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The article attempts to econometric modeling of the influence of a complex of factors on the volume and dynamics of the economies of the member States of the European Union, taking into account their differentiation. The main results of the author's research are as follows. First, the fundamental coincidence of trends in the EU GDP dynamics with global trends and the presence of a strong negative impact on this dynamics of the global crisis of the late 2000s have been established. Secondly, it is once again confirmed that there is a significant differentiation between the founding States of the EU and the countries that joined it after 1990, expressed in a significant excess of macroeconomic indicators of the first group of countries of similar indicators of the second group. Thirdly, the difference between the combinations of factors influencing economic development in the two groups of EU countries is revealed, which once again testifies to the bloc nature of the EU structure.

Despite the widespread perception that religious actors were passive to the construction of the European project, relations between churchmen and politicians at the local and supranational levels have been a constant mark from the Schuman Declaration until today. This paper focuses on the mobilisation of religious networks in the process of European integration. It examines the typology of transnational religious structures, compares the main policy areas for religious/convictional actors and provides a list of religious/convictional actors in dialogue with European institutions. ; Politics; Religious and convictional networks; Religious dialogue in the European Union

We provide a comparative overview of the process of implementation, harmonization and stabilization of public oversight systems for statutory auditors across the European Union (EU) after Directive 2006/43/EC. We build on institutional change theory to identify potential determinants as to why some countries still lag in this harmonization process. Oversight systems are a key institutional factor to guarantee the quality of financial information, essential to maintain investors' confidence and deep and stable capital markets. Thus, the harmonization of these systems has long been an objective of the EU. Our analyses serve to identify, analyse and compare how EU countries have incorporated European-wide requirements into their national legal systems. Particularly, we study: (1) basic characteristics of the system and bodies for public oversight, (2) organizational structure, (3) financing (4) transparency, (5) supervisory, and (6) disciplinary mechanisms. We show that significant diversity still exists across systems and that both the incentives for institutional change and the distance between pre-existing systems and the Directive are important explanatory factors of the achieved level of harmonization. ; We acknowledge financial contribution from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (ECO2010-19314 and ECO2013-48328), the ICAC (Instituto de Contabilidad y Auditoría de Cuentas) and ASEPUC, through the XVIII Fernandez Pirla Research Funding.

Turkey has been a member of the Council of Europe since 1950, a member of NATO since 1953, associated with the EU Customs Union since 1963, candidate for the EU since 1987, and officially recognised candidate, and consequently benefiting from the benefits of this status, to the European Union since 3 October 2005. However, several years after the latter date, the question of full integration into the European Union remains open. Indeed, with the previous candidate countries, accession negotiations have never been so trapped. The issue of relations between Turkey and the European Union therefore merits an in-depth analysis. With this aim in mind, the geo-demographic characteristics and prospects of both entities should first be studied, bearing in mind the importance of such parameters for geopolitical knowledge. The specific nature of the development of relations between Turkey and the European Union must then be examined. Finally, consideration should be given to possible geopolitical logic, the analysis of which should make it possible to reflect on, or even respond to, the three terms set out: integration, complementarity or divergence. ; International audience Turkey is a member of the Council of Europe since 1950, a member of NATO since 1953, together with the Customs Union of the European Union since 1963, a candidate for the Union since 1987 and officially recognized candidate, benefiting in therefore the benefits of this status, the European Union since October 3, 2005. However, several years after that date, the question of its full integration into the European Union remains open. Indeed, with previous candidate countries, the accession negotiations never did much trampled. The relationship between Turkey and the European Union deserves a thorough analysis. For this purpose, it is first necessary to study the characteristics and geo-demographic perspectives of the two entities, given the importance of such parameters for geopolitical knowledge. The specificity of the evolution of relations between ...

Intro -- Foreword and Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Migration of Ukrainians to the European Union: Background and Key Issues -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Placing Ukrainian Migration Research in a Broader Context -- 1.3 Contributions to This Book -- 1.3.1 Part I: Continuities and Changes in Ukrainian Migration: An Analytical Review of Literature -- 1.3.2 Part II: Ukrainian Migration to Selected EU Countries: Facts, Figures and the State of the Literature -- 1.4 Key Issues -- References -- Part I: Continuities and Changes in Ukrainian Migration: An Analytical Review of Literature -- Chapter 2: Ukrainian Migration Research Before and Since 1991 -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Aspects of and Trends in Migratory Movements Before 1991 -- 2.2.1 Internal Migration in the Soviet Republics -- 2.2.2 Resettlements -- 2.2.3 Migration Policy -- 2.2.4 Non-Soviet Migration -- 2.3 Aspects of and Trends in Research on International Migration After 1991 -- 2.3.1 Labour Migration and Irregular Migration -- 2.3.2 Ethnic Migration and Patterns of Repatriation -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Economic Aspects of Ukrainian Migration to EU Countries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Economic Aspects of Labour Migration of Ukrainian Nationals to EU Countries -- 3.2.1 Reasons for Migration and Choice of Destination Country -- Reasons for Ukrainian Migration -- Ukrainian Labour Migrants' Choice of Destination Countries -- The Changing Economic Situation in Ukraine and Destination Countries and Its Impact on Migration Flows -- 3.2.2 The Economic Impact of Migration on Ukraine as a Sending Country -- Direct Impact of Migration on the Ukrainian Economy and Population -- Trends, Determinants and Economic Effects of Remittances -- Return Migration and its Developmental Potential -- 3.3 Conclusions -- References.

