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The purpose of this research is to survey, examine and recover those debates of the western worldrecorded from 1918 to 1947 in the period between wars. It is a project for reconstructing thosetimes, linking facts, ideas and debates, as well as analyzing their projection in Latin America andtheir resonance up to the present date.We have identified the following topics as our main focus: the dilemma of war and peace, thesystem of relations at national and international levels, liberal democracy vs. the new mass democracyand the resulting tension between democracy and capitalism, the relationship between thecivilizing crisis of the West and the social and political crisis, and the topic of revolution as a longtermcycle and debates found both inside and outside the Marxist movements. All is viewed againstthe backdrop of the First World War and its impact in the political, social and economic spheres,the aftermath of the Russian revolution, the scientific and technological development process andthe crisis of capitalism in 1930.We began by researching key authors to discover the highlights of "significance" at the time. Tothat end, we identified a list of 49 authors and focused on a few such as Carr, Dewey, Laski, Mannheim,Michels, Mosca, Polanyi, Schmitt and TawneyAnd in two other chapters, we reflected other phenomena such as "municipalism" and culturalrepresentations of the time, especially the cinema.The first conclusion we reached is that the history of ideas of a time is a continuum of what isinherited from the previous historic time and whatever is left for the following period. For that reason,we focused on three authors who enabled us to discover and reconstruct the previous moment:Watson, Kronnenberg y TuchmanThose readings allowed us to discover that it is not possible to describe the climate of a timeusing an analytical and descriptive methodology, as it would entail a colossal work. Therefore, wechose the Tuchman "model", alternating national descriptions and contexts of confronted "old" and"new" ideas, related to events and facts with a global impact and new cultural forms, as the mostviable path. The intention is to put together a seminar on the subject, which will be enriched withresearch work over the next three years and will end with a publication devoted to the period underconsideration. ; El objetivo es relevar, analizar y traer al presente los debates del mundo occidental durante el período de entreguerras entre 1918 y 1947. Es un proyecto de reconstrucción de época capaz de unir hechos, ideas y debates, su proyección a Latinoamérica y su resonancia actual.Hemos identificado como cuestiones de mayor interés: el problema de la guerra y la paz y el sistema de relaciones entre lo nacional y lo internacional, la democracia liberal vs. la nueva democracia de masas y la consiguiente tensión entre democracia y capitalismo, la relación entre la crisis civilizatoria de Occidente y la crisis social y política, y la cuestión de la revolución como un ciclo largo y sus debates dentro y fuera de las corrientes marxistas. Todo ello con los impactos de la Primera Guerra Mundial en términos políticos, sociales y económicos; las consecuencias de la Revolución Rusa; el proceso de expansión científico-tecnológica y la crisis del capitalismo en 1930.Empezamos por autores clave para encontrar esas "significaciones" de época. Identificamos una lista de 49 autores y analizamos a algunos como Carr, Dewey; Laski, Mannheim, Michels, Mosca, Polanyi, Schmitt y TawneyA su vez hemos reflejado en otros dos capítulos otros fenómenos de esa época como los del municipalismo y el de las representaciones culturales, muy especialmente el cine.La primera conclusión es que la historia de las ideas de una época es un continuum de lo que hereda de la anterior y de lo que dejará para la siguiente. Por eso es que recurrimos a tres autores que nos permitieron reconstruir el momento anterior: Watson, Kronnenberg y TuchmanEsas lecturas nos permitieron descubrir que no se puede describir un clima de época con una metodología analítica y descriptiva. Ello implicaría una obra monumental; por ello elegimos el "modelo" de Tuchman alternando descripciones nacionales con climas de ideas "viejas" y "nuevas" enfrentadas, relacionadas con hechos de impacto global y formas culturales novedosas como el camino más viable. La idea es construir un seminario sobre el tema que pueda ir retroalimentándose con la investigación a lo largo de los próximos tres años para finalizar en una publicación sobre el período.

The ideology and implementation of the new (good) public governance principles requires more effective institutionalization of strategic planning from the public sector organisations, more intensive development efforts to improve the preparedness of governance elite to achieve social – intellectual creativity. Implementation of good governance principles depends on the development of social responsibility, social solidarity, and transparency criteria and public communication as an instrument of transferring and integrating knowledge and information. The analysis of the implem entation of good governance principles shows, that good governance, as the last doctrine of public administration for each region and country (including Lithuanian public sector), has universal and specific features. The forms and methods of the implementation of good governance principles (first of all transparency and public communication) can be classified, described and explained as the development of methodology, mechanisms and instruments of ongoing modernization reforms. The article aims to identify the key principles of good public governance, define their concepts, and evaluate the general parameters and dimensions of the implementation of good governance principles in the activities of Lithuanian strategic sports federations. The main focus is placed on the analysis of transparency and public communication criteria and factors, monitoring and control processes. The survey described in this article involved general secretaries or presidents of eight Lithuanian strategic sports federations. The questionnaire was designed by adapting and amending the instrument that was developed in 2013 for the EC co-funded project Action for Good Governance in International Sports Organisations and used for the assessment of good governance principles in sport organizations. We found great variations in the implementation level of certain principles. Only the principle of democratic governance process received the "Excellent" score (76.44%). The implementation of this principle is 90% and above in three out of eight federations. The implementation of stakeholder identification and role principle was found at high level (80%) in two federations. The average score of governance control and balance principle was the lowest and that can be explained by the fact that external audit was conducted following the established international standards. The analysis of separate statements in the block of strategic governance process implementation principle revealed that the lowest scores were given to the statement regarding the use of certain criteria in the assessment of strategic plan implementation. Solidarity and social responsibility principle is implemented only at the level of 54.75%. We found that half of the interviewed federations scored below 50% in the assessment of the said principle. It is the lowest score among all assessed principles of good governance. The combined score of the statements used to assess transparency and public communication principle was the lowest (43.3%) among all analysed principles. Only one organisation has this principle implemented above 60%, while the others achieved only "Satisfactory" level of 50%. The statistical analysis of obtained results revealed that five out of fifteen statements representing transparency and public communication principle are evaluated negatively. We may claim that, on the one hand, the principle of transparency and public communication is judged ambivalently by the persons in charge of federation governance though having full awareness of the responsibility for the implementation of this principle. On the other hand, the compliance of awareness and aspirations with the actual operation processes is often at odds with objective reality. Apparently, the current status of the implementation of good governance principles is influenced not only by the financial capacities of federations and popularity of the sport, but also by different attitudes and approach of the leaders towards the governance of the federation, their practical expertise, their goals and actions for the improvement of organizational governance procedures. ; Straipsnyje analizuojami modernaus viešojo valdymo kaitos procesų kiekybiniai ir kokybiniai, sisteminiai – procesiniai pokyčiai ir jų įgyvendinimas. Remiantis modernaus viešojo administravimo teoriniais – metodologiniais konstruktais straipsnyje siekiama identifikuoti, pagrįsti ir eksplanuoti gerojo viešojo valdymo principus, jų įgyvendinimo metodus ir procedūras, išskiriant jų praktinės raiškos indikacijas Lietuvos strateginių sporto šakų federacijų veikloje. Atliktas tyrimas atskleidė pagrindinių gero valdymo principų įgyvendinimo kokybę federacijų veikloje. Ypatingas dėmesys skirtas itin silpnai įgyvendinamam skaidrumo ir viešos komunikacijos principui. Balansas tarp federacijos vykdomos skaidrios veiklos politikos siekiant išlaikyti federacijos autonomiją ir būtinybės išplėtoti tinkamus santykius su visomis suinteresuotomis grupėmis, laiduojančiomis federacijos plėtrą, išlieka pagrindiniu federacijos valdymo iššūkiu.

The energy crisis characterized by the oil products price rising and the imperatives of sustainable development do that renewable energies are an alternative today witch attract the interest of several research teams. Senegal, sub-Saharan country, not oil producer is not spared by this crisis. The consequence of this is a low coverage of the country (especially rural areas) by the national grid. For solving this, the new orientation of the energy policy focuses on the use of renewable energy particularly solar and wind.The main objective of this thesis is to identify a methodology of design of an isolated site of electrical energy production from alternative energies It is consists on, from site characteristics (energy resources, energy requirements):- to develop an approach that allows the choice of network architecture and sizing optimally all components of the network (machines, sources and storage devices) taking into account all the constraints- to design a device for controlling components and managing the energy flowsThis thesis contains three chapters:- Chapter 1 - poses the problem of energy in Senegal. The institutional organization of the electricity sub-sector and the ongoing projects are presented. Also, a study of micro- architectures networks is made.- Chapter 2 deals with tools and software. A comparative study of the main software of analysis, design and simulation of micro- network is realized. The components of our system have been modeled. Optimization methods and tools for graphical representation (Bond Graph, GIC and EMR) systems were presented. A survey and a literature review allowed us to evaluate the energy potential of the site and the needs of populations.- Chapter 3: This is the application of our tool on an isolated site identified in Senegal (MBoro / Mer). Optimization through the Annualized Cost of the System (ACS) objective function has allowed us to scale our system optimally. As the control system with Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) has been designed.For further work should be considered a treatment of problems of availability of the system through monitoring and supervision of the system. The socio- economic component is also integrated in the future to meet the changing needs and habits of the population. ; La crise énergétique marquée par une flambée des prix du pétrole et les impératifs d'un développement durable font des énergies renouvelables une alternative qui suscitent aujourd'hui l'intérêt de plusieurs équipes de recherches. Le Sénégal, pays subsaharien, non producteur de pétrole n'est pas épargné par cette crise. Celle-ci se traduit par, une faible couverture du pays (en particulier les zones rurales) par le réseau électrique national. Pour faire face à cela, la nouvelle orientation en matière de politique énergétique met l'accent sur l'utilisation des énergies renouvelables notamment, le solaire et l'éolienne. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de dégager une méthodologie de conception d'un site isolé de production d'énergie électrique à partir des énergies alternatives. Il s'agit à partir des caractéristiques d'un site (ressources d'énergie disponibles, besoins énergétiques) de :- mettre en place une démarche qui permette le choix d'une architecture du réseau et de dimensionner de façon optimale l'ensemble des constituants du réseau (machines, sources et dispositifs de stockage) en tenant compte de toutes les contraintes- concevoir un dispositif de commande des composantes et de gestion des flux d'énergie Cette thèse comprend trois chapitres :- Chapitre 1 : pose la problématique de l'énergie au Sénégal. L'organisation institutionnelle du sous-secteur de l'électricité, les réalisations et les projets en cours sont présentés. Aussi, une étude sur les architectures de micro-réseaux est faite. - Chapitre 2 : traite des outils et logiciels. Une étude comparative des principaux logiciels d'analyse, de conception et simulation des micro-réseaux est réalisée. L'ensemble des composants de notre système ont été modélisées. Les méthodes d'optimisation et des outils de représentation graphique (Bond Graph, GIC et REM) des systèmes ont été présentés. Une enquête menée et une recherche bibliographique nous ont permis d'évaluer le potentiel énergétique du site et les besoins des populations.- Chapitre 3 : il s'agit de l'application de notre outil sur un site isolé identifié au Sénégal (MBoro/Mer). L'optimisation à travers la fonction objectif coût annualisée du système (ACS) nous a permis de dimensionner de façon optimale notre système. Aussi la commande du système avec la Représentation Energétique Macroscopique (REM) a été conçue.Pour la suite du travail, il faudrait envisager une prise en charge des problèmes de disponibilité du système à travers une surveillance et une supervision du dispositif. Le volet socio-économique aussi est à intégrer dans le futur afin de satisfaire l'évolution des besoins et des habitudes des populations.

