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Social networks have emerged relatively recently in human life, but have already become an integral part of it. Companies tell about themselves, their activities, innovations, promotions and events in their profiles. This helps increase audience coverage, tell more about your brand, products, services. People in personal accounts have the opportunity to share their lives and creativity through photos, videos and texts. Now it is not necessary to receive higher education to become an operator, director or actor whose talent is recognized by society. It is enough to start a page on the social network and start sharing your knowledge and creativity.To find out why people post photos, videos and write texts on their social networks, a pilot sociological study was carried out. The method of deep interview with active users of social networks was chosen to carry out the study. The interview allowed getting unique information, to learn the opinion of users about social networks, the impact of the new way of communication on their life, to identify the reasons why users start and maintain profiles.The respondents were 20 users of social networks between the ages of 19 and 22. Interviewees have profiles on the most popular Instagram and Vkontakte networks. As a result of the analysis of the interview, a tendency was revealed to differ in the perception of users of their actions on the social network and similar actions of other users. Their content is perceived by them as opportunities to be in sight, as a resource to form their social status and an element of influence on their reference group. And the same content published by others is perceived as boasting.

The paper discusses one of topical problems, connected to a distress of a child being diagnosed with a genetic disease situation – parents' coping with that. An attempt was made to determine what strategies and resources not only contribute to the parental coping with the situation of the child's diagnosis, but also the subjective well-being of the parents? The authors present the results of narratives of native parents of children with Down syndrome (received from charity societies and open sources; n = 52). The emotional aspect of parents' experience, their difficulties at the stage of recognising the diagnosis, coping strategies and resources involved in accepting process, and the parents` subjective well-being at the stages of recognising the diagnosis and the stage of the interview (after 1—12 years) are analysed. The Ronald Fisher's multifunctional angular transformation was used for analysing the differences. Mothers and fathers show no differences in the perception and assessment of difficulties at the stages of recognition of the diagnosis and the moment of the interview, but there are significant differences in the resources and strategies for coping with these difficulties. Features of difficulties at different stages, differences in the structure of resources and the intensity of coping strategies (especially among mothers) indicate the dynamics of experiencing the situation and adapting to it.

The relevance of the present study is confirmed by an order for retraining specialists for education and the social sphere who can act as mediators and form a culture of peaceful conflict resolution in a multicultural environment. The article analyses and highlights employers' demands for the mediation competence formation among the participants of the educational space of the Krasnoyarsk Krai. In this context, the authors disclose practical aspects of the mediation competence formation in the process of professional training of future mediators and specialists of school mediation services at the federal university. Based on the analysis of specific features of mediators professional activity, the results of a survey of specialists in the social sphere, as well as experience of training students majoring in pedagogy at the federal university, a model of a practice-oriented programme for retraining mediators for education and the social sphere of the Krasnoyarsk Krai has been proposed. The programme is implemented on the basis of the Centre for Mediation in Education of the School of Education, Psychology and Sociology of Siberian Federal University, in the networking between educational organisations and professional communities. The retraining programme considers the needs of the multinational Siberian society and is aimed at solving regional problems in education and the social sphere. The retraining programme is based on the principles of continuity, professional activity supervision, eventfulness of the educational process, professional activity tests, as well as continuity of the results of formal and non-formal education. Future mediators training within the framework of the retraining programme "Mediation. The Psychology of Conflict Management" is carried out according to a modular curriculum, in which the proportion of practical classes is increased, students' scientific and research activities on the issues of productive communication in a mediation procedure are organised, and professional tests are carried out within the framework of placement practice. To form the applied aspects of the professional competence of future mediators and specialists of school mediation services, representatives of network partners take part in the educational process. The applied aspects of training future mediators and specialists of school mediation services among teachers help to effectively solve professional tasks of organising a conflict-free educational space and contribute to the formation of the culture of productive communication and conflict resolution. The mediation competence formation among the educational process participants was carried out using methods of measuring communicative, information and analytical, organisational and managerial, as well as emotional competences. The study was conducted with the use of Google services in the period of 2019-2020. In total, 333 people took part in the study, including 238 practicing specialists of school mediation services (control group), and 95 master's students of the School of Education, Psychology and Sociology of Siberian Federal University in Krasnoyarsk and students of the professional retraining programme "Mediation. The Psychology of Conflict Management" (experimental group)

