesta y la entrevista siendo el diseño metodológico ''no experimental'', con un estudio descriptivo- explicativo de la zona, con un método mixto cualitativo–cuantitativo, considerando que la muestra seleccionada es el total de 33 apicultores que conforman el universo. Se encontró que el 69% de los jóvenes apicultores se dedican a los roles y el 67 % quienes deciden de las actividades, y no hay intervención activa de mujeres en el eslabón de producción, sin embargo, el 5% promedio se dedican en la cadena de valor; son los jóvenes los que tienen mayor porcentaje de participación en todas las variables de estudio. Los factores sociales que no los afecta o limita en la participación de jóvenes es el estado civil con 75%, los jóvenes opinan que el mejor factor económico que no los limita es políticas y programas de gobierno con un porcentaje del 70% nulo. En los factores culturales los jóvenes no toman como limitante la religión con 95% nulo. Los organismos de apoyo son INPRHU.

Violence against children and women is a serious public health and human rights problem. In low income countries it is closely related to poverty and culture with major social consequences and economic burden for the families. The overall objective was to study the specific circumstances of domestic violence, including the child labour s situation and to develop a cost of violence model adjusted for the burden of families. The studies were performed in four countries. In the first study violent behaviour was analysed among 1,400 child labourers divided into fourteen categories of work in five states of India (Paper I). In the short term perspective child labourers become violent, aggressive, and criminal, following a pyramid of violent behaviour, including cultural deviance, and socio-economic and psychological pressure. When considering family history, it seems that the problem is part of a vicious cycle of violence, which persists through generations and evolves through financial crisis, early marriage, and violence in the family. Of interest was also the problem of maternal abuse of children and mothers exposure to and attitudes towards intimate partner violence (Paper II). Nationally representative data of 14,016 married women from the Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey of 2005 were used. Less exposure to physical IPV was associated with lower risk of using violent methods, such as shouting, striking, or slapping, to correct child behaviour. Non-tolerant attitudes towards IPV were also associated with using the explanation method to the children. The current situation of domestic violence against women in rural Bangladesh was studied using a cross sectional household survey of 4,411 married women (Paper III). Illiteracy, alcoholic misuse, dowry, husband s monetary greed from parent-in laws and wife s doubt on husband s extra marital affairs were the risk factors for verbal, physical and sustenance abuse. The social inequalities in intimate partner violence (IPV) was scrutinised in Kenya among 3,696 women of reproductive age (Paper IV). The data were collected from the Kenyan demographic and health survey of 2003. Women s employment and having a higher education/occupational status than her partner, age differences between the partners, illiteracy, lack of autonomy and access to information increased their exposure to IPV. A cost of injury study based on an adjusted model for low-income countries was tested using case studies in India (Paper V). The model comprised 32 cost elements divided into four main categories: injury, death, deprivation and other costs including encompassing and socioeconomic data and family characteristics. The main cost elements were income adjusted by family and years, income impact on the family, costs of physical, psychosocial and family deprivations, and a cardinal approach to productivity loss. As a result of the case studies, the supplementary variables contributed to a better understanding of the total burden of families. Poverty, illiteracy, male dominancy in resource control and social acceptance of violence make children and women more vulnerable to violence. The problem persists over generations and results in an economic burden on the families for healthcare and disability. The studies confirm the need for long term local safety promotion programs supported by national policy and legislation addressing the most vulnerable groups in developing countries.

