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This paper describes the objectives, organizations and research results of an international joint research project on an autonomous underwater walking robot conducted at the Naval Postgraduate School in the US and the Port and Harbour Research Institute in Japan. The main purpose of this project has been to investigate several scientific research questions in the US side and to enhance the capability of the existing six-legged underwater walking robot, AQCAUOBOT. Tlw period of this project is three years beginning in February 1992. Almost two dozen researchers have been involved in this project. The research results briefed in this paper include smooth motion planning for rigid body robots, versatile extended gait planning, dynamic foot motion planning: experiments with the real AQUAROBOT linkage dynamics, virtual reality simulation model, and task and mission level control architecture. In order to conduct these subprojeds, there have been frequent and close communications between two countries. ; This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of the US Government under grant BCS- 9109989 and the Science and Technology Agency of the Japanese Government.

Discusses women's rights as an international issue, in light of establishment of a Sub-Commission on the Status of Women within the United Nations and debate on women's rights in terms of human rights. Summary in English p. 203.

Preliminary Material /C. Giorgetti -- Chapter One. An Emerging Problem In International Law /C. Giorgetti -- Chapter Two. The International Community Has Acted On Behalf Of States In The Past /C. Giorgetti -- Chapter Three. The Failed State Par Excellence: The Role Of The International Community In Somalia Demonstrates The Inadequacy Of The System To Deal With State Failure /C. Giorgetti -- Chapter Four. What Is State Failure? The Inadequacy Of Existing Legal Techniques To Deal With Failed States /C. Giorgetti -- Chapter Five. Responding To Public Health Emergencies In Failed States /C. Giorgetti -- Chapter Six. Environmental Emergencies In Failed States /C. Giorgetti -- Chapter Seven. United Nations Actions And The Use Of Military Force To Provide Assistance To Domestic Populations In Failed States /C. Giorgetti -- Chapter Eight. Conclusion: A Set Of Principles To Approach State Failure /C. Giorgetti -- Index /C. Giorgetti.

View linking drug trafficking to communist political objectives. Narco-terrorism and narco-guerrillas in Latin America, chiefly.

AbstractThis article examines the education‐migration industry that has channelled students from China and Viet Nam into Japan over the past three decades and discusses the conditions for the emergence of such an industry, the major actors and the reasons for their changing roles and practices. It argues that the education‐migration industry in Japan emerged because of the discrepant institutional logics. Japan's reluctance to open the door for labour import, despite its acute labour shortage, has turned international education into a sanctioned channel of labour migration and thereby created opportunities for international education to become a thriving migration industry. As long as this institutional gap remains, government regulations will only create new sources of power and profits for brokers who can navigate complex regulations and employ illicit means to satisfy the legal requirements. The education‐migration industry is therefore a derivative of Japan's immigration regime and actively interacts with government policies.

AbstractMost would agree that the recent emergence of the Donetsk and Lugansk Republics in Ukraine, and perhaps the Islamic State, will soon find their place in the already growing literature on contested states. Yet, despite the historical and present importance of these entities for the study of alternative forms of political authority, sovereignty, statehood, international legitimacy, as well as wars within and between states, there is very little agreement in the existing literature on what constitutes a contested state. After illustrating some of the theoretical and empirical shortcomings of the current conceptual approaches in the treatment of these entities, this article proposes and adopts an ontological approach to conceptualizing and studying contested states in international relations. I argue that the contested state's internal nature can be understood through four constitutive dimensions, which accentuate the phenomenon's distinct interaction with its environment when compared to other phenomena. The article also provides a way to resolve the discord that currently exists on what the theoretical concept of contested state ought to capture empirically, by introducing an explicit and systematic procedure when applying the concept to the empirical world.Cabe esperar que la gran mayoría coincida en que el surgimiento reciente de las repúblicas de Donetsk y Lugansk en Ucrania, y tal vez el Estado Islámico, encontrarán pronto un lugar en la literatura ya creciente sobre estados en disputa. No obstante, a pesar de la importancia histórica y actual de estas entidades para el estudio de formas alternativas de autoridad política, soberanía, estatidad, legitimación internacional, además de las guerras dentro y entre estados, el consenso en la literatura existente sobre qué constituye un estado en disputa es escaso. Tras ilustrar algunas de las limitaciones teóricas y empíricas de los abordajes conceptuales corrientes en el tratamiento de estas entidades, este artículo propone y adopta un abordaje ontológico en la conceptualización y el estudio de estados en disputa en el marco de las relaciones internacionales. Sostengo que la naturaleza interna de un estado en disputa puede comprenderse a través de cuatro dimensiones constitutivas, que acentúan la interacción distintiva de este fenómeno con su entorno cuando se lo compara con otros. Asimismo, este artículo proporciona una manera de resolver el desacuerdo que existe en la actualidad sobre qué debería abarcar en forma empírica el concepto teórico de estado en disputa al presentar un procedimiento explícito y sistemático en la aplicación del concepto al mundo empírico.Une grande majorité de personnes conviendront que l'émergence récente des républiques de Donetsk et de Lougansk en Ukraine, et éventuellement de l'État islamique, trouvera bientôt sa place dans la littérature déjà croissante portant sur les États contestés. Pourtant, malgré l'importance historique et actuelle de ces entités pour l'étude des formes alternatives d'autorité politique, de souveraineté, de statut d'État, de légitimité internationale, ainsi que des guerres intérieures et entre États, il y a très peu de consensus dans la littérature existante sur ce qui constitue un État contesté. Après avoir illustré certaines des lacunes théoriques et empiriques des approches conceptuelles actuelles du traitement de ces entités, cet article propose et adopte une approche ontologique de la conceptualisation et de l'étude des États contestés dans les relations internationales. Je soutiens que la nature interne d'un État contesté peut être comprise au travers de quatre dimensions constitutives qui accentuent l'interaction distincte du phénomène avec son environnement lorsque nous le comparons à d'autres phénomènes. Cet article fournit également un moyen de résoudre la discorde qui règne actuellement sur ce que le concept théorique d'État contesté devrait englober empiriquement, en introduisant une procédure explicite et systématique lors de l'application du concept au monde empirique.