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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belhatti-4 microwatershedwas conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 400 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soils, two per cent by rock lands, waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 98 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and two per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agroforestry, silvi-pasture, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 35 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) to deep (100 - 150 cm), 27 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 36 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) soils.  About 86 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 13 per cent loamy soils.  About 15 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 60 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 24 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 35 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 47 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 16 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 58 per cent area, 27 per cent medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and 13 per cent high (>1.0 ppm).  Available iron, manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 70 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 21 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 114 (28) 232 (58) Jackfruit - 15 (4) Maize 5 (1) - Jamun - 213 (55) Bengalgram 185 (46) 161 (40) Musambi - 179 (46) Groundnut - 5 (1) Lime 15 (4) 189 (48) Sunflower 88 (22) 180 (45) Cashew - 36 (9) Cotton 90 (22) 268 (65) Custard Apple 17 (4) 225 (58) Banana - 5 (1) Amla 17 (4) 217(56) Pomegranate 5 (1) 312 (78) Tamarind 15 (4) 198 (51) Mango 13 (3) - Marigold 5 (1) 346 (87) Sapota - 144 (36) Chrysanthemum 5 (1) 346 (87) Guava - 113 (28) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Belhatti-4 micro-watershed (Belhatti 4 sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1502' – 1504' North latitudes and 75037' – 75039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 390 ha, bounded by Belhatti, Konchigeri, Chikasavanur and Narayanpur villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Belhatti-4 micro-watershed (Belhatti subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 60.8 to 39.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 74.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 80.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 80 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 70.0 per cent.  About 40 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 10.0 per cent of farm households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 20.1 per cent and irrigated land of 6 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 19.9 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 60.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.12575 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.75292 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers bullock cart and plough (30 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 3600 per household; about 61.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 828.0 grams (1796.0 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 50 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.13601 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1219. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 866 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 329879 per year for the total area of 389.9 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 5059/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 10175) followed by maize (Rs. 8882), horse gram (Rs. 3533), groundnut (Rs 2122) and sorghum (Rs. 582).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 954/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 1317) followed by sorghum (Rs. 988), maize (Rs. 970), cotton (Rs. 823) and groundnut (Rs. 542).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 39806) followed by sorghum (Rs. 27604), horse gram (Rs. 25342), maize (Rs. 25036), and groundnut (Rs. 21960). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (58.9 %) followed by Groundnut (22.8 %), cotton (6.1 %), horse gram (6.1 %) and sorghum (6.1%). 3  In Belhatti 4 micro-watershed, major soil of alluvial landscape of KLK series is having very shallow soil deep on this soil farmers are presently growing maize and sorghum. BMD soil series are also having shallow soil depth the crops are groundnut (56.2 %) and maize (43.8 %). KPR soil series are having deep soil depth, crops are cotton (50.0 %) and sorghum (50.0 %). BGP and NGT soil series very deep soil depth, crops are maize and groundnut.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 23883/ha in KLP soil (with BCR of 1.33) and Rs.13204/ha in NBP soil (with BCR of 1.50).  In groundnut range between Rs. 34464/ha in NGT soil (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs.21051/ha in BLD soil (with BCR of 1.26).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 39247/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.1) and Rs. 17619/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 2.36).  In hors gram the cost of cultivation Rs. 26605/ha in NBP soil (with BCR of 1.50).  In cotton the cost of cultivation is Rs.30226/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.08).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation rage between is Rs. 26508/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.68) and Rs.18518/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 1.68).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation Rs. 17531/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.08).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in Groundnut (56.6 to 72.8 %), maize (80.9 to 61 %), (8.6 to 11.3 %), cotton (56.6 %), horse gram (42.2 %) and sorghum (15.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Konchigeri Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 479 ha in Konchigeri microwatershed in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm. Maximum of 363 mm precipitation takes place during south–west monsoon period from June to September, the north-east monsoon contributes about 165 mm and prevails from October to early December and the remaining 105 mm takes place during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soils, six per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 26 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 94 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 6 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agroforestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 26 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) to deep (100 - 150 cm), 20 per cent moderately deep (75 - 100 cm), 49 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm).  About 73 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 22 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 14 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 14 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 64 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area.  The land suitability for 21 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 130 (27) 114 (24) Jackfruit - 16 (3) Maize 32 (7) 59 (12) Jamun - 81 (17) Bengal gram 32(7) 330 (69) Musambi 24 (5) 159 (33) Groundnut 32 (7) 59 (12) Lime 24 (5) 162 (34) Sunflower 16 (12) 213 (44) Cashew - 94 (20) Cotton 16 (3) 286 (60) Custard apple 82 (17) 136 (28) Banana 16 (3) 214(44) Amla 130 (27) 133(28) Pomegranate 16 (3) 214 (44) Tamarind 87 (16) 153 (32) Mango - 69 (14) Marigold 16 (3) 287 (60) Guava 16 (3) 105 (22) Chrysanthamum 16 (3) 287 (60) Sapota - 85 (18) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.   Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub-marginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Konchigeri micro-watershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1502' – 1504' North latitudes and 75036' – 75039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 322 ha, bounded by Belhatti, Chikasavanur, Konchigeri and Kokkaragundi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Konchigeri micro-watershed (Belhatti subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 61.9 to 38.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 68.3 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 73 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 83.3 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among 58.3 per cent.  About 58.3 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (58.3 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 58.3 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 91.7 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.0 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 9.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 50 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.63 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 59.6 % and irrigated land 40.4 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 19.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 47.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 18096 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 7153 per household, about 25.0 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart and weeder.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 30000 per household; about 21 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1190.2 grams (2504.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 91.7 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 32531 per household. About 83.3 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 1753. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 439 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 199024per year for the total area of 479.10 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 2784/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 14296) followed by maize (Rs. 7735), cotton (Rs. 6392) and greengram (Rs. 3926) and redgram negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1969/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in greengram (Rs. 2129) followed by maize (Rs. 1919) and groundnut (Rs. 1857).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 59710), greengram (Rs. 58820), red gram (Rs. 47063), sunflower (Rs. 25833) and maize (Rs. 22536). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The present dominant crops grown in dry lands in the study area were by maize (87.4 %) followed by groundnut (4.9 %), cotton (4.4 %) and greengram (3.4 %).  In Konchigeri micro-watershed, major soil are Ravanki (RNK) soil series having shallow soil depth covers around 20.35 % of area the major crops are maize. Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) series having moderately shallow soil depth 6.88 % area. The crop is greengram and maize. Muttal (MTL) series having shallow soil depth (3.25 %), the main crop is maize. Mukhadahalli (MKH) series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.85 % area, the main crop are maize and redgram. Gollarahatti (GHT) series having moderately deep soil depth cover around (4.04 %), Kanchikere (KKR) series having moderately deep soil depth covers around (7.24 %), Balapur (BPR) and Lakshmanagudda (LGD) series having deep soil depth covers around 3.20 and 6.63 per cent of area respectively, maize is the main crop of both areas.