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India took important steps in 2006 to develop its economy and improve its standing abroad. Strengthening its strategic partnership with the United States, while at the same time maintaining positive relations with China, was a particularly important achievement. Increased attention to energy security has driven India to reach out to countries well beyond its borders. For the first time in India's history, New Delhi appears comfortable using the military and diplomatic tools that great powers have used throughout history.

The conceptual foundations of the eighteenth century international system, long neglected in narrative diplomatic histories, are enjoying increased attention with the recent contributions of Jeremy Black, Paul Schroeder, and Michael Doyle. Nevertheless, in political science literature the period is routinely treated as an interesting—yet quickly dispatched—'prequel' to the post-1815 order which matured in the Bismarckian alignments of the late nineteenth century. Indeed, as a field of study the period has been all but ignored in the discipline of international relations.

1Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial — Nationality principle — Offence committed outside prosecuting State — Offence committed by national in diplomatic premises of prosecuting State in foreign country — Territorial jurisdiction — Whether harmful effects sustained in prosecuting State sufficient to found jurisdictionRelationship of international law and municipal law — Exercise of criminal jurisdiction by State over offences committed by nationals abroad — Requirement that international law rule be incorporated into domestic law by statuteDiplomatic relations — Premises — Whether embassy buildings constitute territory of sending or host State — The law of Zimbabwe

International Law — Sources of — Treaties as.International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — Consensus gentium — Effect on Municipal Law — The Law of Italy.Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Foreign States — History and Development of Privilege — Comparison with Immunities of Diplomatic Agents.Treaties — As Source of International Law.Diplomatic Envoys — Privileges and Immunities of — Acts of a Private Law Nature — Origin and Development of Privilege — Comparison with Immunities of Foreign States — International Law — Sources of — Treaties — Effect on Municipal Law — The Law of Italy.

Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. Facultad de Historia. Programa Institucional de Doctorado en Historia ; This thesis refers to the diplomatic efforts of Enrique Creel and Joaquín Casasús who were members of the Porfirist political elite, whose missions and negotiations helped to strengthen Mexico's relations with the United States and other countries on the continent and resolved situations that were of great importance to the regime. In the elaboration of the biographical, political and diplomatic profile of Creel and Casasús, we noted the confluence of some variables such as their origin, their political ties, the places of socialization, residence, client networks, among others. With regard to Joaquín Casasús, we note that his appointment as Mexico's ambassador to the United States was in response to his knowledge of international law and his political skills, and above all to his close friendship and bond between the Casasús-Díaz families, being able to affirm that with his appointment President Díaz had a personal envoy and a political supporter of his complete trust. Regarding Enrique Creel, we explained his outstanding role in the Porfirista administration, contributing to the formation of the banking system and exercising real power in the administration through his client relations. In the present research, these two key characters were studied under new sources, and it was possible to contribute to the knowledge of the diplomatic being and work of Joaquín Casasús and Enrique Creel. It was concluded that these representatives of Mexico abroad defended the interests of the Porfirist administration to such an extent that they followed, in some cases, the instructions drawn from the presidency and the treasury secretary and not from the chancellery. They were emissaries, appointed ex professo or ad hoc as happened in the missions of Central America and El Chamizal carried out by Creel and Casasús, respectively. With what was intended to contribute a new vision of these two Porfirist diplomats, ...