El consumo de sustancias y sus efectos clínicos y sociales crean un problema para la salud y el bienestar de la población, que quebranta las bases socioeconómicas, culturales y políticas de la vida moderna. Decidimos realizar un estudio de seguimiento en pacientes que acudían a la consulta del CAD (Centro Atención Drogodependientes, de Cartagena) que presentaban patología dual valorando la respuesta clínica al tratamiento con Palmitato de Paliperidona. El mecanismo neurobiológico común a la mayor parte de los trastornos por uso de sustancias viene determinado por la acción de estas drogas sobre el circuito dopaminérgico mesocorticolimbico, representado por el área tegmental ventral, núcleo acumbes y corteza prefrontal. El Palmitato de Paliperidona actúa principalmente bloqueando los receptores de los neurotransmisores dopamina y 5-hidroxitriptamina. Al bloquear esos receptores, la paliperidona ayuda a normalizar la actividad del cerebro y reducir los síntomas de la enfermedad. En este estudio, se han reclutado 98 pacientes con edades comprendidas entre los 25 y 56 años que seguían tratamiento en el Centro de Salud Mental de Cartagena, que presentaban diagnóstico de trastorno mental y del comportamiento debido al consumo de cocaína, cannabis y alcohol, asociado a trastornos del eje I (principalmente esquizofrenia, trastorno esquizoafectivo, ludopatía y trastorno bipolar) y del eje II (Trastornos de personalidad). El estudio se realizó durante un periodo de 1 año, durante el cual los pacientes inician tratamiento con Palmitato de Paliperidona, valorando los cambios en la sintomatología. Se elaboró un protocolo de recogida de datos que incluye número de historia, sexo, edad, estado civil, nivel educativo, convivencia, situación laboral, diagnóstico, pruebas complementarias y estudio psicométrico (estudio inventario clínico Multiaxial de Millon-III. IGG (Índice Global de Gravedad), IPDE (Examen internacional de los trastornos de la personalidad), Escala de componentes Obsesivo-Compulsivo de la dependencia de Yale Brown y SASS (Escala autoaplicada de adaptación social) e inicio, dosis, vía, frecuencia, de consumo de cocaína, cannabis y alcohol. Así como la dosis de Xeplion, evolución de los pacientes a través de la aplicación de Índice Global de Gravedad y la constatación de las recaídas en el consumo de sustancias. Tras la administración de Palmitato de Paliperidona inyectable de larga evolución, se observa una disminución progresiva (al 1, 3, 6 meses y un año respectivamente) de la gravedad clínica global. La dosis media empleada de Xeplion fue de 79.85 mg. y es eficaz para tratar los síntomas asociados al consumo de sustancias en pacientes con patología dual, observándose una reducción de la frecuencia e intensidad de los mismos, también una disminución significativa del consumo de cocaína, alcohol y cannabis, comprobando la disminución de las puntuaciones en las escalas de Yale-Brown y Barrat, y un aumento en las puntuaciones de la escala SASS. El índice de gravedad de la enfermedad padecida por nuestros pacientes, disminuye a lo largo del tiempo, desde el inicio del tratamiento hasta el año posterior de seguimiento, siendo estas diferencias altamente significativas. Substance use and its clinical and social effects create a problem for the health and welfare of the population that breaks the socioeconomic, cultural and political foundations of modern life. We decided to conduct a follow-up study in patients attending consultation DAC (Drug Addicts Care Center, Cartagena) who had dual pathology evaluating the clinical response to treatment with Paliperidone palmitate. The common neurobiological mechanism to most of the substance use disorders is determined by the action of these drugs on mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic circuit, represented by the ventral tegmental area, acumbes nucleus and prefrontal cortex. Paliperidone palmitate acts mainly by blocking the receptors for the neurotransmitters dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. By blocking these receptors, Paliperidone helps to normalize the activity of the brain and reduce symptoms of the disease. In this study, we recruited 98 patients aged between 25 and 56 years following treatment at the Mental Health Center of Cartagena, who had a diagnosis of mental disorder and behavior due to cocaine, cannabis and alcohol, associated Axis I disorders (mostly schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder and pathological gambling) and Axis II (personality disorders). The study was conducted over a period of one year, during which patients begin treatment with Paliperidone palmitate, assessing changes in symptoms. A protocol for data collection including record number, sex, age, marital status, educational level, cohabitation, employment status, diagnostic tests, and psychometric study (inventory study Millon Clinical Multiaxial-III. IGG (Global Index was developed Gravity), IPDE (International Review of personality disorder), Obsessive-Compulsive Scale components of dependence Yale and Brown SASS (self-administered scale of social adaptation) and initiation, dose, route, frequency of cocaine use , cannabis and alcohol. As Xeplion dose, patient outcomes through the application of Global Severity Index and the realization of relapse to substance use. Following administration of Paliperidone palmitate injection long evolution, a gradual reduction (1, 3, 6 months and one year respectively) of the overall clinical severity it is observed. The average dose used was 79.85 mg Xeplion and it is effective in treating the symptoms associated with substance use in patients with dual diagnosis, showing a reduction in the frequency and intensity of them, also a significant decrease in cocaine, alcohol and cannabis, checking declining scores scales Yale-Brown and Barrat, and an increase in SASS scores. The severity index of disease suffered by our patients, decreases over time, from the start of treatment to follow-up the following year, these being highly significant differences.