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize range between Rs 25504/ha in BGP soil (with BCR of 1.02) and Rs 8502/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 2.89).  In redgram the cost of cultivation in MKH soil Rs. 40040/ha (with BCR of 0.54).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in KKR soil Rs.32132/ha (with BCR of 1.50).  In cotton the cost of cultivation Rs. 30658/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.21) and green gram the cost of cultivation Rs.30143/ha in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.20).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. 4  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (73.5 to 83.0 %), ground nut (45.6 %), red gram (29.1 %), cotton (13.2 %) and green gram (0.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikkasavanur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 322 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, 13 per cent is covered by rocky lands and two percent by mining/ industrial and other miscellaneous lands. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 85 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 15% is not suitable for agriculture.  About 80 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) to shallow (25-50 cm) and about 5 per cent are very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 59 per cent of the area has loamy soils at the surface and 26 per cent of the area has sandy soils at the surface.  About 8 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 57 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 20 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 5 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 80 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of most of the soils are dominantly 19 dsm-1).  About 44 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon and low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 54 per cent area and about 28 per cent area is high (>20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 4 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 70 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in 11 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 57 per cent area and sufficient in 27 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 6 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 79 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 110 (34) Sapota - 17 (5) Maize - 110(34) Jackfruit - - Cotton - 110(34) Jamun - - Sunflower - 19(6) Musambi - - Onion - 110(34) Lime - - Groundnut - 135(42) Cashew - - Chilli - 110(34) Custard apple - 152(47) Sugarcane - - Amla - 161 (50) Pomegranate - 17 (5) Tamarind - 152(47) Tomato - 110(34) Marigold - 130 (40) Guava 17 (5) Chrysanthem um 130 (40) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chikasavanur-1 Microwatershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1505' – 1507' North latitudes and 75035' – 75037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 322 ha, bounded by Devihal, Nadigatti, Madki Khanapur, Bikonatti, Nadigatti villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Chikasavanur-1 Microwatershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 49.0 to 51.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 57.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 79.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste is around 80 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 30 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (70 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 66.7 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 60 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.58 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 51.7 % and irrigated land 48.3 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 51 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 32.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 20410 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 102241 per household, about 31.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (38.1 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 26600 per household; about 52.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 832.9 grams (1700.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.28389 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1205. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.834 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 357009 per year for the total area of 451.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 10000/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 35094) followed by onion (Rs. 14993) horse gram (Rs. 10499), chillies (Rs. 9535).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2924/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 5582) followed by green gram (Rs. 2371) and horse gram (Rs. 2075).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 67515), cotton (Rs. 59710), greengram (Rs. 42645), maize (Rs. 33853), onion (Rs. 28068), horse gram (Rs. 22808) and chillies (Rs. 12189). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (66.8 %) followed by onion (11.3 %), redgram (6.3 %), cotton (5.3 %), greengram (5.3 %), horse gram (2.7 %) and chillies (2.6%). 3  In Chikasavanur-1 micro-watershed, major soil is Chikkasavanur (CSR) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 33.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing chillies (15.9 %), maize (49 %) and onion (35.1 %). Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) are also having moderately shallow soil depth cover 33.92 % of area, the crops are cotton (31.3 %), maize (31.3 %) and red gram (37.4 %) each. Mukhadahalli (MKH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 6.8 % of areas; crops are green gram (30.0 %), horse gram (30%) and maize (39.9 %). Tammadahalli (TDH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.87 % of area, crops are maize (94.8 %) and onion (5.2 %). Chikka Tanda (CKT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 5.40 % of area; crop is maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize range between Rs.99160 in CKT soils (with BCR of 0.87) and Rs.19389 in TDH soil (with BCR of 1.24).  In onion the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 76776 in CSR soil (with BCR of 1.16) and Rs.74926 in TDH soil (with BCR of 1.25).  In red gram the cost of cultivation in KGH soil is Rs.28154 (with BCR of 2.25).  In green gram the cost of cultivation in MKH soil is Rs.33961 with (BCR of 0.89).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation in MKH soil is Rs.33961 (with BCR of 1.37) and chillies the cost of cultivation in CSR soil is Rs.105320 (with BCR of 1.09).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. 4  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in chillies (88.3 %), onion (57.8 %), maize (42.8 to 80.8 %), horse gram (24.1 %) and green gram (27.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ramapura-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 577 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 549 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 0.05 ha by rock outcrops and about 28 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 26 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 59 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 36 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 26 per cent of loamy soils and 64 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 63 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 32 per cent area is low (51-100 mm/m) and 4 per cent area is very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75).  About 40 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 50 per is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 5 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  About 70 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 25 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 77 per cent and deficient in 18 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 522(91) Sapota - - Maize - 183(32) Pomegranate - 339(59) Bajra - 522(91) Musambi - 339(59) Groundnut - 183(32) Lime - 339(59) Sunflower - 339(59) Amla - 522(91) Redgram - 339(59) Cashew - - Bengal gram - 522(91) Jackfruit - - Cotton - 522(91) Jamun - 326(57) Chilli - 523(91) Custard apple - 523(91) Tomato - 183(32) Tamarind - 326(57) Drumstick - 339(59) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 523(91) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 523(91)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Ramapura-2 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16033' – 16034'23.736" North latitudes and 77016' – 77019' East longitudes, covering an area of about 576.6 ha, bounded by Ramapura, Balacheda, Rachanalli and Daddala Villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Ramapura-2 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 55.4 to 44.6 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 57.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 48.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste / scheduled tribes are around 36.8 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 100 per cent.  About 23.7 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 15.8 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 94.7 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 36.8 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 94.7 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 44.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 30.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.12212 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.1944.8 per household, about 38.4 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.38265 per household; about 82.7 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1207.5 grams (3010.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 30.7 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 63498 per household. About 7.6 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.3279. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 2236 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 1115717 per year for the total area of 576.6 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 5610/ ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in greengram (Rs.8370) followed by redgram (Rs.7306), cotton (Rs.3491) and groundnut is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.3775/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs.2400) followed by paddy (Rs.1500), cotton (Rs.1406) and redgram (Rs.270 /ha).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hectare water used and value of water was maximum in greengram (Rs. 75812) followed by redgram (Rs. 47218), cotton (Rs. 39009) and groundnut (Rs. 22905). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (58.8 %) followed by cotton (26.8 %), bengalgram (3.9 %), groundnut (3.9 %), greengram (3.5 %) and paddy (3.1 %). 