Our study addresses the link between ownership concentration and corporate performance in the manufacturing sector in the European Union in an economic environment stressed by the global financial and sovereign debt crises. This is, to our knowledge, the first attempt to tackle differences between companies with different origin-countries in EU from the perspective of ownership concentration and corporate performance in a period marked by the adverse impact of the global financial crisis. Ownership concentration is measured by the number of shareholders and the percentage of their individual and collective holdings, while performance is measured by accounting-based and market-based indicators. Our results, based on a detailed and methodical statistical analysis, show a clear division between Western and Eastern companies in terms of ownership concentration and performance, with an impact on businesses&rsquo ; recovery patterns. Overall, there is a positive link between ownership concentration and corporate performance in the case of Western companies, but not for Eastern-based companies. Moreover, ownership concentration has supported business recovery in EU, but particularly for Western companies. On the other hand, our results suggest that market investors&rsquo ; assessment of corporate performance is disconnected from business fundamentals and do not acknowledge the role of ownership concentration (either beneficial of detrimental) for performance assessment.

IN 1992 THE MAASTRICHT TREATY DEBATE IN FRANCE REVEALED DIFFERENCE OF VIEW BETWEEN THE COUNTRY'S LEADING POLITICIANS ABOUT THE DESIRABILITY OF WIDENING THE EUROPEAN UNION TO INCLUDE FORMERLY COMMUNIST STATES FROM CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. IN PARTICULAR, A DIVIDE APPEARED BETWEEN THOSE WHO HAD HAD CHARGE OF THE NATION'S GOVERNMENT FOR MUCH OF THE 1970S AND 1980S AND WERE SINGULARLY RETICENT, AND, ON THE OTHER SIDE, PROMINENT FIGURES FROM THE NEO-GAULLIST RPR (RASSEMBLEMENT POUR LA REPUPUBLIQUE.) THE RPR HAVE ALREADY DECLARED THEMSELVES STRONGLY IN FAVOR OF OPENING THE WAY TO THE EUROPEAN UNION'S ENLARGEMENT EASTWARDS.

Since migration is considered to play an important role on the attainment of the sustainable development goals (SDG's) this study analyses the reversed perspective of the migration-SDG's nexus. The data set consists of 308 observations on 28 European Union countries (including the United Kingdom) over a time span of 11 years (between 2008 and 2018). The analysis employed various stages of estimation in order to compare different results obtained from the panel data regression models. Besides the classical panel data regression models, the paper includes the estimation of Arellano-Bover/Blundell-Bond model that uses the Generalized Method of Moments (also known as GMM) as an econometric tool to solve the endogeneity of the selected variables. The focus is on two sustainable development goals: labour and economic growth, and education of the European Union member states plus the United Kingdom. The results showed that there is a significant influence of the selected variables on the migration flows at the European Union level. Although there are some contradictory results regarding the direction and statistical signifikance of the link between the variables of interest, most estimators do not have fundamentally different results. The GDP per capita keeps its positive impact on migration by generating an immigration flow towards countries with high GDP per capita. Economic growth proves to be the main trigger of migration, while education also plays an important role in shaping migration. The importance of this study derives from the reversed perspectives analysis, considering migration as being directly influenced by the achievement of the sustainable development goals.

With the creation of a common foreign and security policy (CFSP), the EU has entered the realm of power politics. Although the ambition to become a great power has been frequently reiterated, the EU has often failed to deliver stated policy objectives. This article has two broad goals. One is to outline the strategic behavioural patterns of small powers. The lack of scholarly attention to these states - the largest group in the international system - is a major omission from the International Relations canon. The other is to see how EU patterns of behaviour, exemplified in attempts to build up capacities for military intervention, overlap with those of a small power. The article argues that the concept of a small power best captures the reality of the EU as a strategic actor. Consequently, the EU is more comparable to other small powers such as Sweden or Argentina rather than to great powers such as China or Russia. Adapted from the source document.