Background InVietnam, the proportion of people aged 60 and above has increased rapidly in recent decades. The majority live in rural areas where socioeconomic status is more disadvantaged than in urban areas.Vietnam's economic status is improving but disparities in income and living conditions are widening between groups and regions. A consistent and emerging danger of communicable diseases and an increase of non-communicable diseases exist concurrently. The emigration of young people and the impact of other socioeconomic changes leave more elderly on their own and with less family support. Introduction of user fees and development of a private sector improve the coverage and quality of health care but increase household health expenditures and inequalities in health care. Life expectancy at birth has increased, but not much is known about changes during old age. There is a lack of evidence, particularly in rural settings, about health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among older people within the context of socioeconomic changes and health-sector reform. Knowledge of long-term elderly care needs in the community and the relevant models are still limited. To provide evidence for developing new policies and models of care, this thesis aimed to assess general health status, health care needs, and perspectives on future health care options for community-dwelling older people. Methods An abridged life table was used to estimate cohort life expectancies at old age from longitudinal data collected by FilaBavi DSS during 1999-2006. This covered 7,668 people aged 60 and above with 43,272 person-years. A 2007 cross-sectional survey was conducted among people aged 60 and over living in 2,240 households that were randomly selected from the FilaBavi DSS. Interviews used a structured questionnaire to assess HRQoL, daily care needs, and willingness to use and to pay for models of care. Participant and household socioeconomic characteristics were extracted from the 2007 DSS re-census. Differences in life expectancy are examined by socioeconomic factors. The EQ-5D index is calculated based on the time trade-off tariff. Distributions of study subjects by study variables are described with 95% confidence intervals. Multivariate analyses are performed to identify socioeconomic determinants of HRQoL, need of support, ADL index, and willingness to use and pay for models of care. In addition, four focus group discussions with the elderly, their household members, and community association representatives were conducted to explore perspectives on the use of services by applying content analysis. Results Life expectancy at age 60 increased by approximately one year from 1999-2002 to 2003-2006, but tended to decrease in the most vulnerable groups. There is a wide gap in life expectancy by poverty status and living arrangement. The sex gap in life expectancy is consistent across all socioeconomic groups and is wider among the more disadvantaged populations. The EQ-5D index at old age is 0.876. Younger age groups, position as household head, working, literacy, and belonging to better wealth quintiles are determinants of higher HRQoL. Ageing has a primary influence on HRQoL that is mainly due to reduction in physical (rather than mental) functions. Being a household head and working at old age are advantageous for attaining better HRQoL in physical rather than psychological terms. Economic conditions affect HRQoL through sensory rather than physical functions. Long-term living conditions are more likely to affect HRQoL than short-term economic conditions. Dependence in instrumental or intellectual activities of daily living (ADLs) is more common than in basic ADLs. People who need complete help are fewer than those who need some help in almost all ADLs. Over two-fifths of people who needed help received enough support in all ADL dimensions. Children and grand-children are confirmed to be the main caregivers. Presence of chronic illness, age groups, sex, educational level, marital status, household membership, working status, household size, living arrangement, residential area, household wealth, and poverty status are determinants of the need for care. Use of mobile teams is the most requested service; the fewest respondents intend to use a nursing centre. Households expect to use services for their elderly to a greater extent than did the elderly themselves. Willingness to use services decreases when potential fees increase. The proportion of respondents who require free services is 2 to 3 times higher than those willing to pay full cost. Households are willing to pay more for day care and nursing centres than are the elderly. The elderly are more willing to pay for mobile teams than are their households. ADL index, age group, sex, literacy, marital status, living arrangement, head of household status, living area, working status, poverty and household wealth are factors related to willingness to use services. Conclusions There is a trend of increasing life expectancy at older ages in ruralVietnam. Inequalities in life expectancy exist between socioeconomic groups. HRQoL at old age is at a high level, but varies substantially according to socioeconomic factors. An unmet need of daily care for older people remains. Family is the main source of support for care. Need for care is in more demand among disadvantaged groups. Development of a social network for community-based long-term elderly care is needed. The network should focus on instrumental and intellectual ADLs rather than basic ADLs. Home-based care is more essential than institutionalized care. Community-based elderly care will be used and partly paid for if it is provided by the government or associations. The determinants of elderly health and care needs should be addressed by appropriate social and health policies with greater targeting of the poorest and most disadvantaged groups. Building capacity for health professionals and informal caregivers, as well as support for the most vulnerable elderly groups, is essential for providing and assessing the services. ; Aging and Living Conditions Program ; Vietnam-Sweden Collaborative Program in Health, SIDA/Sarec

International audience ; Using spatial variation in World War I military fatalities in France, we show that the scarcity of men due to the war generated an upward shift in female labor force participation that persisted throughout the interwar period. Available data suggest that increased female labor supply accounts for this result. In particular, deteriorated marriage market conditions for single women and negative income shocks to war widows induced many of these women to enter the labor force after the war. In contrast, demand factors such as substitution toward female labor to compensate for the scarcity of male labor were of second-order importance.