3  In Ramapura-2 micro watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Yalleri (YLR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 25.57 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (53.2 %) and redgram (46.8 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Anur (ANR) are also having deep soil deep cover around 0.97 % of area, the crops are cotton (44.4 %) and redgram was 55.6 % each. Hegganakera (HGN) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 23.42 % of areas, crops are cotton (19.4 %), greengram (18.6 %) and redgram (62.0 %). Halagera (HLG) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 15.53 per cent of area, respectively. The major crops grown are cotton (46.3%), greengram (4.5 %), groundnut (22.7 %) and redgram (26.5 %). Kudlura (KDR) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 3.31 % of area, the major crop grown is paddy (70.6 %) and redgram (29.4 %). Kyathanala (KYT) soil series are having shallow soil depth covers around 3.31 % of area, the major crop grown is redgram (100 %). Sowrashtrahalli (SWR) and Tumkur (TMK) soil series having deep and very deep soil depth cover 1.54 % and 0.41 % of areas respectively; crops are cotton, redgram and greengram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 43158/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.25) and Rs. 15877/ha in KYT soil (with BCR of 1.95).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 43132/ha in HGN soil (with BCR of 1.1) and Rs. 32505/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.12).  In greengram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 40480/ha in HLG soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs. 31151/ha in SWR soil (with BCR of 1.19).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in HLG soil is Rs. 33168/ha (with BCR of 1.04) and paddy cultivation in KDR soil is Rs. 28742/ha (with BCR of 1.7).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (9.1 to 61 %), cotton (35.2 % to 50.5 %), paddy (9.1 %) and groundnut (7.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanekal-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 483 ha in Kanekal-2 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soils, 6 per cent by habitation and water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 6 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 38 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 6 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm) and about 51 per cent soils are deep (100-150cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 49 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 42 per cent loamy soils and 3 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  An area of about 88 per cent has non-gravelly and 7 per cent are gravelly.  About 47 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 32 per cent low (51-100mm/m) and about 15 per cent very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 3 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 49 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 4 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kanekal-2 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 27 (6) 337 (70) Sapota - 46 (9) Maize 27 (6) 110 (23) Guava - 46 (9) Red gram - 273(56) Pomegranate - 273 (56) Bajra 27(6) 356 (74) Jackfruit - 27 (6) Ground nut - 144 (30) Jamun - 246(51) Sunflower - 254 (53) Musambi - 273 (56) Cotton 75 (16) 289 (60) Lime - 273 (56) Bengalgram 75 (16) 289 (60) Cashew - 27 (6) Chilli - 357(74) Custard apple 27 (6) 337 (70) Tomato 27 (6) 129 (27) Amla 27 (6) 337 (70) Drumstick - 273 (56) Tamarind - 246 (51) Mulberry - 27 (6) Marigold - 383 (79) Mango - 47(10) Chrysanthemum - 383 (79) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible, ecological and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the micro watershed. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Kanikal-2 Microwatershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16036' – 16038' North latitudes and 770 17' – 76019' East longitudes, covering an area of about 482.51 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Neelahalli & Gudalagunta villages. Agro Ecological Sub Region (AESR) 6.2: Central and Western Maharashtra Plateau and North Karnataka Plateau and North Western Telangana Plateau, hot moist semi-arid ESR with shallow and medium loamy to clayey Black soil (medium and deep clayey Black soil as inclusion), medium to high AWC and LGP 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal-2 Microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.7 to 43.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58.0 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 33.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC/ST is around 15.4 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 100 per cent.  About 53.8 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (23.8 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 84.6 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 23.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation is decisions making are around 53.8 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 3.1 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and semi-medium farmers. The dry land account 60.8 % and irrigated land is 23 % of total cultivated land among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 17.3 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 65.4 per cent.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.12632 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.10594 per household, about 69.2 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.24722 per livestock; about 69 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1018.8 grams (2232.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 15.3 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.30999 per household.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs.3097 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1328.92 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.786723 per year for the total area of 482.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 12599/ ha/year (Table 21 and Figure 11). Per hectare food production services is maximum in redgram (Rs.9415) followed by wheat (Rs.4139), groundnut (Rs.4070) and cotton (Rs.1842)  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.1662/ ha/year (Table 23). Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in paddy (Rs.1482) followed by groundnut (Rs.1142).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum (Table 22 and Figure 12) in wheat (Rs.53720) followed by redgram (Rs.51938), groundnut (Rs.32067) and cotton (Rs.31513). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (37.4 %) followed by cotton (28.0 %), groundnut (23.5 %), wheat (5.5 %), maize (2.8 %) and paddy (2.8%).  In Kanikal-2 micro-watershed, major soils are soils of alluvial landscape of Sambara (SBR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 15.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (100 %). Soil of 3 Yalleri (YLR) is also having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 7.5 % of area; the crops are paddy (14.3 %) and redgram was 85.7 % each. Nagalapur (NGP) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 5.4 % of areas, crops are redgram (100%). Mundargi (MDG) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 9.7% of area; crops are groundnut (25.0%) and red gram (75.0%). Bhimanahalli (BMN) soil series are having Very deep soil depth cover around 0.5 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are cotton (22.2 %) and redgram (77.8%). Duppali (DPL) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth covers around 12.31 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton (46.2%), groundnut (38.5%) and wheat (15.4). Madhwara (MDR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 31.6 % of areas respectively; crops are cotton.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.44678/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs.16439/ha in NGP soil (with BCR of 1.35).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs 39247/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.06) and Rs.28259/ha in BMN soil (with BCR of 1.09).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 63430/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs. 45749/ha in MDG soil (with BCR of 1.1).  In wheat cost of cultivation in DPL soil is Rs.49805/ha in (with BCR of 1.08).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (3 to 66.3 %), cotton (0 to 63.6 %), groundnut (0 to 52.8 %), wheat is negative return. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Rantur microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 670 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by rock lands, water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 18 soil series and 46 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 96 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 4% is not suitable for agriculture.  About 58 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) to shallow (25- 50 cm) and about 38 per cent are moderately deep to very deep soils.  About 56 per cent of the area has loamy soils, 31 per cent clayey soils and 9 per cent sandy soils has at the surface.  About 12 per cent of the area has non-gravelly, 57 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 27 per cent very gravelly (35- 60%) to extremely gravelly (60-80%) soils.  About 29 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 67 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) and low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 57 per cent area, 8 per cent high (>20ppm) and about 31 per cent area is low (1.0 ppm) in <1 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 38 per cent and sufficient in 58 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient in about 89 per cent area and sufficient in 7 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderat ely suitable (S2) Sorghum 118 (18) 204 (30) Sapota 57 (8) 160 (24) Maize 96 (14) 204(30) Jackfruit 7 (1) 112 (17) Cotton 119(18) 203(30) Jamun 7 (1) 112(17) Sunflower 119 (18) 168(25) Musambi 7 (1) 112(17) Onion 141 (21) 159(24) Lime 7 (1) 112(17) Groundnut 113 (17) 365(54) Cashew 7 (1) 174 (26) Chilli 136 (20) 186(28) Custard apple 119 (18) 420(62) Sugarcane 119 (18) 111(17) Amla 119(18) 420 (62) Pomegranate 119 (18) 119 (18) Tamarind 7(1) 112(17) Tomato 190 (22) 191(28) Marigold 190 (28) 194 (29) Guava 70 (10) 140 (21) Chrysanthemu m 190 (28) 194 (29) Mango 7 (1) 112(17) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Rantur micro-watershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1505' – 1507' North latitudes and 75036' – 75039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 670 ha, bounded by Belhatti, Devihal, Chikasavanur and Machinahalli villages with an length of growing period (LGP) 150- 180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Rantur micro-watershed (Nilogal subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 55.6 to 44.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 31.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 80 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 70 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 60 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (60 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among the all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decision making for agriculture production of households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.26 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 76.3 % and irrigated land 23.7 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 33.