If you have a look on the media in the German-speaking Community of Belgium (GC), you will find how prevalent the subject of language is in the minds of the German-speaking Belgians. East Belgian linguistic characteristics are frequently treated in the media (cf. e.g. the radio competition "Ostbelgien lernt Deutsch – der germanistische Adventskalender") and just recently, a popular scientific dictionary of East Belgian everyday language has been published. This suggests that in the GC, there is a feeling that German as it is spoken in East Belgium differs from German spoken in the Federal Republic of Germany. This project asks the question of how East Belgian linguistic characteristics in everyday language are perceived and judged by the German-speaking Belgians, and to what extent they are part of their linguistic identity. Special attention is paid to the question of how far linguistic identity, language attitudes and language perception in the GC are influenced by the political and cultural situation of the region. The German-speaking Community is a partly independent political entity within the Belgian federal system. The eventful history of the region (3 changes in nationality within 25 years) and the minority situation have made it difficult for the inhabitants of the GC to find their own identity and a sense of "we-ness". The inhabitants of the GC speak a language whose "mother country" is neighbouring Germany and they are closely linked to German culture through the media – nevertheless, they do not feel German. At the same time, within the state of Belgium, they are a linguistic minority, but they are also linked to Belgian culture through intensive contacts. Within Belgium, the German-speaking Belgians can use the German language to claim uniqueness (cf. the term "German-speaking Community"), but this does not work on the international level. But can dissociation from the German citizens happen on a linguistic level nevertheless, through regional variants and varieties? Since there are basically great similarities between the linguistic situation in the GC and in the bordering German areas (both on the level of the traditional dialects and regional linguistic features as well was in the vertical structure of variety use), while the extra-linguistic situations are very different, a comparative survey across the Belgian-German border is especially enlightening. The most important questions I want to raise are thus: How strong is the feeling that the regional everyday speech differs from that spoken on the other side of the national border? To which degree do these beliefs correspond to reality? What is in the eyes of the local population on both sides of the frontier typical of this variety? How do they evaluate it? And which functions do occurring regional features of German have for the identity of the people on both sides of the frontier? The methodology and first results have been presented on the poster. ; Ob in dem vorweihnachtlichen Radioquiz "Der germanistische Adventskalender: Ostbelgien lernt Deutsch" oder in Zeitungsartikeln mit Titeln wie "Mazouttanks und andere Verfehlungen" - ein Blick auf die Medien der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft Belgiens (DG) verrät es: Der deutschsprachige Belgier hat offensichtlich den Eindruck, dass sich das belgische Hochdeutsch von dem auf der anderen Seite der deutsch-belgischen Grenze unterscheidet. Immer wieder werden Besonderheiten in der Sprache der deutschsprachigen Belgier in den regionalen Medien thematisiert, und erst kürzlich ist ein populärwissenschaftliches Wörterbuch zur ostbelgischen Alltagssprache erschienen. Dieses Projekt beschäftigt sich damit, wie die ostbelgischen Sprachmerkmale in der hochdeutschen Alltagssprache von den Bewohnern der DG wahrgenommen und bewertet werden, und inwieweit diese zu ihrer sprachlichen Identität gehören. Hauptaugenmerk liegt dabei auf der Frage ob und in welchem Maße die sprachliche Identität, die Sprachwahrnehmung und –einstellungen der Ostbelgier durch die politische und kulturelle Situation der DG beeinflusst werden. Die DG ist eine der drei autonomen Gemeinschaften des belgischen Föderalstaats. Die bewegte Geschichte der Region (mehrfacher Nationalitätenwechsel zwischen 1920 und 1945) und die Minderheitensituation machen es den Ostbelgiern allerdings schwer, zu einer Identität zu finden. Die Bewohner der DG sprechen eine Sprache, deren « Mutterland » das Nachbarland Deutschland ist, außerdem haben sie durch den Konsum deutscher Medien einen starken Bezug zur deutschen Kultur, möchten aber nicht als Deutsche betrachtet werden. Innerhalb Belgiens sind sie eine Minderheit, fühlen sich aber durch intensiven Kontakt auch der belgischen Kultur verbunden. Auf nationaler Ebene können sich die Ostbelgier zwar über ihre Sprache definieren (siehe die offizielle Bezeichnung des Gebietes: "DeutschSPRACHIGE Gemeinschaft"), auf internationaler Ebene birgt das aber das Problem, dass man sich so nicht von den deutschen Staatsbürgern abgrenzen kann. Bei diesem Projekt geht es u. a. darum, ob dies auf sprachlicher Ebene über regionale Varianten oder Varietäten geschehen kann. Da sowohl auf Ebene der Basisdialekte bzw. der regionalen Sprachmerkmale als auch im vertikalen Varietätengebrauchsgefüge grundsätzlich große Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den sprachlichen Verhältnissen in der DG und denen im angrenzenden deutschen Gebiet bestehen, die kulturellen und politischen Situationen aber durchaus unterschiedlich sind, verspricht eine grenzüberschreitende vergleichende Betrachtung besonders aufschlussreiche Ergebnisse. Die wichtigsten Fragen hierbei sind: Wie stark herrscht bei den Sprechern das Gefühl, dass sich das regionale Alltagshochdeutsch von dem auf der anderen Seite der Landesgrenze unterscheidet? Was ist in den Augen der lokalen Bevölkerung typisch für diese Varietät und inwieweit stimmen diese Vorstellungen mit der Realität überein? Wie sind ihre Einstellungen der regionalen hochdeutschen Alltagssprache gegenüber? Welche Funktionen haben vorkommende regionale Merkmale für die Identität der Menschen auf beiden Seiten der Grenze? Des Weiteren soll untersucht werden, wie Sprache in den regionalen Medien, also besonders standardnahe Varietäten, in die dennoch auch regionaler Sprachgebrauch einfließen kann, wahrgenommen werden: Betrachten die Menschen sie als ein sprachliches Vorbild, an dem sie sich orientieren können? Auf dem Poster wurden das Projekt und erst Ergebnisse präsentiert.

Im vergangenen Jahrzehnt haben im deutschen Heizungsmarkt einige neue Technologien Relevanz gewonnen. Allen voran sind in diesem Zusammenhang Wärmepumpen, Holzpelletheizungen sowie solarthermische Kollektoren zu nennen. Die vorliegende Dissertation wagt einen Ausblick in die kommenden Jahre bis 2025 und schätzt die zukünftige Entwicklung des deutschen Heizungsmarktes mit Hilfe eines mathematischen Simulationsmodells ab. Das Modell ist zweistufig aufgebaut: Ein Teil des Modells (ein konditionales multinomiales Logit-model) konzentriert sich auf die individuelle Entscheidung eines Haushaltes für ein spezielles Heizungssystem und basiert auf Umfragedaten. In diesem Modellteil wird die Bedeutung unterschiedlicher Merkmale der Heizungen sowie der Entscheider (also der Haushalte) quantifiziert. Der andere Teil gibt den Rahmen vor und bildet die Entwicklung des Bestands an Heizungssystemen sowie exogener Einflüsse, wie z.B. der Brennstoffpreise oder angewandter Politikinstrumente, ab. Aus den Ergebnissen der Modellierung ergibt sich, dass der Marktanteil elektrischer Wärmepumpen in den nächsten Jahren stark ansteigen wird. Dieser Anstieg geht auf Kosten eines deutlich sinkenden Anteils von Ölheizungen und stellt eine Fortsetzung und Intensivierung eines Trends dar, welcher bereits in den letzten Jahren sichtbar war. Im Neubausegment werden Wärmepumpen in den kommenden Jahren die Gasheizung als Marktführer ablösen. Aber auch im Gebäudebestand können sie bis 2025 einen Marktanteil von über 20% erreichen. Als hauptsächliche Treiber des Wärmepumpen-Booms konnten Lernkurveneffekte sowie relative Betriebskostenvorteile bei steigenden Preisen für Heizöl und Erdgas identifiziert werden. Aus der genannten Entwicklung resultiert ein stark ansteigender Strombedarf im Wärmemarkt: Trotz eines deutlichen Rückgangs der Zahl installierter Elektroheizungen steigt der jährliche Strombedarf um ca. 30 TWh bis zum Jahr 2025. Da Gasheizungen im Gebäudebestand nach wie vor das meistgewählte Heizungssystem sein werden, bleibt der Gasbedarf im Wärmemarkt nahezu konstant. Holzpelletheizungen können zwar auch ihren Marktanteil steigern, im Gegensatz zu Wärmepumpen verharren die jährlichen Verkaufszahlen aber auf dem Niveau der vergangenen Jahre. Pelletheizungen bleiben somit eine Nischentechnologie und werden im Jahr 2025 in etwas mehr als 2% der Haushalte verwendet. Solarthermische Energie zur Kesselunterstützung wird in ca. 15% der Fälle genutzt. Die jährlichen CO2-Emissionen im Wärmemarkt sinken um mehr als 25% im Vergleich zu 2009, was zu gleichen Teilen auf die aufgezeigte Entwicklung sowie auf einen exogen vorgegebenen Effizienzgewinn im Raumwärmebereich zurückgeführt werden kann. In einer Sensitivitätsanalyse sowie durch Anwendung einer innovativen Random-Walk-Methodik konnte weiterhin gezeigt werden, dass die aufgeführten Ergebnisse relativ robust und weitgehend unabhängig vom gewählten Brennstoffpreisszenario sind. ; In the past decade several new technologies appeared on the German heating market. The most important of these are electric heat pumps, wood pellet boilers and solar thermal panels. The present dissertation tries to answer the question about the future development of the heating market by applying a mathematical simulation model. This model basically comprises of two parts: a decision model with a focus on the individual heating system decision and a market model which sets the frame. The decision model is a conditional multinomial logit model and is fitted based on survey data. It quantifies the influence of characteristics of the different heating systems as well as of the deciders, i.e. the households, on the heating system decision. The market model is a vintage stock model of heating systems in Germany and includes the modelling of further exogenous developments, like fuel prices and the application of policy instruments. The model results show that the market share of electric heat pumps will increase sharply in the years to come. This development constitutes an intensification of a trend already visible in the past years and is at the cost of decreasing numbers of fuel oil heating systems. In the segment of newly constructed buildings, heat pumps will displace gas condensing boilers as market leader. But also in existing buildings they will become an important player with more than 20% of market share in 2025. As main driver of the success of heat pumps, learning effects could be identified. Moreover, operational costs are favourable for heat pumps if prices for fuel oil and natural gas increase. Although electric resistance heating systems will be nearly completely phased out by 2025, demand for electricity in the heating market will be about 30 TWh higher than today, which will have significant impacts on the electricity market. As gas heating systems remain the most often chosen technology in existing buildings, yearly demand for natural gas in the heating market remains nearly constant. Although wood pellet heating systems can steadily increase their market share as well, their annual sales figures remain constantly on the level of the past years. Thus, wood pellet heating systems remain a niche technology with slightly more than 2% market share in 2025. Solar thermal boiler support is used in about 15% of all heating systems in 2025 and distributes more or less evenly to the different boiler types. As a consequence of the presented technological development, yearly CO2 emissions in the heating market will decrease strongly by more than 25% by 2025. Half of this value can be explained by exogenous energy efficiency gains of buildings, the other 50% by technological change and a decreasing CO2 intensity of electricity. In a sensitivity analysis, the presented results proved relatively robust. Furthermore, by applying an innovative random-walk methodology the author could show that the presented results are also quite stable across different fuel price scenarios.

