Suchergebnisse

This article traces the discourse on capital account liberalization in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) during the 1990s. Based on constructivist insights, I argue that rationalist-materialist theories of international organizations neglect the social dynamics of behaviour & change. The empirical focus is on the transformation of IMF policy & discourse towards emphasizing the liberalization of international capital movements. External factors do not explain the rise of the discourse within the IMF. For that, I refer to the role of organizational culture as the crucial variable. However, the attempt to institutionalize capital account liberalization at the global level failed in the wake of the Asian financial crisis. In the second part, I explore the political decision-making process in the Fund's Board of Executive Directors in order to shed light on the different interpretations of the crisis. I find that, far from imposing a single reading of the causes & effects of the crisis, different interpretations were advanced & contested in the deliberations of the Board. Communicative action explains why the Asian crisis constituted the 'kiss of death' for the formal institutionalization of the norm of an open capital account at the international level. 65 References. Adapted from the source document.

This volume systematically analyses rules of engagement (ROE), a crucial component of the legal framework in which every soldier operates. It explains how such rules operate in both the legal context and military operational world, and how ROE are applied in practice.

In the 1990s Taiwan began to pose a complex new challenge to the international community. At issue is Taiwan's attempt to revise the so-called "one China" policy as it had been previously understood. By seeking to be treated as a distinct state that was distinct from mainland China, Taiwan was embarking on a new approach that confronted the Beijing government. After looking at the origins and development of Taiwan's new the author considersthe legal implications of its international position and examines the development of Taiwan's foreign policy that has been called "flexible" and "pragmatic" diplomacy. (DÜI-Sen)

Since the beginning of XXI century higher education internationalization trend has been intensifying around the world. The goal of the research is to study managing international education characteristics to promote educational services export. Levels of interconnection and interdependence between economic agents around the world are increasing; transnational forms of economic activity, information and communication technologies are developing. The market for higher education is developing intensively as educational services of the highest international level demand is increasing. The research goal is to analyze the main economic tendencies in modern students' exchange programmes. The problems discussed are the need to increase educational services export by promoting it using various student exchange models, study of managing international education characteristics to promote educational services export and its development. For this purpose the methodology consisting of modeling educational policy processes and analyzing the results is used. The results of the study show that higher education takes on international socio-economic features, which are to be seen as an attractive investment target. Modern higher education is developing in the conditions of open access and mutual influence of conditions in different countries, depending on the basis of economic, political and cultural relations. The growing interest in education abroad leads to existing paradigm of educational services management review thus updating this study's topic. In the conclusion we highlight that integrative processes in internationalization of education management can significantly enrich practical application in this sphere. Recommendations in this study can be used to increase educational services export and import.

Changes in US transportation policy and changing freight flows influenced by NAFTA have refocused the attention of interior states on their transportation infrastructure. Shippers in the landlocked Midwest of the USA have inquired into the feasibility of inland ports that better facilitate domestic and global commerce by providing shared facilities and services. As such, these inland ports represent one‐stop shopping for various transportation and logistics‐related services. The present study asked central Iowa shippers about their perceptions of and preferences for a proposed inland port. The respondents were categorized as either "international" (i.e. companies that export and/or import, and those planning to) or "domestic‐only" (firms with no international operations nor plans to export or import). The results will assist policy makers and investors to develop an implementation strategy for an inland port, and to identify potential customers for specific port features and services.

La femme, jusqu'au premier conflit mondial, n'a pris qu'une part directe peu importante à la guerre et le besoin de lui accorder une protection juridique spéciale dans une telle situation ne s'est pas fait sentir. Cela ne signifie pas pour autant qu'elle ait été dépourvue de toute protection dans le passé. Dès la naissance du droit international humanitaire, elle a bénéficié au même titre que l'homme d'une protection juridique générale. Blessée, la femme a d'abord été protégée par les dispositions de la Convention de Genève de 1864 pour l'amélioration du sort des militaires blessés dans les armées en campagne; prisonnière de guerre, elle a été mise au bénéfice des dipositions du Règlement annexé aux Conventions de La Haye de 1899 et 1907 sur les lois et coutumes de la guerre sur terre.

The purpose is to identify the features of strategic planning and formulate specific recommendations on the choice of growth strategies in developing and developed markets for international streaming services. Objectives: study of specific examples (cases) growth strategies in developed and emerging markets; identify key factors for the successful development of companies; study cases of adapting a product to the needs of the local market environment. Methodology: comparative analysis; analysis of financial indicators and benchmarking; synthesis of information obtained; inductive and deductive methods. Results. of the study showed that taking into account the needs of the audience in national markets is the key to the growth of the company and its subscriber base. When entering the market, companies use a pre-formed market development strategy as a starting point for expanding the number of users, after which they continue to strengthen their positions using market penetration, product development or diversification strategies, adapting the product to the needs and characteristics of the market environment. Conclusions. Partnerships have proven to be an important factor in developed and emerging markets, however, in the case of developed markets, this strategic step benefits in quantitative terms, and in the case of emerging markets, both in qualitative terms (localization of content) and in quantitative terms, the growth in the number of users. The findings and results of the study will be useful to existing streaming services, startups, venture investors and government agencies regulating this area.

Purpose– The purpose of this article is to, first, offer insights into the relationship between industry idiosyncrasies and international new ventures (INVs), and then present a research conceptual framework that identifies the role of industry factors in new venture internationalization processes and strategies. Second, the authors introduce the content of this special issue.Design/methodology/approach– This conceptual article builds on extant studies on INVs operating in different industrial contexts. Particular attention is given to the role of industry influences in the processes of new venture internationalization, in terms of speed, geographical scope and entry strategy. Such factors are discussed to formulate a conceptual framework as a basis for further research.Findings– The conceptual framework identifies key industry factors as well as emergent factors that influence the new venture internationalization process, in terms of speed, geographical scope and entry strategy. Such key influencing factors are competition and structure, industry life cycle, industry concentration, knowledge intensity, local cluster internationalization and global industry integration. Emergent factors are identified as new business models, technology and industry network dynamics.Research limitations/implications– This article is conceptual in nature, and thus empirical research is recommended in diverse contexts.Practical implications– Further analysis of industry factors is a valid research avenue for understanding INVs.Originality/value– This special issue offers new insights into how industry factors influence INVs' internationalization processes in terms of speed, scope and entry strategy.