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is the subsidiary occupation around 62.2 percent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15759 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 169500 per household, about 20 per cent of sample farmers having sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 8163 per household; about 37.5 per cent of household are having bullocks.  The average per capita food consumption is around 808.9 grams (1759.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 60 gram. Around 40 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.1113 per household. Among the all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1358. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 609 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 392197 per year for the total area of 670.28 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 13035/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs.7497) followed by onion (Rs.5348), sunflower (Rs. 3663), maize (Rs. 1285) and red gram is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1654/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 3862) followed by sorghum (Rs. 656).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 61682) followed by sorghum (Rs. 35290), maize (Rs. 26373), sunflower (Rs. 24777) and onion (Rs.15676). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (67.5 %) followed by onion (12.9 %), Sorghum (10.1 %) and sunflower (9.5 %).  In Rantur Microwatershed, major soil is Tammmadahalli (TDH) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 3.91 % of area. On this soil 3 farmers are presently growing maize (78.5 %) and sunflower (21.5 %). Chikkamegeri (CKM) are also having moderately deep soil depth cover 2.49 % of area, and the crop is maize (100 %). Gollarahatti (GHT) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 3.82 % of areas, crop is red gram. Hooradahalli (HDH) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 2.81 % of area, crop is bajra maize. Kanchikere (KKR) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 8.09 % of area; the major crop is growing sorghum. Kumchahalli (KMH) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 9.39 % of area, the major crop grown is maize. Vaddarahalli (VDH) soil series having deep soil depth cover 7.37 % of areas; crop is maize. Muradi (MRD) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 1.07 % of areas; crop is maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 46647/ha in VDH soil (with BCR of 1.05) and Rs. 13567/ha in THD soil (with BCR of 1.45).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in TDH soil is Rs 19892/ha (with of 1.18).  In red gram the cost of cultivation in GHT soil is Rs. 63090/ha (with BCR of 0.99).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in KKR soil is Rs.15659/ha (with BCR of 1.52) and onion the cost of cultivation in MRD soil is Rs 23469/ha (with BCR of 1.23).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. 4  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in Maize (61.3 to 83.6 %), onion (76.4 %), red gram (7.1 %), sunflower (54.8 %), sorghum (58.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bijjur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was generated with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the micro-wartershed. The present study covers an area of 560 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent by rock lands, waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 99 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 21 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm), about 30 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) soils, 45 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and two per cent are very shallow (25-75 cm).  About 96 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 3 per cent are loamy soils at the surface.  About 6 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 56 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 25 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0) and only one per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm).  Available iron, manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 99 per cent area has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 21 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 191 (34) 100 (18) Jackfruit - 16 (3) Maize - 40 (7) Jamun - 81 (24) Bengalgram 150 (27) 377 (67) Musambi 57 (10) 216 (39) Groundnut - 16 (3) Lime 21 (4) 252 (45) Sunflower 21 (4) 252 (45) Cashew - - Cotton 150 (27) 249 (45) Custard Apple 150 (27) 123 (22) Banana - 274 (49) Amla 21 (4) 252(45) Pomegranate - 251 (45) Tamarind - 180 (32) Mango - 139 (25) Marigold - 449 (80) Sapota - 16 (3) Chrysanthemum - 449 (80) Guava - 60 (11)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Bijjur-1 Micro-watershed (Kanakvad sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1501' – 1503' North latitudes and 75037' – 75040' East longitudes, covering an area of about 560 ha, bounded by Chiksavanur, Govankop, Hosur, Narayanapur and Nagarmaduvu villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Bijjur-1 Microwatershed (Kanakvad subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 58.6 to 41.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 50 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 77.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to schedules caste (SC) is around 30 per cent.  Fire wood is the major source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swachha bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.7 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 0.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all sample households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land of dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 9.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 59.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.30526 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.81730 per household, about 60 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 22800 per household; about 81.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 766.3 grams (1601.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.21480 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.961. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1068 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 593586 per year for the total area of 560 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 1075 ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 3920) followed by sunflower (Rs. 3519), sorghum (Rs. 1654) and horse gram (Rs. 1615), cotton (Rs. 2564) and ground nut is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is Rs. 1505 ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 4940) followed by maize (Rs. 2142), sorghum (Rs. 1455) and horse gram (Rs. 494/).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs.69661) fallowed by maize (Rs. 20545), horse gram (Rs.15205), ground nut (Rs. 20614), sorghum (Rs. 28693) and sunflower (Rs. 27713). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is followed by maize (61.3 %) fallowed by sorghum (17.6 %), sunflower (6.4 %), horse gram (6.3 %), cotton (4.2 %) and groundnut (4.2 %).  In Bijjur-1 Microwatershed, major soil are soils of banded ferruginous quartzite landscape of Attikatti (AKT) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 8.6 % of area; on this soil farmers are presently growing maize (92.5 %) and groundnut (7.5 %). Yelisirunj (YSJ) is also having shallow soil depth cover around 5.9 % of area, the crops are sorghum. Venkatapur (VKP) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 25.6 % of areas, crops are maize. Jelligere (JLG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 16.6 % of area, crops are horse gram (41.6 %), maize (16.8 %) and sunflower (41.6 %). Varavi (VRV) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 13.8 % of area; the major crops grown are cotton (32.8 %), maize (18 %) and sorghum (49.2 %). Dhoni (DNI) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 2.9 % of area, the major crop grown is maize. Kalasapur (KPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover 10.64 % of area; crops are sorghum.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 35712/ha in JLG soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 1339/ha in VKP soil (with BCR of 2.06).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 16589/ha in VRV soil (with of 1.13) and Rs.14829/ha in YSJ soil (with BCR of 1.22).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in AKT soil is Rs. 43872/ha (with BCR of 0.96).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation in JLG soil Rs. 20615/ha (with BCR of 1.14).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in JLG soil is Rs.17064/ha (with BCR of 1.21) and cotton the cost of cultivation in VRV soil is Rs. 40661/ha (with BCR of 1.06).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. 4 Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (70.5 to 84.8%), sorghum (64.8 to 68 %), groundnut (56.6 %), horse gram (49.4 %) and sunflower (49.4%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 408 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 99 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 33 per cent of the soils are deep (100 - 150 cm) to moderately deep (75-100 cm), 40 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 26 per cent are very shallow (200 mm/m) in 20 per cent in available water capacity.  About 90 per cent area has gently to very gently sloping (1-5% slope) lands and 9 per cent is under moderately sloping (5-10%) lands.  An area of about 53 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 34 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 11 per cent soils severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 16 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) and 82 per cent strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Entire area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 99 per cent area and about one per cent area is high (>20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 52 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 31 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in 15 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 11 per cent area and sufficient in 88 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 32 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 66 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 21 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 119 (29) 39 (9) Jackfruit - - Maize - 39 (9) Jamun - 80 (20) Bengalgram 71 (17) 130 (32) Musambi 80 (20) 39 (9) Groundnut - - Lime 80 (20) 39 (9) Sunflower 80 (20) 39 (9) Cashew - - Cotton 80 (20) 77 (19) Custard Apple 119 (29) 39 (9) Banana - 119 (29) Amla 119 (29) 39 (9) Pomegranate - 119 (29) Tamarind - 80 (20) Mango - 81 (20) Marigold - 157 (39) Sapota - - Chrysanthemum - 157 (39) Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Hosur-1 micro-watershed (Kanakvad sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1502' – 1504' North latitudes and 77039' – 75041' East longitudes, covering an area of about 600 ha, bounded by Chikasavanur, Suganhalli, Vadi and Alginvad villages with length of growing period (LGP)150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Hosur-1 Microwatershed (Kanakvad subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.2 to 45.