This doctoral thesis addresses the lack of research concerning models for intellectual capital (IC henceforth) management in small and medium enterprises (SMEs), as well as their possible effect on business growth. This research has raised a structural equation model assessing the relationship between components of IC (human, structural and relational capital) as explanatory variables of the cumulative growth rate of SMEs. This model has been tested in a representative sample of 140 innovative SMEs of Galicia in the context of its system of innovation (SI, henceforth). The consideration of agents from the SI as an element of the relational capital of innovative SMEs is an original aspect of this research. Chapter one summarises the research problem, the interest of research topics and the research objectives. It is included the justification that encourages research and interest in the theory of IC and SI, both from the empirical point of view for management and business administration and public policy makers related to innovation systems. Bearing in mind the research problem, chapter two comprises the relevant findings from the state of the art about SI theory as a framework for this research, as well as IC. It is included a quantitative bibliometric review of the research topics, following a model of systematic review of relevant literature suggested by other researchers. The SI review has been divided into three subsections: (a) A review of the typology of SI, with particular attention to National, Regional and Technological/sectoral Systems; (b) A review of the main components of a SI; and (c) Finally, the main conclusions for the research aim. The IC review has been structured into four subsections. (A) A review of the framework approach to the theory of IC. (B) A definitions review of the elements of IC; (C) A survey of the approximately forty-two existing measurement models of IC until now and; (D) Finally, by way of conclusions relevant to the research, a review of business performance and IC researches, as key for the generating value process at entreprises. Chapter three concrete the scope of the research problem. There, the model and hypotheses to be tested are introduced. The proposed indicators for each element of IC (Human-HC, Structural-SC and Relational-RC) and for measuring growth at innovative SMEs are also detailed. The empirical test of the model includes two chapters. Chapter four includes the methodology to be employed in the empirical test. In the last subsection of this chapter is outlined the statistical procedure to be used in the next chapter, for building the final specification of the structural equation system. In Chapter Five is detailed step-by-step statistical tests performed, including a discussion of results obtained in the process of specification and re-specification. It also includes the results for the contrast of the six hypotheses tested. The main challenges faced in the ―SI‖ topic were the interrelationships among systems (internal subsystems and entrepreneurship, externally with other SIs), as well as the need for bringing out the linkages between the components of the SI, in which there is a multilevel government. From the micro and meso levels, one of the Neo-Schumpeterian challenges has been how the behaviour of microeconomic agents at the individual level could explain the economic growth at the aggregate level in the case of innovative products (innovation as a source for economic progress .) Derived from the results, one could argue that the innovation system in which SMEs are embedded in Galicia is halfway between a national SI and a regional. In the innovative SMEs, the interrelationships between components of the SI (institutional supporting centers for innovation, public administration .) do not seem to have a primary role in explaining its growth. If one considers the type of SI at the regional level, the results seem to point that Galicia has a networked regional innovation system. Concerning the theory of IC, the existence of some remarkable relations between their components to explain the cumulative growth rate can be highlighted. In view of accepted and not accepted hypotheses, it seems that the starting point is the Human Capital. There is not enough evidence to support the hypothesis that HC is directly related to the cumulative growth rate, if not through SC (primarily) and RC (lesser extent).

The quality of primary education in Côte d'Ivoire has deteriorated sharply over the past three decades. This situation is the result of an approximate management of the education system, which is characterized by a lack of educational support, a misallocation of resources, a congestion of classrooms (42 students for a teacher in primary school) and a lack of skilled and well trained teachers. In addition, the military-political conflict in September 2002 did not allow to improve this situation; on the contrary, it has further deteriorated the situation. Thus, the aim of this thesis is first to analyze the influence of resource endowments on the effectiveness of primary schools in Cote d'Ivoire on the basis of a survey on the competence conducted by the Ministry of Education. Secondly, it examines the impact of military-political conflict in September 2002 on the demand for education based on data from the MICS-2000 and 2006 household surveys. To do this, a classification of schools according to their resource endowment was made, then, using the method of data envelopment analysis (DEA nonparametric method), an efficiency frontier is constructed to highlight the specificities of schools and finally an econometric estimation (Tobit model censored data) is implemented to identify factors influencing the formation of effectiveness scores. The analysis shows that increasing the amount of resources allocated to a school does not guarantee its performance as the efficiency factors are not resident in endowment quantity, but rather in the endowment quality, that is the values and characteristics intrinsic to people and materials available to schools, this fact in order to fit the specific needs of schools and fairness. Furthermore, using a methodology combining both double differences estimation, the triple differences estimation and correction by the robustness checks, we find that the rate of access and completed grades of primary school s one to six of primary school declined because of the crisis. Indeed, the proportions of children completing levels 1 and 2 have fallen by 25% and those of children completing levels 3, 4 and 5 have decreased by 22%, 16% and 4% respectively. ; La qualité de l'enseignement primaire en Côte d'Ivoire s'est fortement dégradée au cours de ces trois dernières décennies. Cette situation est la résultante d'une gestion approximative du système éducatif, qui se caractérise par une insuffisance de support pédagogique, une mauvaise allocation des ressources, un encombrement des salles de classe (42 élèves par enseignants au primaire) et un déficit d'enseignants qualifiés et bien formés. En outre, le conflit militaro-politique de septembre 2002 n'a guère amélioré cet état de choses, bien au contraire, il n'a fait que détériorer davantage la situation. Ainsi, la présente thèse s'est fixée comme objectifs d'analyser, d'une part l'influence des dotations en ressources sur l'efficacité des écoles primaires en Côte d'Ivoire sur la base d'une enquête sur les compétences réalisée par le Ministère de l'Education Nationale et d'autre part, d'examiner l'impact du conflit militaro-politique de septembre 2002 sur la demande d'éducation en s'appuyant sur les données des enquêtes MICS-2000 et 2006 réalisées auprès des ménages. Pour ce faire, une classification des écoles selon leur dotation en ressources s'est faite, ensuite, au moyen de la méthode de l'enveloppe des données (DEA, méthode non paramétrique), une frontière d'efficience est construite pour mettre en exergue les spécificités des écoles et enfin une estimation économétrique (modèle Tobit sur les données censurées) est mise en œuvre pour déceler les facteurs influençant la formation des scores d'efficacité. Il ressort des analyses qu'une augmentation de la quantité des ressources allouées à une école n'est pas gage de sa performance car les facteurs d'efficacités ne résident pas dans les dotations en quantité, mais plutôt dans les dotations en qualité c'est-à-dire les valeurs et caractéristiques intrinsèques aux personnes et matériaux mises à la disposition des écoles, ceci fait dans un souci d'adéquation aux besoins spécifiques des écoles et d'équité. Par ailleurs, à partir d'une méthodologie combinant à la fois l'estimation par les doubles différences, l'estimation par les triples différences et la correction par les contrôles de robustesse, elle aboutit aux résultats selon lesquels, les taux d'accès et d'achèvement aux grades un à six du primaire ont baissé du fait de la crise. En effet, les proportions d'enfants qui achèvent les grades 1 et 2 ont baissé de 25 % et celles des enfants qui achèvent les grades 3, 4 et 5 ont diminué respectivement de 22 %, 16 % et 4 %.

L'étude du domaine international, très souvent orientée vers les relations interétatiques, trouve dans cette thèse un débouché à un autre niveau : celui des relations interlocales. À l'ombre des hypothétiques projets de transferts massifs d'eau existent ce que nous avons qualifié d'approvisionnements transfrontaliers locaux en eau potable, soit des adductions destinées à l'approvisionnement en eau entre communautés jumelles situées le long de la frontière entre le Canada et les États-Unis. Il s'agit des seuls transferts d'eau en vrac existants entre les deux pays à l'heure actuelle. Compte tenu de l'absence d'études approfondies sur le sujet, une meilleure compréhension de ce phénomène se révèle essentielle. La thèse s'articule autour de deux questions de recherche principales. Comment ces échanges sont-ils spatialement structurés ? Quelles sont leurs caractéristiques et leurs conséquences juridiques dans le contexte de l'ALÉNA ? Le premier chapitre présente le cadre normativo-institutionnel d'une recherche s'inscrivant dans le domaine international selon une perspective interdisciplinaire conciliant la géographie et le droit. Le deuxième chapitre énonce le cadre conceptuel de la thèse et sa contribution à l'étude des transferts d'eau, de la pénurie d'eau en tant que construit social et du concept de cycle hydrosocial. Le troisième chapitre expose la méthodologie, laquelle conjugue les méthodes qualitatives et juridiques; recension exhaustive des approvisionnements transfrontaliers locaux, analyse des documents juridiques, sélection d'études de cas et réalisation de séjours sur le terrain et d'entrevues semi-dirigées. Le quatrième chapitre présente les résultats de la recherche en quatre sections. La première consiste en une base de données dévoilant et qualifiant les onze types d'approvisionnements transfrontaliers recensés. La deuxième section développe en profondeur trois études de cas. La troisième section porte sur le cycle hydrosocial et l'apport de l'approche géo-légale. La quatrième section situe la perception des acteurs. Le cinquième chapitre explore les implications juridiques de ces transferts pour le Canada. Il est montré que ceux-ci ne constituent pas une menace pour le Canada dans le cadre de l'ALÉNA. Dans l'éventualité où les pouvoirs publics souhaiteraient mieux encadrer ces transferts, il est ensuite précisé au chapitre 6 ce que pourrait constituer une politique publique des approvisionnements transfrontaliers locaux. ; While studies within international fields are often dedicated to understanding the nature of interstate relationships, this research is devoted to the interlocal scale. In the shadow of hypothetical, continental water transfers, there exist transboundary local freshwater supplies, or water adductions apportioned to supply water between twin communities located along the border between Canada and the United States. These constitute the only contemporary, bulk water transfers between the two countries. A better understanding of this phenomenon is needed in the absence of any in-depth studies focusing on these local water transfers. This dissertation is organized around two main research questions: How are these transfers spatially organized ? What are the legal characteristics and consequences of these transfers within the context of NAFTA ? The first chapter begins by introducing the normative-institutional frame of the study, which is both international in scope and interdisciplinary, bringing together geography and law. The conceptual frame of this research and its contribution to the study of water transfers, water scarcity as social construction, and the concept of hydrosocial cycle comprise the second chapter. The third chapter explores the methodology located at the interface between geography and law. It includes an exhaustive survey of local transboundary water supplies, an analysis of legal documents, case studies, fieldwork, and semi-structured interviews. The results of this research are presented in the fourth chapter and divided into four sections. The first section represents a database describing the eleven local transboundary water supplies surveyed, followed by an in-depth analysis of three case studies. The third section relates to the hydrosocial cycle and the contribution of the geo-legal perspective while the fourth builds upon local and national actors' perceptions. The fifth chapter explores the legal consequences of these transfers for Canada, arguing that these transfers do not constitute any potential threat for Canada within the context of NAFTA. The final chapter elucidates what a public policy of local transboundary water supplies could look like if public authorities (i.e. federal and provincial governments) chose to assert more control over these transfers.