Cover -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Part I: My Origins -- Chapter 1: Romantic Adventures and Conflicted DNA -- Chapter 2: Near Death at Birth, and Wartime Experiences -- Chapter 3: A Privileged Education, at a Steep Price -- Chapter 4: Love with a Future, University Without Debt -- Chapter 5: An Abrupt Close to My University Years -- Part II: Becoming a Diplomat: Ottawa and Latin America -- Chapter 6: New Beginnings, Both Foreign and Marital -- Chapter 7: My Diplomatic Education Begins -- Chapter 8: Thrust into the Cold War -- Chapter 9: Into the Muck of Diplomacy -- Chapter 10: Seismically Shaken in Colombia -- Chapter 11: Not for the Faint of Heart -- Chapter 12: Finding a Home -- Chapter 13: Colombia's Political Science Experiment -- Chapter 14: Becoming a Consular Angel -- Chapter 15: Receiving Visitors -- Chapter 16: Parque El Canada -- Chapter 17: Leaving Colombia -- Chapter 18: Eternal Problems: From Electronic Spying to the Middle East -- Chapter 19: A New Child and a New Flag -- Part III: A Mission in New Zealand -- Chapter 20: A Beautiful Home Down Under -- Chapter 21: Singing in a Faraway Land -- Chapter 22: Wellington, Wind, and the Wahine -- Chapter 23: The "Womb to Tomb" Economy -- Chapter 24: The Remarkable Maori -- Chapter 25: Adventures in Public Relations -- Chapter 26: Successes and Failures -- Chapter 27: The Two Sides of Pierre Trudeau -- Chapter 28: The Great Diana Diaper Caper -- Chapter 29: The End of a Dream -- Chapter 30: A Car Sale That Opened a Door -- Chapter 31: Rumours of Angels -- Chapter 32: From Euphoria to Despair -- Chapter 33: A Reminder of Colombia -- Chapter 34: Ardith's Dramatic Healing -- Part IV: Becoming an Environmentalist -- Chapter 35: "Persecution" in Ottawa -- "Immersion" in the Great Lakes -- Chapter 36: Canada Under Attack.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Acts performed in foreign country — Whether requirement that acts producing effect within prosecuting State — Whether sufficient that act performed with intention of producing effect — Drug trafficking — Allegation that General Noriega exploiting his position as Head of Panama's armed forces to assist drug traffickers to import narcotics into the United States — Whether disclosing violations of United States law — Extraterritorial jurisdiction — Presumption against extraterritorial effect of legislation — Evidence of clear Congressional intention needed to rebut presumption144Jurisdiction — Executive — Consequences of illegal arrest — United States capturing Panamanian leader during military invasion of Panama and transporting him to United States to stand trial — Allegation that United States invasion violating rights of Panamanian people — Whether Fifth Amendment to United States Constitution applicable — Whether Court required to divest itself of jurisdiction under supervisory power doctrine Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and justiciability — Nature of United States act of State doctrine — Purpose of doctrine — Whether confined to preventing courts from embarrassing Executive in conduct of foreign relations — Application of act of State doctrine to acts of Head of State — Whether confined to acts performed in official capacity — Distinction between official and private acts — Distinction between sovereign immunity and act of State doctrineState immunity — Head of State immunity — Nature and purpose — Promotion of international comity and respect amongst sovereign nations — Distinction between official and private acts of Head of State — Whether Head of State entitled to claim immunity for acts performed in private capacity — Distinction between sovereign immunity and act of State doctrineDiplomatic relations — Diplomatic representatives — Acquisition of diplomatic status — Process of accreditation — Requirement that sending State request diplomatic accreditation and receiving State accede to request — Whether possession of diplomatic passport constituting evidence of diplomatic statusWar and armed conflict — Laws of armed conflict — Prisoners of war — Whether captured person entitled to prisoner of war status — Whether determination to be made by civil courts of detaining power — Criteria for establishing prisoner of war status — Jurisdiction of civil courts of detaining power to try prisoners of war for common crimes — Whether extending to crimes committed prior to outbreak of hostilities — Repatriation of prisoners of war — Whether prisoners of war facing criminal proceedings entitled to repatriation upon cessation of hostilities — Treatment of prisoners of war — Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 1949, Articles 21, 22, 82, 84, 87, 108, 118 and 119War and armed conflict — Application of the laws of armed conflict — Scope of application — War crimes and crimes against humanity — Charter of the International Military Tribunal, 1945, Article 6 — Whether provisions of Charter only applicable to prosecution of World War Two war criminals — Whether governing conduct of United States forces during invasion of PanamaWar and armed conflict — Armed conflict — Definition — United States invasion of Panama — Whether constituting an armed conflict — Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 1949, Article 2145Recognition — Governments — Effect of recognition and non-recognition — Effect in law of recognizing State — Whether leader of unrecognized government entitled to claim Head of State immunityRelationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Political question doctrine — Invasion of Panama by United States military forces — Whether raising justiciable question — Relationship between political question doctrine and supervisory power doctrineRelationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Whether creating right to action — Criteria for determining whether treaty self-executing — United Nations Charter, 1946 — Charter of the Organization of American States, 1948 — Hague Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 1907 — Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 1949Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of recognition of foreign government by Executive — Whether leader of unrecognized government entitled to claim Head of State immunity

