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Many are familiar with the concept of a moral dilemma - a situation where a person faces a choice between two mutually exclusive actions. This book considers whether situations of this kind could and should exist within the sphere of international law.

An unprecedented analysis of the crucial but underexplored roles the United States and other nations have played in shaping Syria's ongoing civil war Most accounts of Syria's brutal, long-lasting civil war focus on a domestic contest that began in 2011 and only later drew foreign nations into the escalating violence. Christopher Phillips argues instead that the international dimension was never secondary but that Syria's war was, from the very start, profoundly influenced by regional factors, particularly the vacuum created by a perceived decline of U.S. power in the Middle East. This precipitated a new regional order in which six external protagonists-the United States, Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Qatar-have violently competed for influence, with Syria a key battleground. Drawing on a plethora of original interviews, Phillips constructs a new narrative of Syria's war. Without absolving the brutal Bashar al-Assad regime, the author untangles the key external factors which explain the acceleration and endurance of the conflict, including the West's strategy against ISIS. He concludes with some insights on Syria and the region's future

Cover -- CONTENTS -- POVERTY IN MADAGASCAR -- A. Poverty -- B. Who are the Poor in Madagascar? -- C. Growth -- D. Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- BOX -- 1. Different Measures of Poverty -- FIGURES -- 1. Madagascar and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Poverty Data -- 2. Indicators in Urban and Rural Areas -- 3. Health Indicators -- 4. Madagascar and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Economic Growth -- TAX REVENUE MOBILIZATION IN MADAGASCAR -- A. Background -- B. Diagnostics: How Low is Madagascar's Tax Ratio and Why? -- C. Strategy for Tax Revenue Mobilization -- D. Lessons from Other Countries' Experience -- REFERENCES -- FIGURES -- 1. Tax Revenue in Selected SSA Countries, 2005-13 -- 2. Tax Ratios in Madagascar and Other Low-Income Countries: 2007-13 -- 3. Madagascar's Tax Revenue, 1995-2013 -- 4. Tax Gaps in Selected Low-Income -- 5. Tax Revenue, Taxable Capacity and Tax -- 6. Performance of Major Tax Categories -- BOXES -- 1. Tax Potential: A Comparison of Two Empirical Approaches -- 2. Madagascar's 2008 Tax Reform -- SUMMARY OF THE TAX SYSTEM -- EXCHANGE RATE ASSESSMENT -- A. Background -- B. Exchange Rate Assessment Models -- C. Survey Measures of Competitiveness -- FIGURES -- 1. Exchange Rates and Reserves -- 2. Current Account Balance Decomposition (CGER) -- 3. Current Account Balance Decomposition (EBA-Lite) -- 4. EER Fair Value Estimates -- 5. Competitiveness Indicators -- TABLE -- 2A. Doing Business Indicators for Madagascar -- EXCHANGE RATE PASS-THROUGH IN MADAGASCAR -- A. Background -- B. Literature and Methodology -- C. Results -- D. Conclusions -- E. Annex -- REFERENCES -- FIGURES -- 1. CPI and NEER -- A1. Impulse Response for Simple VAR Specification -- A2. Impulse Response for VAR Specification with Output Gap and Oil Prices -- A3. Impulse Response for VAR Specification with M0 and Rice Harvest

Scholarship on international police reform and Women, Peace and Security (WPS) has flourished in the last decade and the potential for engagement across these two bodies of literature is promising. Given the increased use of police personnel in international peace missions and emphasis on gender mainstreaming policies, the need for assessing the impact of these two trends has never been greater. Thus, this paper seeks to bridge gaps between the mainstream policing scholarship and feminist scholars focused on post-conflict peacebuilding police reforms. We explore how feminist scholars can engage with policing literature's technocratic language and 'in the field' experience as well as how policing scholars can interact with feminist scholars to transform traditional approaches to security in the context of the WPS Agenda. We demonstrate the benefits of increased dialogue and interaction by highlighting the common and diverging challenges in both fields in three areas: the design, implementation, and evaluation. Finally, to illustrate the dynamic intersection of these areas of study and practice, we examine the transnational policing efforts to gender mainstream the Liberian National Police (LNP) in the context of the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL).

Amidst this emphasis on the role of the state in both domestic and international affairs, the study of cities and their broader political-economic functions has been seriously neglected-a bias that we intend in this paper to redress. We develop here the concept of the "global political city"-a broad community, with complex non-governmental socio-economic dimensions, that nevertheless serves as an important arena for political transactions. After elaborating the general concept, we apply it concretely in the case of Washington, D.C., and suggest potential applications elsewhere in the world, noting the particular significance of the "strategic information complex" typically evolving in such cities as a source of international influence. Adapted from the source document.