This paper is an attempt to critically survey the movement for Joint Forest Management(JFM) in India. The study commences with a description of the policy context in which Joint Forest Management got initiated in India. It considers the 1980s to have effected a paradigm shift in India's forest policy and legislations. The passage of the Forest Conservation Act in 1980 was followed by a host of measures to unleash a forest conservation movement in India based on local community support. The National Forest Policy of 1988 marked the first effort to set the pace for community participation in forest management. In June 1990, the Government of India issued a circular to give effect to the provisions of the National Forest Policy 1988 in this regard. Joint Forest Management was thus born in India. By the year 2002, JFM covered 140,953 sq kilometers of forest area, which was distributed amongst 63,618 Forest Protection Committees (FPCs) in different States. This was a major achievement, considering the fact that forest management in India has, since 1878, been a bureaucratically driven process. The first chapter also describes the main features of JFM. However, as the paper proceeds to state in Chapter 2, the spread of JFM in India has been uneven in scope and structure. In most of the States, JFM has not even covered degraded forests in their entirety. Nomenclatures and the governing structures of JFM vary from State to State. Indeed, in most States, Forest Protection Committees do not enjoy any legal status and in very many cases they are liable to be disbanded by the Forest Department. Similarly very few FPCs are given primary powers both in terms of rights to frame rules and management plans and exercise of executive and legal functions. These powers continue to be vested with the forest department in a large number of cases. The chapter also assesses the performance of different States in regard to JFM. It adopts the criteria of spatial spread, delegation of powers, and empowerment for evaluating the performance of JFM in different States. Where available, field level information regarding the actual functioning of JFM is also adduced to support findings. The chapter notes JFM to be successful in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal. It further notes that the new States of Jharkhand, Chattisgharh and Uttaranchal have exhibited a keen commitment to JFM, reckoned in terms of forest areas brought under the system in these States. Chapter 3 of the paper provides a diagnosis for the poor performance of JFM. The chapter states that the poor performance of JFM in different areas has also been on account of insufficient empowerment and undesirable regulations. Moreover, in many cases JFM has been spurred through externally aided projects. Chapter 4 surveys the principal policy changes that have been brought about more recently (2000-2003), in response to observed problems. The chapter notes the significant strides made by the Government of India to strengthen JFM policies in different States through these policy changes. Providing legal status to Forest Protection Committees, establishing a monitoring cell at the Central Government level, extending JFM to good forest areas and establishing forest development agencies to directly channel funds to the FPCs, have formed the features of policy change in recent times. Chapter 5 advances the methodology of 'PEER' for assessing the functioning and impacts of JFM in India. The chapter states that in the case of JFM, the 'P' element of PEER, which stands for 'philosophy' and 'policy-intent', provides the foundation for the 'EER' ('efficiency' 'effectiveness' and 'ramification') elements. Unfortunately, existing assessments of the JFM implementation process have-by confining their attention to the 'EER' elements-lost sight of the 'policy intent' element. The chapter discusses the significance of approaching JFM from a 'philosophical' or 'policy intent' angle. Conflicts between the objectives of the national and State governments as well as sub-national policy intents can contribute much to understanding the causes of observed inter-State differences in performance. The chapter also mentions the evolving debate regarding corporatization of forest management. It notes that in the context of the economic liberalization process in India, the key philosophical issue before policy is the reconciliation of communitarian ideals with privatization programs underlying the process of economic reforms. The chapter marshals field-level evidence to draw inferences regarding the 'efficiency', 'effectiveness' and 'ramifications' dimensions of JFM in India. Finally, the paper concludes by summarizing the discussions regarding the policy trajectory and politics of JFM in India.

La importancia del presente trabajo de investigación es una de las principales herramientas para dar a conocer el Control Interno basado en el Informe del comité de organizaciones patrocinadoras de la comisión de Treadway (committe of sponsoring organizations of the treadway commission), (COSO-ERM) Enterprise risk management (la gestión del riesgo) en una entidad gubernamental. Los controles internos fomentan la eficiencia, eficacia y economía de los recursos, reducen el riesgo de pérdida de valor de los activos y el cumplimiento de las normas legales vigentes. En cuanto al desarrollo de la tesis, trata sobre una problemática de mucho interés que permitirá determinar el nivel de implementación y adecuaciones necesarias de la estructura y componentes bajo el marco de las Normas de Control Interno en el ámbito del Comando Nacional del Cuerpo General de Bomberos Voluntarios del Perú; titulado "IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE CONTROL INTERNO EN LA GESTIÓN INSTITUCIONAL DEL CUERPO GENERAL DE BOMBEROS VOLUNTARIOS DEL PERÚ", llevado a cabo a nivel del personal rentado de la administración en el Comando Nacional que labora en la entidad bajo el régimen laboral N° 728, a quienes se les aplicó la técnica de la encuesta, con el fin de recoger información de interés para el estudio, de igual forma a expertos profesionales a quienes se les realizó la técnica de la Entrevista permitiéndonos la determinación de las debilidades y fortalezas, así como determinar si el personal se encuentra involucrado en x las distintas actividades que ejecutan dentro del Comando Nacional del Cuerpo General de Bomberos Voluntarios del Perú. En la investigación, se planteó como objetivo, implementar el control interno en la gestión administrativa del Comando Nacional del Cuerpo General de Bomberos Voluntarios del Perú (CGBVP), para lograr que se apliquen las normas de control y que los sistemas administrativos generen una gestión transparente ante la población, lo que conducirá a que los funcionarios y servidores coadyuven a la implementación de los controles internos. Al concluir la investigación, se determinó que la aplicación de la metodología de la investigación científica fue aplicada desde el planteamiento del problema, el manejo de la información para el desarrollo de la parte teórico conceptual, como también en cuanto a los objetivos, hipótesis y todos los otros aspectos vinculados al estudio, para, finalmente, llevar a cabo la contrastación de las hipótesis y llegar a las conclusiones y recomendaciones. ; The importance of this research is one of the main tools to publicize the internal control based on the COSO-ERM (Committe of sponsoring organizations of the treadway commission) (Enterprise risk management) a government entity. Internal controls promote efficiency, effectiveness and economy of resources, reduce the risk of loss of value of assets and compliance with legal norms. Regarding the development of the study, is about a very interesting issue that will determine the level of implementation and necessary adjustments of the structure and components under the framework of the Internal Control Standards in the field of National Command General Corps Volunteer Fire Peru; entitled "IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNAL CONTROL IN GENERAL INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT BODY OF PERU VOLUNTEER FIRE", performed at the paid staff of the administration in the National Command working in the entity covered labor No. 728 , who have applied the technique of the survey in order to gather information relevant to the study., just as professional experts who have conducted the interview technique allowing the identification of strengths and weaknesses, and whether staff are involved in the various activities carried out under the National Command CGBVP. In the research, we set a goal, implementing internal control in the administration of the National Command CGBVP to make any rules of control and administrative systems generate a transparent to the people, which will lead to civil servants and contribute to the implementation of Internal Controls. At the conclusion of the investigation, it was determined that the application of scientific research xii methodology was applied from the problem statement, the management of information for the development of the conceptual theoretical, and also in terms of the objectives, assumptions and All other aspects of the study, to finally carry out the verification of the hypothesis for arrivarr to the conclusions and recommendations.

This is the report from the "ECVAM-EFPIA workshop on 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test: Practical Experience and Implications for Phototoxicity Testing", jointly organized by ECVAM and EFPIA and held on the 25-27 October 2010 in Somma Lombardo, Italy. The European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) was established in 1991 within the European Commission Joint Research, based on a Communication from the European Commission (1991). The main objective of ECVAM is to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are of importance to the biosciences and which reduce, refine and replace the use of laboratory animals. The European Federation of Pharmaceuticals Industries and Association (EFPIA) represent the pharmaceutical industry operating in Europe. Through its direct membership of 31 national associations and 40 leading pharmaceutical companies, EFPIA is the voice on the EU scene of 2200 companies committed to researching, developing and bringing to patients new medicines that improve health and the quality of life around the world. The workshop, co-chaired by Joachim Kreysa (ECVAM) and Phil Wilcox (GSK, EFPIA) involved thirty-five experts from academia, regulatory authorities and industry, invited to contribute with their experiences in the field of phototoxicology. The main objectives of the workshop were: - to present 'in use' experience of the pharmaceutical industry with the 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test (3T3 NRU-PT), - to discuss why it differs from the results in the original validation exercise, - to discuss technical issues and consider ways to improve the usability of the 3T3 NRU-PT for (non-topical) pharmaceuticals, e.g., by modifying the threshold of chemical light absorption to trigger photo-toxicological testing, and by modifying technical aspects of the assay, or adjusting the criteria used to classify a positive response. During the workshop, the assay methodology was reviewed by comparing the OECD Test Guideline (TG 432) with the protocols used in testing laboratories, data from EFPIA and JPMA 'surveys' were presented and possible reasons for the outcomes were discussed. Experts from cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries reported on their experience with the 3T3 NRU-PT and evidence was presented for phototoxic clinical symptoms that could be linked to certain relevant molecules. Brainstorming sessions discussed if the 3T3 NRU-PT needed to be improved and whether alternatives to the 3T3 NRU-PT exist. Finally, the viewpoint from EU and US regulators was presented. In the final session, the conclusions of the meeting were summarized, with action points. It was concluded that the 3T3 NRU-PT identifies phototoxicological hazards with a 100% sensitivity, and thus is accepted as the tier one test that correctly identifies the absence of phototoxic potential. Consequently, positive results in the 3T3 NRU-PT often do not translate into a clinical phototoxicity risk. Possible ways to improve the practical use of this assay include: (i) adaptation of changed UV/vis-absorption criteria as a means to reduce the number of materials tested, (ii) reduction of the highest concentration to be tested, and (iii) consideration of modifying the threshold criteria for the prediction of a positive call in the test.