International audience ; Using spatial variation in World War I military fatalities in France, we show that the scarcity of men due to the war generated an upward shift in female labor force participation that persisted throughout the interwar period. Available data suggest that increased female labor supply accounts for this result. In particular, deteriorated marriage market conditions for single women and negative income shocks to war widows induced many of these women to enter the labor force after the war. In contrast, demand factors such as substitution toward female labor to compensate for the scarcity of male labor were of second-order importance.

International audience ; Using spatial variation in World War I military fatalities in France, we show that the scarcity of men due to the war generated an upward shift in female labor force participation that persisted throughout the interwar period. Available data suggest that increased female labor supply accounts for this result. In particular, deteriorated marriage market conditions for single women and negative income shocks to war widows induced many of these women to enter the labor force after the war. In contrast, demand factors such as substitution toward female labor to compensate for the scarcity of male labor were of second-order importance.

El presente trabajo de investigación es de tipo cualitativo, siendo el objetivo principal analizar la situación jurídica del estado civil y los efectos patrimoniales del hijo producto de inseminación artificial post mortem en Colombia, a partir de la normativa vigente en España, la doctrina y los proyectos de ley en Argentina. Para el desarrollo del artículo, se examinaron e identificaron las normas que regulan los métodos de reproducción asistida y la filiación post mortem en España, la doctrina y los proyectos de ley en Argentina, junto con los diferentes autores que se han referido al tema. Como resultado de la investigación se encontró que España es líder en legislación de reproducción asistida y filiación post mortem, pues la normativa contempla la posibilidad con el lleno de los requisitos establecidos, de que el hijo de mujer viuda nacido con el uso de las técnicas de reproducción asistida con posterioridad a la muerte del marido, tenga un vínculo filial con este. Para el caso de Argentina se estableció que en diversas oportunidades se ha pretendido legislar sobre el tema; sin embargo, ninguno de los proyectos de ley presentados ha tenido éxito; es de anotar que desde el mes de julio del presente año cursa en el Senado un proyecto que pretende reformar el Código Civil y que incluye un apartado sobre la filiación post mortem en las técnicas de reproducción asistida. En Colombia, por el contrario, aún no existe reglamentación al respecto, y, por tanto, los hijos producto de estas técnicas se encuentran desprotegidos; lo anterior hace necesario que el legislador se pronuncie sobre el tema. ; This research work is qualitative in nature; it is main purpose is to analyze the legal situation of the marital status and the patrimonial effects of the son or daughter product of artificial insemination post mortem in Colombia, from the current regulations in Spain, the doctrine and the projects of law in Argentina. For the development of the article, were discussed and identified the rules governing the methods of assisted reproduction and the post mortem demographics in Spain, the doctrine and the projects of law in Argentina, together with the different authors that have been spoken on the topic. As a result of the investigation it was found that Spain is a leader in legislation of assisted reproduction and post-mortem affiliation, because the legislation provides for the possibility with the full of the requirements, that the widow ́s son born with the use of assisted reproduction techniques after the death of her husband, subsidiary has a link with this. In the case of Argentina was established that on several occasions has been purported legislate on the subject, however, none of the bills submitted have been successful; it is worth noting that since the month of July of this year studying in the Senate, a project that aims to reform the Civil Code and which includes a section on the post-mortem demographics in the assisted reproduction techniques. In Colombia on the contrary, there is still no regulation in this regard, and therefore, the children product of these techniques are unprotected, it is necessary that the legislator speak out about the matter.