After having suffered from the self-inflicted wounds of internal convulsions and diplomatic isolation during the Cultural Revolution, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has returned to the world diplomatic scene with a new, vigorous, and imaginative foreign policy. To appreciate its dimensions fully, one must recall that China's foreign policy was left largely unprotected from the disruptive spillovers of the domestic quarrels during the Cultural Revolution. The Red Guards not only sacked the British chancery in Peking, but also seized their own Ministry of Foreign Affairs in August 1967. By November 1967, forty-four out of forty-five ambassadors were called home for "rectification," leaving the durable Huang Hua in Cairo as the PRC's sole representative abroad. China's trade also suffered; by the end of September 1967, Peking had been involved in disputes of varying intensity with some thirty-two nations. However, the transition from revolutionary turmoil to pragmatic reconstruction came through a series of decisions made by Mao Tse-tung and his close advisors beginning in late July 1968 and culminating at the First Plenum of the Ninth Party Congress held in April 1969, ushering in a new era in Chinese foreign policy. toward the United Nations may be characterized as one of "love me or leave me, but don't leave me alone," evolving through the stages of naive optimism, frustration, disenchantment, anger, and lingering envy and hope, the PRC's support of the principles of the United Nations Charter had remained largely unaffected from 1945 to 1964. However, the Indonesian withdrawal on January 7, 1965, triggered off a process of negative polemics against the United Nations. Indeed, Peking's bill of complaints against the United Nations was broad and sweeping: that blind faith in the United Nations had to be stopped because the organization was by no means sacred and inviolable; that by committing sins of commission and omission, the United Nations had become an adjunct of the U.S. State Department; that the United Nations had become a channel for United States economic and cultural penetration into Asian, African, and Latin American countries; and that the United Nations in the final analysis was a paper tiger.

AbstractSince the 1950s, Taiwan and China have utilized foreign aid as an instrument of foreign policy. After Taiwan's forced withdrawal from the United Nations in 1971, diplomatic and aid-giving competition with China became more intense. As a result, Taiwan's and China's struggles to gain supporters have been reflected in foreign aid strategies. Taiwan's bid for the UN and the WHO, and the issue of diplomatic recognition empirically demonstrate the utilization of aid to obtain diplomatic support from recipient countries, and, frequently, any decisions are heavily influenced by the competition it experiences with China. Theoretically, this highlights an importantrelationalframework for analyzing foreign aid decisions – particularly the management of foreign relations of small states or middle powers simultaneously influenced by greater powers and aid recipient states.Using data from ICDF and related reports, we observe geographically concentrated patterns in the distribution of Taiwan's aid recipients from 1988 to 1997 – mostly in Latin America and Southeast Asia. In contrast to China's foreign aid which emphasizes infrastructural development, the spirit of Taiwan's economic development aid programs often took the form of technical cooperation. However, a high percentage of aid went to countries with diplomatic ties to Taiwan. With civil society development and increased international activities of Taiwanese NGOs in humanitarian relief and development projects after 2000, we find a new emerging set of geographical aid distribution patterns that expand beyond countries that recognize Taiwan. In addition, while the process of incorporating civil society into foreign aid work was initiated by the ICDF the following decade, Taiwanese NGOs have increasingly demonstrated autonomous international agendas, funding, and direction, as well as the formation of civil society alliances that work on common international development issues.

Cover; Half Title; Series Information; Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of contents; Figures; Tables; Acknowledgments; Preface; 1 The Silk Road and the Silk Road Spirit; I. The origin of the term "Silk Road"; II. The background of the Silk Road; 1. Zhang Qian's diplomatic missions to the Western regions triggered strong motivations of the Han Dynasty to trade with ...; 2. The economic and cultural development of countries and regions along the Silk Road laid the foundation for the ...; 3. The ethnic minorities in ancient China provided the impetus for the smooth operation of the Silk Road

This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1954

This study describes the British government's policy towards China during the first phases of the undeclared Sino-Japanese war, starting in July 1937 and ending in September 1939 when the outbreak of the war over Poland forced the British government to turn almost all its attention to Europe. The dilemmas confronting British policy-makers in the Far East are analysed together with the implementation of their subsequent solutions. Attention is focused on the question of British interests in China and on the decisive factors and considerations which determined British policy and Britain's role i