This chapter uses the First International Symposium on Language for Specific Purposes (LSP) keynote address titled "Theory and Method in Translation Studies (TS) and Business Language Studies (BLS): Illustrative Considerations for LSP in American Higher Education and Beyond" as a springboard to continue the theoretical BLS cartography initiated in "Business Language Studies in the United States: On Nomenclature, Context, Theory, and Method." It does so with a triple purpose: (1) to begin to fill in what was omitted from the original BLS mapping, (2) to extend the nomenclature proposal and disciplinary coverage, as manifested within a general theoretical framework, beyond that of the initial BLS content domain, and (3) to encourage the formation of post-UAB symposium LSP Theory Development Working Groups to further develop the theoretical cartographies and narratives, which the gathering era of global LSP will require in American higher education. The overarching goal is to encourage collaboration to devise a useful, informative, and adaptable general Non-English Language for Specific Purposes (NE-LSP) theoretical model that accounts for (1) what is already being done while (2) serving as a catalyst and predictor for future NE-LSP developments. It is not at all far-fetched to say in 2012 that US foreign language programs, departments, and institutions that do not embrace non-English LSP will be on the wrong side of curricular and pedagogical history in secondary and higher education as we go deeper into the LSP era of the 21st century. This affirmation presupposes the basic and applied research-intrinsic and extrinsic-that underlies, informs, and is derived from how NE-LSP is used or intended to be used, a general theory of which will more firmly anchor LSP in higher education as a crucial field of scholarly inquiry. ; To cite the digital version, add its Reference URL (found by following the link in the header above the digital file). ; CONTINUING CARTOGRAPHY Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) 2 Continuing Theoretical Cartography in the Language for Specific Purposes Era Michael S. Doyle University of North Carolina at Charlotte Abstract: This chapter uses the First International Symposium on Language for Specific Purposes (LSP) keynote address titled "Theory and Method in Translation Studies (TS) and Business Language Studies (BLS): Illustrative Considerations for LSP in American Higher Education and Beyond" as a springboard to continue the theoretical BLS cartography initiated in "Business Language Studies in the United States: On Nomenclature, Context, Theory, and Method." It does so with a triple purpose: (1) to begin to fill in what was omitted from the original BLS mapping, (2) to extend the nomenclature proposal and disciplinary coverage, as manifested within a general theoretical framework, beyond that of the initial BLS content domain, and (3) to encourage the formation of post-UAB symposium LSP Theory Development Working Groups to further develop the theoretical cartographies and narratives, which the gathering era of global LSP will require in American higher education. The overarching goal is to encourage collaboration to devise a useful, informative, and adaptable general Non-English Language for Specific Purposes (NE-LSP) theoretical model that accounts for (1) what is already being done while (2) serving as a catalyst and predictor for future NE-LSP developments. It is not at all far-fetched to say in 2012 that US foreign language programs, departments, and institutions that do not embrace non-English LSP will be on the wrong side of curricular and pedagogical history in secondary and higher education as we go deeper into the LSP era of the 21st century. This affirmation presupposes the basic and applied research—intrinsic and extrinsic—that underlies, informs, and is derived from how NE-LSP is used or intended to be used, a general theory of which will more firmly anchor LSP in higher education as a crucial field of scholarly inquiry. Keywords: Business Language Studies (BLS), BLS cartography, Language for Specific Purposes (LSP), method, nomenclature, theory (intrinsic and extrinsic), theory development working groups Introduction A prolegomenal theory of non-English Business Language Studies (NE-BLS) has been outlined in "Business Language Studies in the United States: On Nomenclature, Context, Theory, and Method," in which an initial mapping provided a general theoretical overview of the BLS interdisciplinary topography that requires further exploration and ongoing development in order "to anchor the field more adequately in American higher education" (Doyle, 2012a, p. 105). At the groundbreaking First International Symposium on Language for Specific Purposes (LSP), hosted by the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) on April 13–14, 2012,1 a reminder was issued that pressing aspects of this preliminary cartography include its momentary omissions and blind spots in regards to other discourse domains and related features that remain to be adequately addressed within a general theory of LSP and NE-LSP, which itself must become more fully developed. This provisionality is similar to the future-oriented reminder in Alvord CONTINUING CARTOGRAPHY Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) 3 Branan's (1998) "Preface: Part I" in the paradigmatic volume sponsored by the American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese (AATSP), Spanish and Portuguese for Business and the Professions, when, scaffolding his forecast on the pioneering work of Grosse (1985) and Grosse and Voght (1990), he predicted that the development of the yet-to-be-named BLS2 "movement will spread, as it has already begun to do, to all the professions: medical and health care, social work, law, science, and technology" (p. 5). Branan's prediction has recently been corroborated in "Evolution of Languages for Specific Programs in the United States: 1990–2011" by Long and Uscinski (2012), whose most recent findings, an update of Grosse and Voght (1990), show that "the sophistication and variety of [LSP] offerings have become deeper and more focused in response to broader needs" (p. 173), and that, while "business language [BL] courses remain the most common type of LSP courses," non-English "LSP courses are now more widely distributed across different professions" and languages (175–176). They confirm that LSP is now "solidly established as another curricular option, beside literature, cultural studies, and linguistics, in institutions where students demand it" (173).3 Indeed, within NE-LSP-BL, Spanish for business and international trade, for example, "has evolved from curricular margin to mainstay" and "has moved from being an occasional, boutique or exotic course offering to a new status as an established, regular, and even core SSP [Spanish for Specific Purposes] feature in many Spanish programs today" (Doyle, forthcoming). Within this general NE-LSP context in American higher education, this follow-up article uses the UAB First International Symposium keynote address titled "Theory and Method in Translation Studies (TS) and Business Language Studies (BLS): Illustrative Considerations for LSP in American Higher Education and Beyond"4 as a springboard to continue the provisional theoretical BLS cartography initiated in Doyle's (2012a) "Business Language Studies in the United States" with a triple purpose in mind: (1) to begin to fill in what was omitted from the original BLS mapping, (2) to extend the nomenclature proposal and disciplinary coverage, as manifested within a general theoretical framework, beyond that of the initial BLS content domain, and (3) to encourage the formation of post-UAB symposium LSP Theory Development Working Groups to further develop the theoretical cartographies and narratives that the gathering era of global LSP will require in American higher education. The mapping remains provisional and awaits ongoing refinement by content- and situation-based instruction NE-LSP specialists in "more complex sites of engagement" (to adapt Bowles's phrase) of the various subject matter domains themselves (Bowles 2012, p. 48). Taking BLS theory as a starting point, this article proposes that the original cartography of this particular LSP subdiscipline, itself based on LSP-Translation (Doyle, 2012a, p. 105), be extended to include mappings of other prominent NE-LSP domains in the United States, such as LSP-Medical and Health Care, LSP-Education, LSP-Legal (Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice), LSP-Engineering, LSP-Science, LSP-Technology, and LSP-Agriculture, among others that may currently exist or be in various developmental or anticipatory stages. As the theoretical cartography broadens to cover an array of LSP domains, a distinct and desirable possibility is that eventually, taken together, the domain mappings, developed and regulated by specialists in the various subdisciplinary regions, can serve as the aggregate basis from which to extract, extrapolate, and confirm a more general map for NE-LSP itself as it undergoes its fuller maturation process within American higher CONTINUING CARTOGRAPHY Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) 4 education. This maturation will surely continue,5 as all language usage can be defined as LSP one way or another, either narrowly (e.g., for specific disciplines, professions, or communicative work situations) or more broadly and less traditionally (e.g., LSP-Literature; i.e., the specific use of language for literary studies and criticism, or even the supposedly more general LSP of being able to engage in tourism or to socialize and "hang out" informally in a language, which in itself undoubtedly constitutes a specific cultural, ethnographic, pragmatic, and sociodialectal use of language). Any university program of study, for example, may be considered as a cognate specialization in the LSP of that particular content domain (e.g., to major or specialize in business, medicine, law, engineering, education, psychology, or philosophy is to engage in mastering the specific languages and discourses of those fields). It is anticipated that a belated, general (and perhaps generally accepted) theory may emerge from a distillation of the sum of its LSP domain parts. Both intellectual and pedagogical outcomes promise a more rigorous and thicker articulation of a general NE-LSP intrinsic theory that draws from and renourishes extrinsic, applied theory. In this manner, pedagogy and praxis become overtly theory based by definition and methodological DNA—that is what they are in essence6—in their responsiveness to the need for continuous development as LSP domains evolve to meet the demands of society. Bowles (2012) reminds us that a key challenge to research informing pedagogy and praxis (and, it is understood, reciprocally and symbiotically to pedagogy and praxis informing theory-based research: see Figure 1) —in sum, to intrinsic and basic research that extend themselves into extrinsic and applied LSP— resides in the fact that LSP practitioners must resolve issues of translating the increase in LSP "analytical insights and research data into instructable materials" (p. 44). Theoretical considerations are crucial to LSP because they more firmly anchor this recently emerging field of scholarly inquiry and pedagogical methodology in higher education, a locus characterized by the ongoing development, analysis, and refinement of core theory and method. Figure 1. LSP theory informs pedagogy and praxis, and LSP pedagogy and praxis inform theory, as well as each other. Continuing the Provisional Theoretical Cartography of LSP-BLS The definition offered previously for the NE-LSP subfield of BLS is that it is "a major empirical sub-discipline of LSP whose objective is to examine and predict how languages are, may, or should be used to conduct business in various communicative situations and cultural contexts" (Doyle, 2012a, p. 109). This core definition encompasses the crucial ethnographic and multimethod considerations identified by Bowles (2012) "as a way of narrowing the product/process gap" (i.e., the LSP researcher "who views discourse as a CONTINUING CARTOGRAPHY Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) 5 product" vs. the practicioner/user for whom such discourse "is an ongoing process") (p. 52). The prolegomenal mapping of BLS's theoretical terrain, as BLS has been and is currently being developed in the United States, can now be continued. In Figure 2, the original Provisional Map of Business Language Studies (Doyle, 2012a, Figure 2, p. 111) is revisited, now within a general NE-LSP paradigm, with a dividing line heuristically separating intrinsic and extrinsic theory, although these nourish each other and together they feed into a general theory of BLS. This separation will allow for additional cartographic detail, which appeared originally only in the narrative for the "Descriptive Theory" and "Provisional or Partial Theory" regions of the map (Doyle, 2012a, p. 110), to be provided for each theoretical side. That is, the earlier core description, which now needs to become more granular and thicker both in terms of narrative and cartographic representation, is included in Figures 3 and 4. Figure 2. Provisional Map of Business Language Studies (LSP-BLS) within a general NE-LSP-XYZ theoretical paradigm and with heuristic dividing line between intrinsic and extrinsic theory. (XYZ = any given LSP content domain) (Doyle, 2012a, p. 111). Figure 3, which addresses the pure or intrinsic theory aspect of BLS, now incorporates graphically the core explanation of (1) the descriptive theory considerations identified in the earlier narrative as product, function, or process oriented, and (2) the provisional or partial general theory considerations identified in the same earlier narrative as medium-, area-, rank-, discourse type-, time-, and problem-restricted elements (Doyle, 2012a, p. 110). CONTINUING CARTOGRAPHY Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) 6 Figure 3. Provisional Map of Business Language Studies with core explanations of descriptive theory and general theory (provisional) (Doyle, 2012a, p. 112). Figure 4, which addresses the applied or extrinsic theory aspect of BLS, now incorporates and further develops the formerly separate graphic depicting methods and methodology in business language (BL) pedagogy as well as sources of information and research for other applied theory considerations, such as course and curriculum development, assessment of learner outcomes, faculty training, and BLS policy. Applied theory represents the area of BLS where most of the theory-based research to date has taken place (Doyle, 2012a, pp. 105, 111). With this, an ongoing theoretical mapping of NE-BLS in the United States continues to fill in what was not covered or dealt with earlier in as integrative a manner. The goal of providing a useful, general BLS theoretical cartography can benefit only from the forthcoming insights of additional researchers who are interested in contributing to the overall BLS objective: "to examine and predict how languages are, may, or should be used to conduct business in various communicative situations and cultural contexts" (Doyle, 2012a, p. 109). Such a collective benefit is also potentially the case as the NE-LSP theoretical mapping project extends its disciplinary coverage in the US beyond that of the point-of-departure focus on the BLS content domain. CONTINUING CARTOGRAPHY Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) 7 Figure 4. Provisional Map of Business Language Studies including BL methods and methodology as well as other applied theory considerations. Extending Nomenclature and Provisional Theoretical Cartography from BLS to Other NE-LSP Domains The nomenclature Business Language Studies (BLS) has been proposed as a "more serviceable and academically communal name—a more rigorous toponymic identity—by which to identify itself as a theory-based field of scholarship" within LSP (Doyle, 2012a, p. 105). This has been done because, for academic and political reasons in higher education, nomenclature "encapsulates and stimulates further articulation and validation of the intellectual foundations—theory, method, and methodology—upon which a discipline or subdiscipline builds itself through a pragmatic and constructivist (shared and learner-centered) epistemology" (Doyle, 2012a, p. 106). Furthermore, nomenclature "identifies a scholarly forum in which to explore further and refine underlying intellectual assumptions (metareflection) as well