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 61 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 79.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 60 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 60 per cent.  About 30.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (60.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 50 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.7 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among the all sample households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.2 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 74.3 % and irrigated land 25.7 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 50.9 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 30.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 49259 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 120192 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers having plough and weeder  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 25199 per household; about 82 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 878.4 grams (1954.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 20 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 20280 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1116. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1927 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 774753 per year for the total area of 407.98 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 20159/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in banana (Rs. 53650) followed by onion (Rs. 6420), sunflower (Rs. 3594) and maize (Rs. 2941) and groundnut is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 4289/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 6116) and maize (Rs. 2462).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in banana (Rs. 175617) followed by groundnut (Rs. 26177), maize (Rs. 21261), onion (Rs. 16796) and sunflower (Rs. 18579). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (77.6 %) followed by sunflower (9.7 %), onion (7.2 %), banana (3.6 %) and groundnut (1.9 %).  In Hosuru-1 micro-watershed, major soils Shirol (SRL) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 8.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing sunflower, Soil of schist landscape of Soratur (SRT) are also having very shallow soil depth cover 6.9 % of area, the major crop is maize. Kabulayathkatti (KLK) soil series having very shallow soil depth cover around 6.7 % of area, crops are groundnut (50.0 %) and maize (50.0 %). Yelisirunj (YSJ) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 25.1 % of area, crops are maze (65 %) and onion (35 %). Attikatti (ATT) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 9.0 % of area; major crop is maize. Kalasapur (KPR) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 8.7 % of area, the major crop grown is maize. Mahalingapur (MPT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 10.9 % of areas; crops are banana (46.2 %) and maize (53.8 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.34182/ha in KLK soil (with BCR of 0.92) and Rs.15866/ha in YSJ soil (with BCR of 1.49).  In banana the cost of cultivation in MPT soil is Rs. 213110/ha (with BCR of 1.25).  In onion the cost of cultivation in YSJ soil is Rs. 42980/ha (with BCR of 1.15).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in KLK soil is Rs.45307/ha (with BCR of 1.09) and sunflower the cost of cultivation in SRL soil is Rs 15725/ha (with BCR of 1.23).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (73.4 to 83.9 %), sunflower (66.1 %), onion (74.7 %), groundnut (44.9 %) and banana (43.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nilogal Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 453 ha in Nilogal microwatershed in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm. Of which 363 mm precipitation takes place during south–west monsoon period, the north-east monsoon contributes about 165 mm and the remaining 105 mm takes place during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 150 cm) to deep (100-150 cm), 10 per cent moderately deep (75 - 100 cm), 57 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm).  About 82 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 13 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 21 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 50 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area  The land suitability for 21 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 78 (17) 184 (40) Jackfruit 12 (3) 76 (17) Maize 12 (3) 90 (20) Jamun 12 (3) 102 (22) Bengal gram 78(17) 315 (70) Musambi 33(7) 134(29) Groundnut - 63(14) Lime 33 (7) 134 (29) Sunflower 78 (17) 258 (57) Cashew 12 (3) 89 (20) Cotton 33 (7) 269 (59) Custard apple 78 (17) 199 (44) Banana 12 (3) 160 (35) Amla 78 (17) 258(57) Pomegranate 12 (3) 160 (35) Tamarind - 122(27) Mango - 12 (3) Marigold 12 (3) 358 (79) Guava 12 (3) 197 (21) Chrysanthamum 12 (3) 358 (79) Sapota 12 (3) - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.   Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Nilogal micro-watershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1503' – 1504' North latitudes and 75035' – 75037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 453 ha, bounded by Belhatti, Bikonahatti, Bodihal and Jirmahadapura villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Nilogal micro-watershed (Nilogal subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 58 to 42 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 70 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 40 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 20 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all the sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 8.0 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 10 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making is among all the households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.33 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 84.1 % and irrigated land 15.9 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 2.9 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 70.59 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 131131 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 138917 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 22097 per household; about 73 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 843.2 grams (1757.06 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.2672.6 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1266. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 580 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 249237 per year for the total area of 453.21 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 3535/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 6559) followed by onion (Rs. 5013), maize (Rs. 1716) and groundnut (Rs. 852).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2088/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 3562) and groundnut (Rs. 614).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 47548) followed by maize (Rs. 31572), ground nut (Rs. 23931) and onion (Rs. 16796). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (52.1 %) followed by cotton (29.6 %), groundnut (14.6 %) and onion (3.6 %).  In Nilogal micro-watershed, major soil is Revanki (RNK) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (68.9 %) and cotton (31.1 %), Kethanpura (KTP) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.89 % of area; crops growing are maize (21.2 %) and groundnut (78.8 %), Tammadahalli (TDH) series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 14.89 % of area; growing crops are maize (52.3%) and cotton (47.7 %). Kanchikere (KKR) series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 5.30 % of area; growing maize. Kalasapur (KPR) series having deep soil depth cover around 4.55 % area crop is cotton. Nagavi Tanda (NGT) series having very deep soil depth cover around 19.53 % area growing crops is maize. Soils of Schist landscape of Venkatapur (VKP) series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.42 % of area growing maize. Varavi (VRV) series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 4.59 % of area; crops growing maize (66.7 %) and onion (33.33 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 57880/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.08) and Rs. 35059/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 1.19).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 47593/ha in VKP soil (with BCR of 1.08) and Rs.31995/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.37).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.39247/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.1) and Rs. 17619/ha in NSP soil (with BCR of 2.36).  In onion the cost of cultivation in VRV soil is Rs.87612/ha (with BCR of 1.06) and groundnut the cost of cultivation is Rs 28395/ha in KTP soil (with BCR of 1.05).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (44.6 to 13.2 %), onion (74.7 %), maize (64.3 to 75.2 %) and ground nut (49.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yaadahalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 662 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 597 ha (90%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 7 ha (1%) by rock outcrops and 58 ha (9%) by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 32 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), 28 per cent soils are deep (100 to 150 cm), 20 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 2 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 8 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm).  About 22 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 49 per cent loamy soils and 19 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 86 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 6 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 84 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 6 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 84 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded in the microwatershed.  An area of about 2 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 44 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 22 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 20 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 2 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 62 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 28 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 88 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 2 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 75 per cent and 15 per cent of the soils are medium (10-20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 74 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in an area of 16 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 455(69) 87(13) Guava - 130(20) Maize 58(9) 433(65) Sapota - 131(20) Bajra 109(16) 433(65) Pomegranate - 528(80) Groundnut - 138(21) Musambi 389(59) 139(21) Sunflower 389(59) 139(21) Lime 389(59) 139(21) Redgram - 528(80) Amla 66(10) 475(72) Bengal gram 397(60) 81(12) Cashew - 66(10) Cotton 389(59) 88(13) Jackfruit - 131(20) Chilli - 542(82) Jamun - 397(60) Tomato 58(9) 401(60) Custard apple 476(72) 65(10) Brinjal 120(18) 421(64) Tamarind - 397(60) Onion 161(24) 101(16) Mulberry - 131(20) Bhendi 299(45) 242(37) Marigold - 542(82) Drumstick - 528(80) Chrysanthemum - 542(82) Mango - 46(7)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yaadahalli-2 is located at North latitude 160 49' 50.825" and 160 48' 22.582" and East longitude 770 10' 36.282'' and 770 8' 22.441" covering an area of about 661.39 ha coming underYaddalli, Bandhalli and Honagera villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yaadahalli-2 micro watersheds of Hattikuni subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 farmers were sampled in Yaadahalli-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 19 (52.78%) were marginal, 6 (16.67%) were small and 5 (13.89 %) were semi medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 127 (55.70%) men and 101 (44.30 %) were women. The average population of landless was 6.7, marginal farmers were 6.5, semi medium farmers were 5.7 and medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (56.14%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 74.12 per cent illiterates, 25.44 per cent pre university education and 2.63 per cent attained graduation.  