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Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: The Benchmark Thinkers' Impact on IR -- Chapter 3: Political Thought and Marxism -- Chapter 4: The Marxian Imprint on Early IR's Understandings of Imperialism -- Chapter 5: A Distinctive and Overlooked Socialist IR Tradition -- Chapter 6: Norman Angell and the Real First Great Debate -- Chapter 7: Conclusions.

AbstractAccording to recent international relations research, an actor's status ultimately depends on commonly accepted ratings of that actor's valued attributes (e.g., wealth, competence, culture, or coercive capabilities). This manuscript argues that asymmetric reciprocal roles (leaders versus followers, patrons versus clients, teachers versus students, etc.) constitute another, even more fundamental, kind of stratification that can provoke far more acrimonious status conflicts. Such role-based hierarchies remain stable as long as subordinate actors deem their superiors entitled to deferential treatment. Disputes over asymmetrical roles arise when subaltern actors begin to question the right of dominant actors to command, or when actors fear that co-equal parties are trying to establish their social dominance through a series of faits accomplis. In such circumstances, defiance is the status tactic of choice because it directly undercuts disconcerting patterns of deference. By systematically theorizing defiance in status hierarchies, the paper provides an overdue addition to the literature on the breakdown of cooperation and the dissolution of order. It first sketches a theory that lays out the motives and forms of defiant behavior in international status disputes and then illustrates its value in explaining Russian and Greek resistance to domineering Western "partners."

The month of October, 1973, brought with it Arab coercion in two forms: the first was the military attack against Israeli forces begun on October 6 ; the second was the use of economic coercion against countries that, in Arab eyes, either supported Israel or did not support the Arabs in their present quests (which include the return of claimed "Arab" lands, favorable settlement of the Palestinian peoples' claim for self-determination, and other political and military objectives).

A more independent foreign policy would help to reconcile Australia's political and economic configurations with emerging international changes. How such a policy and identity shift may come about is yet to be determined, but it is clear that America's decline and Chinese regional impact are likely to influence what comes next.

Microdialysis enables the chemistry of the extracellular interstitial space to be monitored. Use of this technique in patients with acute brain injury has increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of several acute neurological disorders. In 2004, a consensus document on the clinical application of cerebral microdialysis was published. Since then, there have been significant advances in the clinical use of microdialysis in neurocritical care. The objective of this review is to report on the International Microdialysis Forum held in Cambridge, UK, in April 2014 and to produce a revised and updated consensus statement about its clinical use including technique, data interpretation, relationship with outcome, role in guiding therapy in neurocritical care and research applications. ; We gratefully acknowledge financial support for participants as follows: P.J.H. - National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Professorship and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge; I.J. – Medical Research Council (G1002277 ID 98489); A. H. - Medical Research Council, Royal College of Surgeons of England; K.L.H.C. - NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge (Neuroscience Theme; Brain Injury and Repair Theme); M.G.B. - Wellcome Trust Dept Health Healthcare Innovation Challenge Fund (HICF-0510-080); L. H. - The Swedish Research Council, VINNOVA and Uppsala Berzelii Technology Centre for Neurodiagnostics; S. M. - Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; D.K.M. - NIHR Senior Investigator Award to D.K.M., NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (Neuroscience Theme), FP7 Program of the European Union; M. O. - Swiss National Science Foundation and the Novartis Foundation for Biomedical Research; J.S. - Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (Instituto de Salud Carlos III) (PI11/00700) co-financed by the European Regional Development; M.S. – NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre; N. S. - Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico. ; This is the final version of the ...

New perspectives on asymmetrical relations / Thomas R. Klassen, Nara Park and Ian Roberge -- Canada and the United States : a symbiotic relationship or complex entanglement? / Charles Conteh -- Dealing with Russia : Georgia's endeavor to escape trampling / Salome Minesashvili, Frédéric Labarre, and Pierre Jolicoeur -- Endless integration of Russia and its "difficult ally" Belarus / Leonid Karabeshkin, Pierre Jolicoeur and Frédéric Labarre -- Legacies of a trans-Tasman relationship : the evolution of asymmetry between New Zealand and Australia / Jennifer Curtin and Dominic O'Sullivan -- Living in the shadow of elephants : the case of Timor-Leste / Nicholas Morris -- Living peacefully or in the shadow? Elucidating the relationship between Ghana and Togo / Frank L.K. Ohemeng and Emmanuel K. Sakyi -- The middle power diplomacy of South Korea : four strategic choices vis-à-vis Japan and China / Nara Park -- Mongolia's balancing act : sandwiched between a bear and a dragon / Undraa Agvaanluvsan -- Balancing the elephant and the dragon : Nepal's struggle for political in(ter)dependence / Jawad Hussain Qureshi -- The little red dot that roared : Singapore between the giants / Yohanes Sulaiman -- A tripartite dilemma : Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan relations at the intersection of identity and national interest / Merve Özdemirkiran-Embel -- Stepping out of the shade : Qatari-Saudi relations amidst the rise of 'cosmopolitan Qatar' / Gertjan Hoetjes -- Colombian economic foreign policy towards Brazil : limited cooperation and competition for regional leadership / Eduardo Pastrana Buelvas and Diego F. Vera Piñeros -- The mouse fights back : the manoeuvring room of smaller states with respect to their larger neighbor / Ian Roberge.