as principles (derived from fundamental, basic, pure, or intrinsic research) that inform and upon which pedagogy and praxis (applied or extrinsic research) may subsequently be based" (Doyle, 2012a, p. 106). BLS may prove useful as a model for more broadly theorizing NE-LSP, such that the "studies" nomenclature may be applied productively to other content domains, which addresses the critical intercultural communication needs of our representative professional schools in the United States via a movement from Business Language Studies (NE-BLS) to, for example, Medical and Health Care Language Studies (NE-MHCLS), Legal Language Studies (NE-LLS), Education Language Studies (NE-EDLS: e.g., the rising importance of using Spanish, Vietnamese, Chinese, etc., administratively and pedagogically in K–16 settings), CONTINUING CARTOGRAPHY Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) 8 Engineering Language Studies (NE-EGLS), Scientific Language Studies ( NE-SCLS), Technical Language Studies ( NE-TLS), and Agriculture Language Studies ( NE-AGLS), among others. The point is that NE-LSP domains such as these constitute essential areas for effective cross-cultural communication in today's global economy, in which the vast majority of the world does not do its daily living and work in English, and in the increasingly multicultural and multilingual US itself. The word "studies," a rubric broadly adopted in US higher education for interdisciplinary areas of investigation and pedagogy, seems custom-made for LSP and its XYZ content domains. As Lafford (2012) elaborates, "studies" indicates "a field that calls on the expertise of many disciplines for its realization" (p. 6). The definition of BLS, which represents an example of any NE-LSP domain (XYZ), may be extended and adapted to serve as a suitable vehicle for other NE-LSP domains such as those listed above. Figure 5 demonstrates the slight adjustments required initially, but always in need of ongoing (and definitive) regulation and refinement by specialists within the respective content domains. As seen previously, the NE-LSP subfield of BLS is "a major empirical sub-discipline of LSP whose objective is to examine and predict how languages are, may, or should be used to conduct business in various communicative situations and cultural contexts." Definitional adaptations would replace the phrasing "to conduct business" with wording apposite to each NE-LSP-XYZ discourse domain, as in "for medical, health care, and nursing purposes," "for legal and criminal justice purposes," or "for engineering purposes." Figure 5 provides a definitional template that may be useful for the NE-LSP nomenclature and theory agenda. Figure 5. Prolegomenal, definitional template for various (XYZ) NE-LSP studies (S) domains. Within the LSP mapping of a general theory of NE-LSP-XYZ (XYZ = Medical, Legal, etc.), the Descriptive and Provisional content of the Pure Theory (Intrinsic) terrain presented for BLS in Figure 3 would need to be shifted to the different domains being considered, that is, from BLS to MHCLS, LLS, EDLS, EGLS, etc. For example, the business language (BL) in Pure Theory → Descriptive → Product Oriented in the wording "[d]escribes or compares diachronically and synchronically existing and past BL texts and scenarios" would be modified accordingly to any other XYZ content domain (e.g., MHCL, medical and health care language; LL, legal language; etc.) under consideration, as indicated in Figure 6: CONTINUING CARTOGRAPHY Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) 9 Figure 6. Pure Theory → Descriptive → Product oriented adjustments for various (XYZ) NE-LSP studies (S) domains. Similar adaptations would be LSP domain-matched throughout as warranted for other descriptive paradigm components (e.g., Function Oriented, Process Oriented, as well as in the Provisional cartography sections of Medium-Restricted, Area-Restricted, etc.). A corresponding LSP-XYZ adaptation would apply as well to other components of the theoretical modeling, as in the case of the Applied Theory → Pedagogy → Methods/Methodology consideration. Figure 7 anticipates what this particular adaptation might look like initially, with the expectation that LSP domain specialists will refine and regulate the mapping. Figure 7. Applied Theory → Pedagogy → Methods/Methodology adjustments for various (XYZ) NE-LSP studies (S) domains. The overarching goal is to collaboratively devise a useful, informative, and adaptable general NE-LSP theoretical model that accounts for (1) what is already being done (e.g., initially in NE-LSP-BLS) while (2) serving as a catalyst and predictor for future NE-LSP developments. A goal is also to more solidly secure the NE-LSP field theoretically in US higher education, an anchoring project that remains a continuing priority (Doyle, 2012A; Fryer, 2012; Lafford, 2012). CONTINUING CARTOGRAPHY Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) 10 The Potential of Post-UAB Symposium LSP Theory Development Working Groups and Beyond The third purpose of this article is to propose for consideration the opportune formation of post-UAB First International Symposium theory development working groups to collaborate on the further development of the theoretical cartographies and narratives that the gathering era of global LSP—a new curricular and research status quo—will require in US higher education and beyond. The synergetic work of these LSP Theory Development Working Groups (TDWG), at (although not restricted to) future UAB-initiated symposia on Language for Specific Purposes, with a near-term focus on shoring up pure and intrinsic LSP theory, will cooperate with the more developed and ongoing research in applied theory, new directions for which can also be proposed and pursued by the symbiotic TDWGs (in intrinsic and extrinsic theory). Ideally, the TDWGs would complement the parallel creation of additional symbiotic working groups, such as an LSP Content Development Working Group (CDWG) and an LSP Methodology Development Working Group (MDWG), among others that might be identified as essential to a better understanding and advancement of LSP. The UAB-initiated theory, content, and methodology working groups could also meet to pursue and share their ongoing research and development at other professional meetings, such as the annual conference of the federally-funded Centers of International Business Education and Research (CIBERs), annual gatherings of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL), the AATs (American Associations of Teachers of French, German, and Spanish and Portuguese), the Chinese Language Teachers Association (CLTA), the Modern Language Association of America (MLA), and the American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL), among others, as well as extending their efforts internationally in a global LSP dialogue and collaboration that should be pursued more vigorously and purposefully than ever before. The formation of such LSP working groups in core developmental areas—theory, content, and methodology—represents a consequential opportunity for UAB to extend its LSP leadership beyond the groundbreaking First International Symposium. As Symposium Director Lourdes Sánchez-López (2012) has written in her colloquium epilogue, "Because of the discussions that took place during and after the symposium, we believe that we may have prepared a solid ground for something larger, collaborative and long-lasting with strong national and international repercussions" and "[c]ollaboration, integration and unity are key elements for the success of our growing field" (no pagination). The UAB Symposium could serve as a prelude to an International Year of LSP, to be coordinated globally among scholars and to herald a concerted and sustained International Decade of LSP. This would serve to galvanize an integrative, long-term commitment to LSP development during which "the field of LSP can truly 'come of age'" (Lafford, 2012, p. 22). In this promising context, the UAB Symposium may even help trigger the creation of an American Association of Languages for Specific Purposes (AALSP), along the lines of the European Association of Languages for Specific Purposes,7 or even a more global International Association of Languages for Specific Purposes (IALSP). In any event, as a result of ongoing interest forums, such as the UAB Symposium, future surveys of the "Evolution of Languages for Specific Programs in the United States" will have the greatest potential ever to confirm LSP as a curricular status quo and mainstay. CONTINUING CARTOGRAPHY Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) 11 Conclusion In 2012, it is not at all far-fetched to say that US foreign language programs, departments, and institutions that do not embrace non-English LSP will be on the wrong side of curricular and pedagogical history in secondary and higher education as we advance further into the LSP era of the 21st century. This affirmation presupposes the basic and applied research (intrinsic and extrinsic) that underlies, informs, and is derived from how NE-LSP is used or intended to be used. Ongoing fruitful work in theory and method, which should contribute to improved curricula, pedagogy, and teaching materials, must be pursued as essential to the maturation of the field. Notes 1 The conference theme was "Scholarship of Teaching and Learning" and featured inter-national presenters in a broad array of LSP sessions (see http://www.uab.edu/languages/symposium). Conference Director, Lourdes Sánchez-López, and the Organizing Committee (Brock Cochran, Malinda Blaire O'Leary, Yahui Anita Huang, John Moore, Sheri Spaine Long, Susan Spezzini, Rebekah Ranew Trinh, and Mike Perez) are to be commended for planning and hosting the informative event. 2 Doyle addresses the issue of LSP-BLS title and taxonomy twelve years later, in 2012, in "Business Language Studies in the United States: On Nomenclature, Context, Theory, and Method." 3 See "Table I: Types of Languages in the United States Currently Offered Across Languages and Professions During the 2010–2011 Academic Year" (Long and Uscinski, 2012, p. 176). The Grosse and Voght (1990) survey showed that LSP was already well-established in the national curriculum and pedagogy at "all sizes and types of four-year institutions. . .at private and public institutions. . .fairly evenly distributed among small, medium and large institutions" (p. 38). 4 Delivered by Doyle on April 14, 2012, the keynote address focused on two theoretical considerations: (1) that those engaged with LSP-Translation, especially its pedagogy, be "good utopians" who are well grounded in the extensive bibliography on translation theory (descriptive, prescriptive and speculative) and method, and (2) that those engaged in LSP-Business Language Studies (BLS) further articulate and develop its intrinsic theoretical aspects in order to complement the extensive work already done in extrinsic and applied BLS, given that the development of methods and methodology has far outstripped theoretical considerations per se, the latter of which are now warranted to more adequately anchor the field in American higher education. These are bookend theoretical concerns in that the first, in the field of translation, deals with an abundance of theory, dating back several millennia, which should not be ignored when praxis and pedagogy occur; the second, in the field of BLS, considers the lack of articulated theory upon which praxis and pedagogy are based. 5 Regarding this maturation process, Lafford (1991) has written that "the field of (non-English) LSP in the United States needs to follow the lead of the fields of CALL [computer-assisted language learning], Translation Studies, and ESP/EAP [English for Specific Purposes/English for Academic Purposes] all over the globe in order to become recognized as a valuable subfield of applied linguistics and to take its rightful place in the CONTINUING CARTOGRAPHY Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) 12 academy. At that point, the field of LSP can truly 'come of age' and Grosse and Voght's (1991) initial optimism over the position of LSP in the FL [foreign language] curriculum finally will be realized" (22). Long and Uscinski (2012) also conclude that the maturation is ongoing, as the Grosse and Voght "optimistic, almost euphoric hopes for the reenergizing and internationalization of the US education system (and LSP's role in that process) have yet to be fully realized" (188). Long and Uscinski "predict a continued steady presence ["maturation"] of LSP in university curricula for years to come" (188). 6 Doyle (2012a) reminds us that "methods and methodology, of course, presuppose a theory, regardless of whether it is fully developed and articulated" (108–109). 7 Created in 1992, it is an "association of European University professors specialised in languages for specific purposes" whose "objective is that of fostering and promoting both the research into and teaching of modern languages as regards their applications to science and technology" (http://www.aelfe.org/?l=en&s=origen). References Bowles, H. (2012). Analyzing languages for specific purposes. Modern Language Journal, 96, 43–58. Branan, A. G. (1998). Preface: Part I. In T. B. Fryer & G. Guntermann (Eds.), Spanish and Portuguese for business and the professions (pp. 3–5). Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company. Doyle, M. (Forthcoming). Business Spanish in the United States: Evolution, methodology, and markets. In Cuadernos de Asociación de Licenciados y Doctores Españoles en EEUU (ALDEEU). Doyle, M. (2012a). Business language studies in the United States: On nomenclature, context, theory, and method. Modern Language Journal, 96, 105–121. Doyle, M. (2012b). Theoretical foundations for translation pedagogy: Descriptive, prescriptive, and speculative (in defense of the 'good utopian'). Association of Departments of Foreign Languages (ADFL) Bulletin, 42(1), 43–48. Doyle, M. (2012, April). Theory and method in translation studies (TS) and business language studies (BLS): Illustrative considerations for LSP in American higher education and beyond. Keynote address presented at the First International Symposium on Language for Specific Purposes, University of Alabama at Birmingham. European Association of Languages for Specific Purposes. Retrieved September 4, 2012, from http://www.aelfe.org/?l=en&s=origen. Fryer, B. (1998). Faculty training opportunities in language for international business. In B. Fryer & G. Guntermann (Eds.), Spanish and Portuguese for business and the professions (pp. 167–187). Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company. Fryer, B. (2012). Languages for specific purposes business curriculum creation and implementation in the United States. Modern Language Journal, 96, 122–139. Fryer, B., & Guntermann, G. (1998). Spanish and Portuguese for business and the professions. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company. Grosse, C. (1985). A survey of foreign languages for business and the professions at US colleges and universities. Modern Language Journal, 69, 221–226. CONTINUING CARTOGRAPHY Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) 13 Grosse, C. (2001a). Global managers' perceptions of cultural competence. Global Business Languages, 6, 25–39. Grosse, C. (2001b). Mexican managers' perceptions of cultural competence. Foreign Language Annals, 34, 334–340. Grosse, C., & Voght, G. (1990). Foreign language for business and the professions at US colleges and universities. Modern Language Journal, 74, 36–47. Grosse, C., & Voght, G. (1991). The evolution of languages for specific purposes in the United States. Modern Language Journal, 75, 181–195. Grosse, C., & Voght, G. (2012). The continuing evolution of languages for specific purposes. Modern Language Journal, 96, 190–202. Holmes, J. S. (2000). The name and nature of translation studies. In L. Venuti (Ed.), The translation studies reader (pp. 172–185). London: Routledge. Kelm, O. Orlando Kelm. Retrieved June 19, 2012, from http://orlandokelm.wordpress.com/ Lafford, B. (2012) Languages for specific purposes in the United States in a global context: Commentary on Grosse and Voght (1991) revisited [Special Issue]. Modern Language Journal, 96, 1–27. Long, M., & Uzcinski, I. (2012). Evolution of languages for specific purposes programs in the United States: 1990–2011. Modern Language Journal, 96, 173–189. Sánchez-López, L. First international symposium on languages for specific purposes (LSP). Retrieved June 23, 2012, from http://www.uab.edu/languages/symposium.