About, 77.78 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.78 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 60.09 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 52.78 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 33.33 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 61.11 per cent possess TV, 2.78 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.44 per cent possess mobile phones and 33.33 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 22.22 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.56 per cent possess tractor, 5.56 per cent possess bullock cart and 13.89 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.33 per cent possess local cow and 2.78 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.89, women available in the micro watershed was 1.69, hired labour (men) available was 7.83 and hired labour (women) available was 5.97.  Further, 19.44 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 2.63 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1150.00 kms for about 12.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 65.61 per cent (24.20 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 30.71 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 9.00 live bore wells and 9.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 25.00 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 107.16 per cent.  Out of the sample households 77.78 percent possessed bank account and 47.22 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 38.89 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 14.29 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 64.29 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 92.31 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.50570.78 , 33213.31, 61554.52, 57120.33, and 40238.12 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.03, 1: 2.90, 1: 2.30, 1: 1.40, and 1:1.50, respectively.  Further, 30.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 230574.94 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 62213.89 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 14 horticulture trees and 44 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 15694.44 for land development and Rs. 27083.33 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.78 per cent depends on own funds and 11.11 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 61.11 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 25.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 80.56 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (55.56%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 77.78 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 83.33 per cent of the households and 16.67 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 83.33 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 41.67 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 91.67 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 8.33 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (83.33%), pulses (88.89%) and oilseeds (52.78%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (63.89 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (47.22%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.78%), inadequacy of irrigation water (58.33%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.78%), high rate of interest on credit (77.78%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.78 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (63.89%), inadequate extension services (27.78 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (72.22%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 576 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 70 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 30 ha by rock outcrops, others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire cultivated area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 2 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are shallow (25-50 cm), 5 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 4 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 58 per cent are deep (100-150 cm) and 1 per cent soils are very deep (>150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 2 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 54 per cent are loamy soils and 14 percent soils are clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum area of about 68 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 57 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 14 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) soils.  An area of about 57 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 14 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 2 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 5 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 49 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8- 8.4) and 15 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 1 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 60 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 10 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 59 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 17 per cent soils.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 23 (4) 234 (41) Guava - 23 (4) Maize 23 (4) 234 (41) Sapota - 23 (4) Bajra 23 (4) 234 (41) Pomegranate - 23 (4) Groundnut - 52 (9) Musambi - 23 (4) Sunflower - 23 (4) Lime - 23 (4) Redgram - 228 (40) Amla 23 (4) 29 (5) Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - 23 (4) Jackfruit - 23 (4) Chilli 23 (4) 29 (5) Jamun - - Tomato 23 (4) 29 (5) Custard apple 52 (9) - Brinjal 23 (4) 29 (5) Tamarind - - Onion 23 (4) 29 (5) Mulberry - 23 (4) Bhendi 23 (4) 29 (5) Marigold 23 (4) 29 (5) Drumstick - 23 (4) Chrysanthemum 23 (4) 29 (5) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 5 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir Rf-2 is located at North latitude 160 51' 34.686" and 160 50' 14.901" and East longitude 770 12' 14.251'' and 770 10' 18.907" covering an area of about 564.17 ha coming under Hattikuni, Katagi Shahapura, Yadahalli and Honageri villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir Rf-2 micro watersheds of Hattikuni subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgir Rf-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 12 (34.29%) were marginal, 11 (31.43%) were small, 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 89 (56.33%) men and 69 (43.67 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.8, marginal farmers were 4.4, small farmers were 4.8, semi medium farmers were 3.7 and medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (39.87%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 50.00 per cent illiterates, 0.63 percent were functional literates, 43.03 per cent pre university education and 2.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 88.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 33.54 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 54.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.43 per cent possess TV, 82.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 11.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 11.43 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.53, women available in the micro watershed was 1.42, hired labour (men) available was 7.38 and hired labour (women) available was 6.74.  Further, 60.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 6.96 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1114.83 kms for about 6.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 72.89 per cent (40.31 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 25.10 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 5.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 14.29 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Sorghum, Cotton, Groundnut and Maize and cropping intensity was recorded as 89.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 88.57 percent possessed bank account and 82.86 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 82.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Sorghum, Cotton, Groundnut and Maize was Rs.37227.18, 25478.65, 34967.43, 43716.27 and 27475.11 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.50, 1: 0.80 and 1:1.80 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 69780.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 33694.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 8 horticulture trees and 42 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 14.29 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5428.57 for land development and Rs. 228.57 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds and 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 48.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 28.57 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 62.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (74.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 74.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 14.29 per cent of farmers practicing summer ploughing as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households and 8.57 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 80.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 51.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (68.57%) and oilseeds (28.57%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (65.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (60.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (40.00%), high rate of interest on credit (28.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (28.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (34.29%), inadequate extension services (31.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (62.86%), Less rainfall (34.29%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (31.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Guralgunta Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 580 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 570 ha (98%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 10 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 55per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 43 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 41 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 54 per cent clayey soils, 3 per cent are sandy at the surface.  