International commercial arbitration is being enthusiastically promoted throughout the international legal community. Congresses and conferences abound; over three hundred delegates attended the 1988 Tokyo conference of the International Council for Commercial Arbitration. New arbitration journals proliferate. New international arbitration centers compete for business, particularly around the Pacific Rim in such locations as Hong Kong (opened in 1985), Los Angeles (1985), Melbourne (1985) and Vancouver (1986).

In recent years there has been a renewal of interest in the liberal tradition in international thought, with particular attention being paid to liberal conceptions of international distributive justice. This article describes and criticizes three different approaches to international distributive justice represented in the recent literature: (1) social liberalism, which takes the nation-state as basic and argues for international transfers to the extent necessary to sustain just domestic institutions; (2) laisser-faire liberalism, which, in its redistributivist variant, aims to rectify injustices arising from the unequal appropriation of natural resources; and (3) cosmopolitan liberalism, which takes each individual's interests as equally deserving of concern in the design of global (and sectional) institutions.

Dieses Lehrbuch vermittelt das Basiswissen der Rechnungslegung nach HGB, IAS und US-GAAP klar und verständlich. Die Autorin vergleicht die deutschen Bestimmungen mit den internationalen Verfahren und arbeitet die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede heraus. Es zeigt sich, dass die verschiedenen Bilanzierungs- und Bewertungsregeln zu erheblichen Abweichungen in den Jahresabschlüssen der Unternehmen führen. Zahlreiche konkrete Beispiele erleichtern das Verständnis der Zusammenhänge. Die dritte Auflage berücksichtigt wesentliche aktuelle Entwicklungen. Dazu gehören u.a. die neuen Regeln zur Goodwill-Bilanzierung nach US-GAAP und zur Bilanzierung von Wertpapieren nach IAS. Außerdem sind weitere Fallbeispiele aufgenommen worden, die der inhaltlichen Vertiefung der Materie dienen.Die AutorinProfessor Dr. Beate Kremin-Buch lehrt Rechnungswesen und Controlling an der FH Ludwigshafen.

Do international human rights treaties constrain governments from repressing their populations? Government authorities routinely ignore their international obligations, and countries with poor human rights records join international treaties and yet continue to violate rights. Contentious Compliance presents a new theory of treaty effects founded on the idea that governments repress as part of a domestic conflict with potential or actual dissidents.

AbstractIn a post-Cold War era characterised by globalisation and deep interdependence, the actions of national governments increasingly have an effect beyond their own territorial borders. Moreover, key agents of global governance – international organisations and their bureaucracies, non-state actors and private agents – exercise pervasive forms of authority. Due to these shifts, it is widely noted that world politics suffers from a democratic deficit. This article contributes to work on global democracy by looking at the role of international courts. Building upon an original dataset covering the 24 international courts in existence since the end of the Second World War, we argue that international courts are able to advance democratic values and shape democratic practices beyond the state. They can do so by fostering equal participation, accountability, and public justification that link individuals directly with sites of transnational authority. We contend that the ability of international courts to promote these values is conditioned by institutional design choices concerning access rules, review powers, and provisions regarding judicial reason-giving. We canvass these design features of different international courts and assess the promises and pitfalls for global democratisation. We conclude by linking our analysis of international courts and global democratisation with debates about the legitimation and politicisation of global governance at large.

AbstractIn recent years, scholars of global politics have shown that issues of race and white supremacy lie at the centre of international history, the birth of the field of International Relations, and contemporary theory. In this article, I argue that race plays an equally central role in the 21st century's current and future crises: the set of systemic risks that includes intensifying climate change, deepening inequality, the endemic instabilities of capitalism, and migration. To make this argument, I describe the contours of the current crisis and show how racism amplifies its effects. In short, capitalism's winners and losers and the effects of climate change fall along racial lines, amplifying both direct and indirect racial discrimination against non-white migrants and states in the Global South. These interdependent crises will shape the next 50 years of international politics and will likely perpetuate the vicious cycle of global racial inequality. Accordingly, this article presents a research agenda for all IR scholars to explore the empirical implications of race in the international system, integrate marginalised perspectives on global politics from the past and present into their scholarship, and address the most pressing political issues of the 21st century.