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :행정대학원 글로벌행정전공,2019. 8. 홍준형. ; This study assesses the performance of public sector reform institutions as a measure of the institutional arrangements established to implement the reform interventions. A theoretical and empirical analysis was adopted to review, analyze and discuss both primary and secondary data. Since the early 1980s, most developing countries including Ghana have embarked on numerous public sector reform programmes in a bid to transform its public sector to be more productive, efficient and effective, delivering world-class services to the general public and ensuring sustained national development. The results and outcomes of these wide-range of interventions have been modest and mostly unsatisfactory as compared to the resources, efforts and time invested to design and implement them. This study examined the key role the various reform institutions played at each phase to engender progress or otherwise in achieving the desired results and expected outcomes. In achieving this objective, this study sought to answer the main question of what has been the perceived impact of Ghana's reform institutions in achieving reform outcomes and results and their sustainability in the public sector. Additionally, the study evaluated how the institutional arrangements influenced the performance of the reform institution and how both factors also contributed to the results and outcomes recorded. The views and perspectives of key actors including public servants in Ghana, Experts who have worked with the various reform institutions in different capacities and Officials of the Development Partners who have been the major source of funding and technical assistance to Ghana on public sector reforms were collated and analyzed. The observations of this study indicate that the various reform institutions did not outlive any political regime and as a result suffered frequent institutional rearrangements, funding and other resources for reforms were woefully inadequate and most importantly, political will and commitment to these reforms was largely deficient. The result of these occurrences led to the truncation and abandoning of reform efforts and as a result, reforms were not sustainable and effectively implemented. Finally, the study posits the need for an independent and autonomous institution for reforms in Ghana. Relatedly, another observation is the weak and somewhat non-existent political will and commitment needed to carry out reforms. In the light of these observations and others discussed in this research, lessons have been drawn and recommendations made for consideration in the design and implementation of future reform interventions in the public sector of Ghana that will ensure sustainable and effective results and outcomes. ; 본 연구는 공공부문의 혁신을 위해 시행된 제도의 변천을 평가하는 것을 주된 목적으로 삼고 있다. 1980년대 초부터 가나를 포함한 대부분의 개발도상국들은 공공부문의 생산성과 효율성을 향상시키기 위하여 공공부문 개혁 프로그램을 도입하였으며, 이를 통해 글로벌 수준의 공공서비스를 일반 대중에게 제공하고 지속적인 국가 발전을 도모하고자 했다. 그러나 혁신을 위해 투입한 자원과 노력, 시간에 비하여 혁신의 결과는 그다지 만족스럽지 않았다. 본 연구는 가나의 공공부문 혁신을 주도했던 기관이 실제로 개혁을 이끌었고, 그러한 결과가 공공부문에서 지속 가능한지에 관한 질문에 답하고자 한다. 이를 알아보기 위해 가나에서 공공부문의 혁신의 단계를 시기별로 나누고, 각 단계에서 개혁을 추진한 혁신추진기관들이 수행한 핵심적인 역할을 조사하였다. 이에 더해, 본 연구는 제도 정비가 혁신 기관의 성과에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지를 알아보고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 문헌 연구를 통해 이론적인 틀을 마련하고, 설문을 통해 과거 가나가 도입했던 제도적인 혁신에 대한 의견을 취합하였다. 가나의 공무원, 특히, 다양한 개혁 기관과 일해온 전문가와 가나의 공공 부문 개혁에 있어 자금 및 기술을 지원한 개발 협력국의 공무원을 포함해서, 개혁에 직간접적으로 관련된 사람들의 관점과 견해를 모아 분석함으로써 혁신의 지속성과 그 이유를 알아내고자 했다. 연구와 설문을 통해 알아낸 것은, 다양한 개혁 기관들이 장기간 유지되지 못하고 잦은 변동을 겪었으며, 자금과 기타 자원을 충분히 지원받지 못했다는 점이었다. 그리고 무엇보다, 개혁을 위한 정치적인 의지와 헌신이 부족했다는 점이 가나의 혁신과정에서 공통적으로 지적되었다. 그 결과 개혁은 지속 되지 못하였고, 개혁의 성과가 일반화되지 못하였음을 본 연구를 통해 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로, 본 연구에서의 분석과 의견 취합을 통해 가나의 공공부문 개혁을 위한 시사점을 도출하였다. 여기에서는 가나에서 독립적이고 자율적인 개혁추진기관의 필요성에 대해 논의하고자 한다. 독립적이고 자율적인 기구는 정권변동이나 정치적인 사건에 영향 받지 않고 개혁과 혁신이라는 가치를 추구해나갈 수 있는 전제 조건이 될 것이다. ; Abstract i Table of Contents iii List of Diagrams vi List of Tables vi Abbreviations vii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background of Research 2 1.3 Purpose of Research 4 1.4 Problem Statement 4 1.5 Significance and Relevance of Study 7 1.6 Scope of Research 8 1.7 Research Outline 10 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Definition of Public Sector Reform 12 2.3 Other Perspectives of Public Sector Reform 13 2.3.1 Globalization and Public Sector Reform 13 2.3.2 Good Governance and Public Sector Reform 14 2.4 Institutional Arrangements for Reforms 15 2.4.1 Institutional Perspective 15 2.4.2 Establishment of an Independent Agency 17 2.4.3 Institutional Adaptability 18 2.4.4 Institutional Stability 20 2.4.5 Institutional Performance and Effectiveness 20 2.3.6 Resource Base View Theory 21 2.5 The New Public Management Reform 23 2.5.1 Critiques of New Public Management 27 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 29 3.1 Analytical Framework 29 3.2 Definition of Constructs 29 3.2.1 Institutional Arrangements 29 3.2.2 Institution Type 30 3.2.3 Institutional Adaptability 30 3.2.4 Resource available for Reforms 31 3.2.5 Performance of Reform Institutions 31 3.3 Research Questions 32 3.4 Research Hypothesis 33 3.5 Methodology and Data Collection 34 3.5.1 Type of Research 34 3.5.2 Source of Data 35 3.5.3 Sampling Approach 37 3.5.4 Data and Methodological Triangulation 37 CHAPTER IV: EVOLUTION OF REFORMS IN GHANA 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Overview of Ghana's Public Sector 40 4.3 Evolution of Public Sector Reforms in Ghana 41 4.3.1 Phase 1: 1987 to 1998 41 4.3.2 Phase 2: 1995 to 2002 47 4.3.3 Phase 3: 2005 to 2009 48 4.3.4 Phase 4: 2009 to 2016 49 4.3.5 The Next Phase: 2017 onwards 51 4.4 Overview of Institutional Arrangements for Reforms in Ghana 52 4.5 The Public Sector Reform Directorate – Office of the 54 Senior Minister 54 4.5.1 Vision, Mission and Functions 55 4.5.2 Coordination of Reforms 57 4.6 Summary 60 CHAPTER V: FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 62 5.1 Introduction 62 5.2.1 Profile of Respondents 63 5.3 Descriptive Statistics of Constructs 65 5.3.1 Institutional Arrangements 65 5.4 Performance of Reform Institutions 71 5.4.1 Perceived Impact of Reform Programmes/Interventions 71 5.4.2 Achievements of Reform Institutions 77 5.4.3 Perceived Impact of Reform Institutions 79 5.5 Descriptive Statistics of General Questions 81 5.6 Analysis of In-Depth Interviews 84 5.6.1 Perspectives of Officials of Public Sector Reform Directorate (PSRD), Office of the Senior Minister, Ghana (Group 1) 84 5.6.2 Perspectives of Reform Experts from Ghana (Group 2) 96 5.6.3 Perspectives of Officials of World Bank (Group 3) 106 5.7 Answers to the Research Hypothesis and Research 110 Questions 110 5.7.1 Research Hypothesis 110 5.7.2 Research Questions 111 CHAPTER VI: LESSONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 120 6.1 Lessons 120 6.2 Recommendations 122 6.3 Limitations of the Study 123 6.4 Policy Implications 124 6.5 Conclusion 127 Bibliography 129 APPENDIX I: DETAILS OF RESPONDENTS FOR IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS 137 APPENDIX II: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PUBLIC SERVANTS 139 APPENDIX III: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR OFFICIALS OF OSM-PSRD 147 APPENDIX IV: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR EXPERTS 150 APPENDIX V: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS 153 국문초록 154 Acknowledgement 156 ; Master

Todos los sistemas sanitarios cuentan entre sus prioridades la de ofrecer servicios y cuidados de calidad a la población a la que atienden, en nuestro ámbito asistencial, estos servicios se engloban dentro del Acuerdo de Gestión, en la Cartera de Servicios y en los Criterios de Calidad de los Cuidados Enfermeros contenidos en dicho acuerdo. Han pasado 30 años desde la puesta en marcha de los primeros Centros de Salud y en estos años también se han producido importantes cambios en la profesión enfermera, a nivel legislativo, se ha definido un nuevo modelo profesional, con mayor autonomía y una función específica: la dirección, evaluación y prestación de los cuidados enfermeros. La importancia que la calidad asistencial tiene en los servicios de salud es indiscutible, los ciclos de mejora son considerados una importante herramienta para identificar y evaluar indicadores de calidad asistencial. Objetivo Conocer, analizar y mejorar el nivel de cumplimento de los cinco criterios de calidad, sobre cuidados enfermeros, contenidos en el Acuerdo de Gestión de Atención Primaria del Área de Salud VI, Vega Media del Segura de la Región de Murcia. Métodos Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, con abordaje cuali-cuantitativo, realizado en el ámbito de Atención Primaria del Área de Salud VI. Se han realizado dos ciclos de mejora con tres evaluaciones externas: la primera el 31 de marzo de 2013, la segunda el 31 de diciembre 2013 y la tercera el 31 de diciembre de 2014, mediante la extracción de datos de todas las historias clínicas OMI-AP, de los criterios de calidad contemplados en el Acuerdo de Gestión del Área. Se comparó con los resultados de la encuesta de satisfacción del usuario. Todos los resultados fueron analizados mediante la "técnica de grupo nominal" y "lluvia de ideas", se realiza diagrama Ishikawa causa-efecto. Se utilizó la hoja de cálculo Excell 2007 para analizar los datos, realizar las representaciones gráficas y tablas. Resultados El nivel de cumplimiento global de criterios en la primera evaluación es 20,41% y la satisfacción del usuario con la atención recibida es 90%. Se identifica como oportunidad de mejora un bajo registro de los planes de cuidados. Tras el análisis de los datos, las posibles causas se agrupan en cuatro grupos: falta de formación y conocimientos, infraestructura/sistema de registro, organización del trabajo e intrínsecas a los propios profesionales. Se diseñan intervenciones de mejora: retroalimentación de la información y una estrategia específica de aprendizaje en metodología enfermera y elaboración de planes de cuidados. En la segunda evaluación el cumplimiento global de criterio es de 59,55 sobre 90 y en la tercera es de 88,7 puntos sobre 90 puntos de los criterios evaluados. Conclusiones 1. Las tres evaluaciones, reflejan una mejora del nivel de cumplimiento de los cuidados enfermeros en el Área VI. 2. Queda demostrada la eficacia de incorporar actividades de evaluación y mejora de la calidad. 3. La presencia de criterios de calidad de los cuidados enfermeros en el Acuerdo de Gestión ha sido una estrategia fundamental para lograr la implantación de la metodología de trabajo. 4. Las direcciones y los responsables de enfermería deben liderar la gestión de los cuidados y la mejora constante de las buenas prácticas tal y como defienden otros autores. 5. Podemos afirmar que el infra registro o registro inadecuado de los planes de cuidados, era la causa principal de las deficiencias encontradas en la primera evaluación. Las intervenciones diseñadas e implementadas han sido eficaces. 