About 97 per cent area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 15 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 39 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 31 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4) and 14 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 83 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 16 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 98 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and less than 1 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in an area of 65 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1(0.13) 430(73) Sapota - 15(3) Maize 1(0.13) 124(21) Pomegranate - 322(64) Bajra 1(0.13) 444(77) Musambi 187(33) 135(24) Groundnut - 58(9) Lime 187(33) 135(24) Sunflower - 308(53) Amla 1(0.13) 429(74) Redgram - 322(55) Cashew - 1(0.13) Bengal gram 187(32) 245(42) Jackfruit - 1(0.13) Cotton 187(32) 244(42) Jamun - 316(54) Chilli - 381(66) Custard apple 188(32) 242(42) Tomato 1(0.13) 138(24) Tamarind - 316(54) Drumstick - 322(55) Mulberry - 1(0.13) Mango - - Marigold - 446(76) Guava - 15(3) Chrysanthemum - 446(76)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Guralgunta micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16036' – 16038' North latitudes and 770 18' – 77020' East longitudes, covering an area of about 579.68 ha, bounded by Gudalagunta, Madhawara, Sambara and Neelahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Guralgunta micro-watershed in Yadgiri taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.2 to 43.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 60.56 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 51.9 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) are around 51.1 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 23.4 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 17.02 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 95.74 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 31.91 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 59.6 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.11 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The account for dry land of 99.10 ha among the total cultivated land among the sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation is only 26.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 36.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.68834 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.110163 per household, about 63.8 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.22533 per household; about 83.56 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 829.2 grams (1930.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 51 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 28666 per household. About 100 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2337. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. Rs.7421/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in castor (Rs.27044) followed by groundnut (Rs.12645), paddy (Rs.8306), cotton (Rs. 6273), red gram (Rs. 5098), sorghum (Rs. 657), maize (Rs. 158) and greengram is a negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2076/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 4355) followed by sorghum (Rs. 2470), paddy (Rs.1067) and groundnut (Rs. 412).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hectare water used and value of water was maximum in castor (Rs.95000) followed by green gram (Rs.76760), redgram (Rs. 50465), cotton (Rs. 46165), paddy (Rs. 40001), groundnut (Rs. 35830), sorghum (Rs. 33879) and maize (Rs. 26734). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (55.8 %) followed by cotton (19.2 %), paddy (6.9 %), groundnut (4.2 %), maize (3.2 %), bengalgram (2.8%) and greengram (0.9 %). 3  The total cost of cultivation in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.54130/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.15) and Rs.42145/ha in large farmers (with BCR of 1.09).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs.75798/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.03) and Rs.40397/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.07).  In red gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs.46222/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.12) and Rs.12089/ha in large farmers (with BCR of 1.63).  In castor the cost of cultivation is Rs.52756/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.51).  In greengram the cost of cultivation is Rs.45273/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.09).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.51484/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.61) and Rs.31198/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.12).  In paddy the cost of cultivation range between Rs.52937/ha in large farmers (with BCR of 1.21) and Rs.24122/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.16).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs.21573/ha in medium farmers (with BCR of 1.14).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (22.28 to 42.2 %), groundnut (27.7 % to 54.6 %), maize (67.3 to 78.42 %), paddy (36.7 to 82.3 %), redgram (5.32 % to 63.1 %) and sorghum (60.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Muganahunse Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 583 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and 84 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), .  About 19 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 76 per cent loamy soils.  About 79 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 16 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel).  About 9 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 20 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) and 75 per cent very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 87 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 8 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  Maximum area of about 56 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic to strongly acid (pH 5.0-6.5), 31 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 8 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) to strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 75 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 20 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in entire area.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in an area of about 91 per cent and medium (0.5- 1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 78 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 33 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 179 (31) 240 (41) Guava 155 (27) 173 (30) Fodder Sorghum 179 (31) 240 (41) Pomegranate 179 (31) 178 (31) Maize 155 (27) 235 (40) Banana 179 (31) 178 (31) Upland paddy 303 (52) 168 (29) Jackfruit 179 (31) 149 (26) Finger millet 179 (31) 216 (34) Jamun 109 (19) 125 (21) Redgram 179 (31) 240 (41) Musambi 179 (31) 178 (31) Horse gram 303 (52) 249(43) Lime 179 (31) 178 (31) Field bean 179 (31) 240 (41) Cashew 155 (27) 147 (25) Cowpea 179 (31) 240 (41) Custard apple 303 (52 ) 249(43) Groundnut 279 (48) 194 (33) Amla 303 (52 ) 249 (43) Sunflower 179 (31) 178 (31) Tamarind 152 (26) 82 (14) Onion 179 (31) 240 (41) Marigold 303 (52) 198 (34) Chilli 303 (52) 117 (20) Chrysanthemum 303 (52) 198 (34) Brinjal 303 (52) 117 (20) Jasmine 303 (52) 198 (34) Tomato 303 (52) 117 (20) Coconut 279 (48) 112 (19) Mango 109 (19) 96 (16) Arecanut 279 (48) 112 (19) Sapota 179 (31) 149 (26) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also helps in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Muganahunse micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13024' – 13026' North latitudes and 76051' – 76054' East longitudes, covering an area of about 583.03 ha, bounded by Sanabanahalli, Maranahalli, Madhenahalli and Pinnenahalli villages with length of growing period(LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Muganahunse micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 41.2 to 58.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 84.3 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste is around 90 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is source of energy for a cooking among all the sample households.  About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 20 per cent of households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent.  Women participation in decisions making are agriculture related activities among all households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The rainfed land account for 17.2 % and irrigated land is 82.8 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 35.2 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 31.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15709 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 79912 per household; about 90 per cent of sample farmers are having plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs 23333 per household; about 92 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 699.5 grams (1474 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 94332 per household. About 50 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs 1055. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 372 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 205828 per year for the total area of 583.03 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grains production is around Rs. 82661 ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in mango (Rs. 160443) followed by areca nut (Rs. 115765), coconut (Rs. 51611) and ragi (Rs. 2826).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1235/ ha/year in ragi.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 219421) followed by mango (Rs. 88920), ragi (Rs. 9055) and areca nut (Rs. 5818). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is coconut (57.4 %) followed by areca nut (24.3 %), ragi (11.7 %), mango (3.5 %), bajra (3.7 %) and red gram (3.2 %).  In Muganahunse micro watershed, major soils of Gollarahatti (GHT) series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 21.18 % of area. On this soil 3 farmers are presently growing coconut. Jedigere (JDG) soil series is also having deep soil depth cover around 14.65 % of area; the crops are areca nut (27.8 %), coconut (54.6%) and ragi (17.6). Kumchahalli (KMH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 11.99 % of areas, crops are areca nut (29.5 %) and coconut (60.7 %). mango (9.8 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs. 66564/ha in GHT soil (with BCR of 2.17) and Rs. 30138 /ha in JDG soil (with BCR of 3.5).  In areca nut the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 55973/ha in KMH soil (with of 3.53) and Rs. 44128/ha in JDG soil (with BCR of 3.64).  In mango the cost of cultivation in KMH soil Rs. 61857/ha (with BCR of 3.59) and ragi the cost of cultivation in JDG soil Rs. 15699/ha (with BCR of 1.26).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer More applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in areca nut (85.2 to 89.3 %), coconut (33.8 to 65.8 %), mango (49.4 %) and ragi (75.