В сравнительно-историческом ключе с привлечением архивных источников рассматривается отношение подданных к таким особенностям личной жизни Петра I, как развод с первой женой Евдокией, брак с женщиной низкого происхождения Екатериной, наличие внебрачных связей и т.п. ; Peter I is known for his deviant behaviour in his private life. Condemnation of the contemporaries and descendants was caused by his divorce with his first wife Eudocia, by marrying a woman of a very low origin, the future Empress Catherine I, by his numerous extra-marital sexual relations. Cross-cultural analysis allows us to better understand the extent of the typical or non-standard behaviour of Peter. Marriages of European monarchs were generally concluded for political reasons and did not anticipate the availability of emotional intimacy between spouses (although in some cases they may have occurred). Russian tsars chose their wives from a fairly large number of candidates, not always aristocratic; that is the emotional factor here could play a greater role than in Europe. This difference is reflected, in particular, in the private life of Peter I. Firstly, the lack of the principle of equal marriage facilitates the possibility of divorce for the Russian monarch (any European queen had support of her ruling clan), and, second, the second marriage of Peter is not so surprising, based on sincere love and affection. Of course, the social status of the new queen a captive and a laundress in Russia was out of the ordinary, too. It can be explained on the basis of understanding of the specific identity of the tsar-reformer; being neurotic, Peter literally took Catherine from rags to riches, so to assert himself in his status as the demiurge of the new Russia (after all, for his family nieces and son he chose spouses of the European princely houses). The abundance of mistresses in Peter's life was not uncommon in the Russian tradition (of course, this does not apply to the tsar family) and in European courts (where the presence of a mistress was almost a mandatory attribute of the royal status, indicating, in understanding of the subjects, health and welfare of the ruler). There are suspicions about homosexual contacts of the tsar-reformer, reflected in a variety of sources, though not conclusive. As the analysis of archival sources shows, people's condemnation of "obscene" behaviour of Peter I does not appear so often (much less frequently than the rejection of his political and cultural innovations). Attempts can be found even to justify the tsar with reference to the negative influence of foreigners, or, as in European countries, the need to maintain the function of prosperity and fertility. In general, we can say that the concept of "normal" and "abnormal" in the private sphere in Peter's epoch reflected the transitional nature of the period. Unlike Western countries, where standards of morality experienced the greatest period of loosening at the Renaissance and early modern times, while in the 18th century they gradually entered a more civilized (in the sense of N. Elias) framework, Russia at this time entered the space of liberation and experimentation, repeating the whole Western way with some delay. Hence are a few stronger reactions of subjects and descendants to the behaviour of the first emperor.

Imagine a cold morning early in February. Slowly sipping coffee in an effort to awaken fully, you are reading through the Supreme Court advance sheets. You come across the following brief opinion: PER CURIAM. Fisher v. Rye Co., No. 81-1, and First Savings Bank v. Smith, No. 81-2. These petitions for certiorari have been consolidated for disposition in a single opin-ion. No. 81-1 challenges an Executive Order that, in an effort to combat gender-based discrimination, requires government contractors to adopt affirmative action programs. No argument is made that the Executive Order is authorized by statute. Concluding that the President's order could not be embraced by any inherent residuum of "emergency" presidential authority, cf. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U. S. 579 (1952), the courts below held that the Executive Order was an impermissible assertion of legislative power. In No. 81-2, petitioner, a state-chartered institution, asserts the invalidity of a federal statute prohibiting discrimination on the basis of marital status in the issuance of mortgages and other loans. Relying upon our decision in Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U. S. 241 (1964), and, more fundamentally, upon the principles set forth in M'Culloch v. Maryland, 17 U. S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819), the courts below sustained the statute as a rational exercise of the power to regulate interstate commerce. The petitions are granted, the judgments vacated, and the cases remanded with directions to dismiss the complaints for want of jurisdiction. We hold that these separation of powers and federalism claims present non-justiciable political questions. The central function of the courts established by Article III, and particularly of this Court, is to vindicate individual liberties. History teaches that these liberties are not adequately secured by our majoritarian political process. But these liberties are not sharply implicated by either federalism or separation of powers challenges, since it is conceded that some governmental unit could impose the challenged restriction. Essentially, therefore, the challenges in both cases are based on conflicting assertions of political power between governmental actors. The constitutional structure thus ordains that such claims be adjusted in the political process, which, we are satisfied, adequately protects both the interests of the States and of Congress. Moreover, history teaches that judicial intervention in these areas necessarily weakens this Court's ability to discharge its principal role of vindicating individual liberties. See generally, J. Choper, Judicial Review and the National Political Process (198o). M'Culloch v. Maryland, supra, and its progeny are no longer authoritative insofar as they assume the justiciability of federalism issues. Our prior cases dealing with presidential claims of constitutional authority are similarly disapproved to the extent that they depend on the justiciability of such claims. Of course, the courts remain free to adjudicate cases in which the sole issue is one of statutory construction: where the President's sole reliance is upon statutory authority or where the President is alleged to have acted in a manner prohibited by statute and he concedes that such a prohibition would be valid. By the time you had read this imaginary opinion, your need for coffee would, in all probability, have vanished. The opinion's startling and intriguing thesis is the core of Professor Choper's complex and fascinating, but ultimately frustrating, Judicial Review and the National Political Process.