6. Todas las enfermeras que trabajan del Área VI, conocen la metodología enfermera y más del 95% la utiliza. Palabras clave: enfermería de atención primaria, cuidados de enfermería, registros de enfermería, calidad de la atención de salud. SUMMARY All health systems among its priorities of providing quality care and services to the population they serve, our health care setting, these services fall under the Management Agreement in the portfolio of services and quality criteria nursing care contained in the agreement. It has been 30 years since the launch of the first health centers and in recent years there have also been significant changes in the nursing profession, at the legislative level, defined a new professional model with greater autonomy and a specific function: management, evaluation and provision of nursing care. The importance of the quality of care has on health services is indisputable improvement cycles are considered an important tool for identifying and assessing quality of care indicators. Objective The objective of this study is to analyze and improve the level of compliance of the five quality criteria for nursing care, contained in the Agreement Management Primary Health Care District VI Region of Murcia. Methods Descriptive, retrospective, with qualitative and quantitative approach realized in the field of Primary Health Care District VI study. There have been two improvement cycles consisting of three external evaluations: The first was held on March 31, 2013, the second on December 31, 2013 and the third on December 31, 2014, by extracting data from all OMI-AP medical records of five quality criteria referred to in the Agreement Area Management: care plans for people with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, immobilized people, children 0-6 years old and continuity of care after discharge. Compared with the results of user satisfaction survey. All results were analyzed using the "nominal group technique" and brainstorming, Ishikawa diagram is carried out cause and effect. Excell spreadsheet 2007 was used to analyze the data, make graphical representations and tables. Results The overall level of compliance in the first evaluation criteria is 20.41% and user satisfaction with the care received is 90%. It is identified as an opportunity to improve the low register of care plans. After analysis, the possible causes are grouped into four groups: lack of training and knowledge, infrastructure / registration system, work organization and intrinsic to the professionals themselves. Based on these interventions improvements are made. In the second evaluation criterion overall compliance it is 59.55 on 90, and the third is 88.7 points on 90 points of the evaluated criteria. Conclusions The three evaluations reflect an improvement in the level of compliance of nursing care in Area VI. 2. the effectiveness of incorporating evaluation activities and quality improvement is demonstrated. 3. The presence of quality standards of nursing care in the Management Agreement has been a key strategy for the implementation of the methodology. 4. Addresses and those responsible must lead the nursing care management and continuous improvement of best practices as advocated by other authors. 5. We can say that the infra register or log inadequate care plans, was the main cause of the deficiencies found in the first evaluation in our study. Interventions designed and implemented have been effective. 6. That all nurses working Area VI, known methodology nurse and 95% use. Keywords: primary care nursing, nursing care, nursing records, quality health care.

Objective: The present research aimed to identify which competences are desirable to the accountant from the perspective of the accounting professionals who work in the offices of the city of Vitória de Santo Antão, in Pernambuco. Methodology: A descriptive field survey research was carried out, with a quantitative approach and the use of a specific questionnaire, applied to a sample of 26 accounting firms. The study considered the classification of competencies of the standard established by the IFAC International Federation of Accountants (2012), categorized as: intellectual; technical and functional; personal; interpersonal and communication; and organizational and business management, as well as the use of the set of competencies defined by the studies of Cardoso (2006), Callado and Amorim (2017). The research data were collected in person and by email, being treated with the aid of Microsoft Excel software, enabling the construction of tables for analysis. Results: The competences of the accountant indicated by the professionals of the area working in the offices located in the city of Vitória de Santo Antão, in Pernambuco, were consistent with those provided by IFAC (HEI 3), highlighting them with the highest level of importance, among the five categories classified in that standard: ability to identify problems, acting in accordance with the legislation, acting with ethics and integrity, working in a team, knowing how to manage and organize time well. One notices a trend towards the new role of the accountant, who is no longer seen as a mere "bean counter" but as a "business partner". Study Contributions: Identifying and understanding which are the competencies required of the accounting professional can assist in the growth and development of the same in organizations, since even though there are several investigations on this subject, it is consensual the understanding that the competence of the accountant is a construct in formation, thus not consolidated. Another contribution is to present to the accounting science courses in the region what the market expects from students, so that they can organise a political pedagogic project. By recognising which competences are considered relevant from the perspectives of the professionals themselves, discussions are enabled that seek to find suggestions for improvements to their education, and also about their social role, considering changes in the political, economic and technological spheres. ; Objetivo: La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar cuáles son las competencias deseables para el contador desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de la contabilidad que trabajan en las oficinas de la ciudad de Vitória de Santo Antão, en Pernambuco. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo una encuesta de campo descriptiva con enfoque cuantitativo mediante un cuestionario específico aplicado a una muestra de 26 empresas de contabilidad. El estudio consideró la clasificación de competencias del estándar establecido por la IFAC International Federation of Accountants (2012), categorizadas como: intelectuales; técnicas y funcionales; personales; interpersonales y de comunicación; y organizativas y de gestión empresarial, así como el uso del conjunto de competencias definidas por los estudios de Cardoso (2006), Callado y Amorim (2017). Los datos de la investigación se recogieron en persona y por correo electrónico, siendo tratados con la ayuda del programa informático Microsoft Excel, lo que permitió la construcción de tablas para su análisis. Resultados: Las competencias del contador indicadas por los profesionales del área que trabajan en oficinas ubicadas en la ciudad de Vitória de Santo Antão, en Pernambuco, fueron consistentes con las proporcionadas por la IFAC (HEI 3), destacándose con el mayor nivel de importancia, entre las cinco categorías clasificadas en esa norma: capacidad de identificar problemas, actuar de acuerdo con la legislación, actuar con ética e integridad, trabajar en equipo, saber administrar y organizar bien el tiempo. Se observa una tendencia hacia un nuevo papel de los contables, que ya no se consideran meros "contadores de cuentas", sino "socios comerciales". Aportes del estudio: Identificar y comprender cuáles son las competencias requeridas para el profesional contable puede ayudar al crecimiento y desarrollo de las mismas en las organizaciones, ya que si bien existen diversas investigaciones sobre el tema, es consensual el entendimiento de que la competencia del contador es un constructo en formación, por lo tanto no consolidado. Otra contribución es presentar a los cursos de Ciencias Contables de la región lo que el mercado espera de los estudiantes, para que puedan organizar un proyecto pedagógico político. Al reconocer cuáles son las competencias que se consideran relevantes desde la perspectiva de los propios profesionales, se habilitan debates que buscan encontrar sugerencias para mejorar su formación, y también sobre su papel social, considerando los cambios en las esferas política, económica y tecnológica. ; Objetivo: A presente pesquisa objetivou identificar quais são as competências desejáveis ao contador sob a ótica dos profissionais contábeis, que trabalham nos escritórios da cidade de Vitória de Santo Antão, em Pernambuco. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma pesquisa de campo levantamento (survey), descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa e utilização de um questionário específico, aplicados a uma amostra de 26 escritórios de contabilidade. O estudo considerou a classificação de competências da norma estabelecida pelo IFAC International Federation of Accountants (2012), categorizadas como: intelectuais; técnicas e funcionais; pessoais; interpessoais e de comunicação; e organizacionais e de gerenciamento de negócio, bem como a utilização do conjunto de competências definidos pelos estudos de Cardoso (2006), Callado e Amorim (2017). Os dados da pesquisa foram coletados pessoalmente e por e-mail, sendo tratados com o auxílio do software Microsoft Excel, possibilitando a construção de tabelas para análise. Resultados: As competências do contador indicadas pelos profissionais da área atuantes nos escritórios localizados na cidade de Vitória de Santo Antão, em Pernambuco, foram consoantes com aquelas previstas pelo IFAC (IES 3), destacando-as com maior nível de importância, entre as cinco categorias classificadas na referida norma: capacidade para identificar problemas, atuação em conformidade com a legislação, agir com ética e integridade, trabalhar em equipe, saber administrar e organizar bem o tempo. Repara-se uma tendência voltada para o novo papel do contador, deixando de ser visto como um mero "contador de feijão" para um "parceiro de negócio". Contribuições do Estudo: Identificar e compreender quais são as competências requeridas ao profissional contábil pode auxiliar no crescimento e no desenvolvimento do mesmo nas organizações, visto que ainda que existem diversas investigações sobre esta temática, é consensual o entendimento de que a competência do contador é um construto em formação, sendo assim não consolidado. Outra contribuição é apresentar para os cursos de ciências contábeis da região o que o mercado espera dos discentes, podendo estes organizar um projeto político pedagógico. Ao reconhecer quais as competências consideradas relevantes nas perspectivas dos próprios profissionais atuantes, possibilita-se discussões que busquem encontrar sugestões de melhorias para sua formação, e ainda sobre o seu papel social, ponderando mudanças no âmbito político, econômico e tecnológico.