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belhatti-5 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 532 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm, of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 81 per cent is covered by soils and 19 per cent is covered by rock lands and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 9 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 81 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 19 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 45 per cent of the soils are very shallow (150 cm) soils.  About 62 per cent of the area has loamy, 8 per cent sandy and 11 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 19 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 43 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel), 15 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils and 4% of the soils are extremely gravelly.  About 61 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) and 32 per cent low in organic carbon.  An area of about 18 per cent low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in an area of about 48 per cent and 33 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 45 per cent, low (1.0 ppm).  Available iron is deficient in about 27 per cent and sufficient in 54 per cent area.  Available manganese is sufficient in the entire microwatershed area.  Available copper is sufficient in the entire microwatershed area.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 1 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 80per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 133(25) 136(26) Sapota 27(5) 119(22) Maize 107(20) 136(26) Jackfruit 12(2) 69(13) Cotton 81(15) 189(35) Jamun 12(2) 69(13) Sunflower 81(15) 128(24) Musambi 12(2) 69(13) Onion 82(15) 161(30) Lime 12(2) 69(13) Groundnut 131(24) 177(33) Cashew 12(2) 156(29) Chilli 97(18) 172(32) Custard apple 81(15) 272(51) Sugarcane 81(15) 68(13) Amla 81(15) 272(51) Pomegranate 81(15) 92(17) Tamarind 12(2) 69(13) Tomato 97(18) 199 (37) Marigold 97(18) 221(41) Guava 66(12) 80(15) Chrysanthemum 97(18) 221(41) Mango 12(2) 69(13) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops. xvii  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for the problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Belhatti-5 Microwatershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1503' – 1506' North latitudes and 75037' – 75039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 532 ha, bounded by Narayanpur, Chiksavanur, Rantur, Konchigeri villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Belhatti-5 Microwatershed (Belhatti subwatershed) in Shirahatti taluk and Gadag district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54 to 46 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 52 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 86 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) were among all sample households.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 30 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (70%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in local organisation was among all sample households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land account for 80.6 per cent and irrigated land 19.4 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 50 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 46 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 14215 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 81533 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 42083 per household; about 64.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 769.5 grams (1706.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.24714 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1048. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.847 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 365940 per year for the total area of 532.06 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 8551/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 23224) followed by horse gram (Rs. 6654), maize (Rs. 3454) and green gram (Rs. 874).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2762 ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 4867) followed by maize (Rs. 2808) and green gram (Rs. 612).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water maize (Rs. 37890), horse gram (Rs. 29284), green gram (Rs. 26405) and onion (Rs. 13437). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (83.1 %) followed by green gram (9.8 %), horse gram (4.0 %) and onion (3.0 %).  In Belhatti-5 Microwatershed, major soil is Kagalipura (KGP) series is having shallow soil depth covered around 4.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing horse gram. Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) soil series also having moderately shallow soil depth cover 18.1 % of area; the crops are horse gram (7.0 %) and maize (93.0 %). Tammadahalli (TDH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.0 per cent of areas, crops is maize (87.3%) and onion (12.7 %). Kethanapura (KTP) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.34 per cent of area, crops are green gram. Chikkamegheri (CKM) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 3.0 per cent of area; the major crops grown are maize. Gollarahatti (GHT) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth covers around 9.13 per cent of area, the major crop grown is maize. Jelligere (JLG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover 5.0 per cent of areas; crops are maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.132251 in CKM soil (with BCR of 0.96) and Rs.10239 in KGH soil (with BCR of 2.09).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 58540 in KGP soil (with of 1.06) and Rs.37563 in KGH soil (with BCR of 1.51).  In onion cost of cultivation in TDH soil is Rs. 50876/ha (with BCR of 1.46) and green gram cost of cultivation in KTP soil is Rs. 16332/ha (with BCR of 1.09).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in onion (79.8 %), maize (4.7 to 79.2 %), green gram (55.2 %) and horse gram (6.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sanganahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 513 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units), and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 99 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  About 5 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 93 per cent loamy soils.  About 94 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 4 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel).  About 40 per cent has soils that are very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 13 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur content is medium (10-20 ppm) in the entire microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 93 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 77 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (Class S1) and moderately suitable (Class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 186 (36) 118 (23) Guava 4(1) 185 (36) Fodder Sorghum 186 (36) 118 (23) Pomegranate 186 (36) 118 (23) Maize 4(1) 182 (35) Banana 186 (36) 118 (23) Upland paddy 186 (36) 232 (45) Jackfruit 186 (36) 321 (63) Finger millet 186 (36) 114 (22) Jamun 186 (36) 118 (23) Red gram 186 (36) 118 (23) Musambi 186 (36) 118 (23) Horse gram 186 (36) 322 (63) Lime 186 (36) 118 (23) Field bean 186 (36) 118 (23) Cashew 186(36) 322 (63) Cowpea 186 (36) 118 (23) Custard apple 186(36) 322 (63) Groundnut - 207 (40) Amla 186 (36 ) 322 (63) Sunflower 186 (36) 118 (23) Tamarind 186 (36) 118 (23) Onion 186 (36) 118 (23) Marigold 186 (36) 204 (40) Chilli 186 (36) 118 (23) Chrysanthemum 186 (36) 204 (40) Brinjal 186 (36) 118 (23) Jasmine 186 (36) 204 (40) Tomato 186 (36) 118 (23) Coconut 4(1) 182 (35) Mango 186 (36) 321 (63) Arecanut 4(1) 182 (35) Sapota 186 (36) 321 (63) Mulbery - (3906) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Sanganahalli micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13026' – 13027' North latitudes and 76051'– 76053' East longitudes, covering an area of about 513.42 ha, bounded by Madhenahalli, Chelur, Harehalli and Sanganahalli villages. With an length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Sanganahalli Microwatershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk and Tumkur district) presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 46.6 to 53.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 79.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 55.0 per cent.  Light petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 70.0 per cent.  About 27.2 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.2 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 10.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 61.9 % and irrigated land 38.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 64.5 per cent and agriculture is the main agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 33.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 11595 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 8398 per household, about 60.0 per cent of sample farmers having weeder and sprayer (30.0 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 23339 per household; about 52.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 683.8 grams (1482.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 41297 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1012. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 350 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 177305 per year for the total area of 513.1 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 57854/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 58886) followed by the mango (Rs. 56822), ragi (Rs. 8191), horse gram (Rs. 4381) and red gram (Rs. 1564).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1893/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in ragi (Rs. 2305) and horse gram (Rs. 1482).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 343185) followed by red gram (Rs. 67233), mango (Rs. 23323) and horse gram (Rs. 20907). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is ragi (33.2 %) followed by mango (28.2 %), coconut (19.2 %), horse gram (13.3%) and red gram (6.1 %).  In Sanganahalli Microwatershed, major soils are Bidanagere (BDG) series is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 22.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing coconut (20.1 %) and mango (79.9 %). Niduvalalu (NDL) is also having very deep soil depth cover 16.8 % of area, the crops are coconut (69.1 %) and horse gram (30.9 %). Ranatur (RTR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 35.5 % of areas, crops are coconut (50.0 %) and mango (50.0 %) and Thondigere (TDG) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 22.9 % of area, crops are coconut (25.2 %), horse gram (18.7 %), ragi (46.7 %) and red gram (9.3 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs.90395/ha in NDL soil (with BCR of 1.95) and Rs.19835 /ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 4.48).  In mango the cost of cultivation range between Rs 17724/ha in BDG soil (with of 5.79) and Rs17166/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 4.32).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 27090/ha in NDL soil (with BCR of 1.01) and Rs. 11695/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.95).  In ragi cost of cultivation in TDG soil is Rs. 20625/ha (with BCR of 1.61) and in red gram the cost of cultivation in TDG soil is Rs. 47836/ha (with BCR of 1.0.3).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project