Introduction.The paper deals with the evolution of "fake-news" and "post-truth" in the digital society, which can be qualified as simulations of virtual space. The authors formulate a hypothesis that disclosure of the features of social evolution of "fake news" and "post truth" as political simulaсra is possible on the basis of a multi-paradigm approach that combines the explanatory potential of sociology of communication, political sociology, systemic, interactive approach, concepts of cultivation and agenda.Methodology and sources.The methodological basis is a multi-paradigm approach to the study of "fake news" and "post truth" as "simulacras" of virtual space, distributed mainly "on the World Wide Web" in the form of deliberately false or distorting messages, memes, posts, repost, tweets, retweets, trolling, etc., allowing to unite heuristic possibilities of system-sociological and interactive approaches, theory of communicative action, concepts of cultivation and agenda.Results and discussion.The authors argue that "fake news" as an information unit of mainly political and communicative space is a natural product of digitalization development, which arises from the "post truth". Today the artificial construction of political news has a practical impact on the behavior of businessmen, public figures, political leaders, etc., as well as to influence the real socio-economic processes and political and legal sphere on a global scale. The problem of belief in "fake news" is considered, the study of which, based on multi-paradigm methodology, allows to reveal it properly and find possible solutions.Conclusion.Consideration of the evolution of "fake news" and "post truth" in digital society shows that they act as certain political simulacras of virtual space with using the manipulative technologies. "Fake-news" and "posttruth" pose a threat to society as a whole, create "obstacles" for their study and complicate communicative interaction, replacing real socio-political communications and tangible political actions with their imitation in virtual space or, for example, as a politically convenient truth, form a certain synthetic simulacrum in political-communicative practice, which combines PR-shows and media manipulations.

Based on the empirical data of two sociological studies conducted in accordance with the uniform methodology using the personal questionnaire method in April 2012 and May 2018 (almost immediately after the election of the President of the Russian Federation), the article analyzes the structure of values of Russian urban voters, influencing their attitude to participation in the presidential elections and to the competing candidates. The socio-economic and socio-political conditions in Russia and their influence on the structure of values of urban voters are considered in the article. The article reveals the reasons why the fewer urban voters participated in the elections and a much larger number of them voted for Vladimir Putin when the economic situation of voters deteriorated in 2012 compared to 2018.The article shows that the structure of values of urban voters remains predominantly "materialistic" (according to Ronald Inglehart). The influence of the value structure of voters on their participation in voting at the presidential election and on the support of a certain candidate is revealed. On the basis of comparing the results of the presidential elections in 2012 and 2018, it is shown that during 6 years the ideological spectrum of candidates has expanded and began to express a wider range of political views on the further development of Russian society and state — from extremely liberal, democratic to extremely conservative, totalitarian, which is essential feature of the modern Russian party and political system. The middle of this spectrum was represented by liberal conservatism of Vladimir Putin, and his support in 2018 reflects a shift in the values of urban voters from the extreme right and the extreme left to the middle, toward liberal conservatism that is becoming inherent in an increasing number of urban voters.It is revealed that within the framework of the "materialistic" value structure of urban voters, the value of material wealth does not play a significant role when voters choose the future development of Russia. The value of unselfish patriotism and family is in the first place. The difficult political conditions in Russia in 2018 gave the voters patriotism a militant character that was absent in 2012. It united Russian society around Vladimir Putin even more and was the cause of a significant increase in his support from voters. Liberal component of conservatism in the program of Vladimir Putin (the expansion of economic, political, and spiritual freedoms) led to his support from moderately liberal voters. All these factors together predetermined the great success of Vladimir Putin in the presidential elections in Russia in 2018.

The relevance of the research is due to the destructive influence of digitalization of society, globalization processes, technological and social progress on a person in his spiritual and physical integrity. These are, first of all, such technological and sociocultural factors as virtualization of the individual's consciousness, cyborgization, loss of subjectivity in the process of merging with information machine complexes, genetic engineering, cloning, pharmaceutical modifying human influence. It is proved that a broad interpretation of educational and pedagogical discourse is adequate for the modern socio-cultural space, which is becoming more complicated for description, which makes it synonymous with such a basic category for pedagogical science as the pedagogical process. The marked tendency is estimated as negative, as the categorical value of basic concepts for pedagogy is lost, the subject of pedagogical science in the system of human Sciences is blurred. Therefore, a highly specialized definition of specific features of pedagogical discourse is justified. It is concluded that the pedagogical category "zone of immediate development" in its socio-cultural hypostasis contributes to the designation of specific features of educational and pedagogical discourse, focusing on specific pedagogical tasks. For example orientation to the zone of the nearest development of the individual in the process of his constant development and self-development assumes permanent diagnostic correction on the part of the teacher in relation to the student. This favors the consistency of the socio-cultural experience transmitted by the teacher with the life experience of the student, the emotional "inclusion" of the latter in the educational process

To detect deviations of required heat treatment temperature of tool carbon steel U8A is one of the important tasks of manufactured products quality assurance. By analyzing researchings, held earlier, it was found that most of instrumental carbon steels standard magnetic characteristics have ambiguous dependence from the heat treatment temperature and cannot be used for purposes of nondestructive testing. Results of researching magnetic parameters of high-quality tool carbon steel U8A, which are good for heat treatment quality testing, are considered. The parameters were defined on steel cylindrical samples by the instrument IMI–I, suited for measuring the ferromagnetic rods magnetic induction during pulsed magnetization in open magnetic circuit. Applicability of the difference δBmp–Br between the magnetic induction of maximum demagnetizing pulse amplitude and the residual magnetic induction for tool carbon steel U8A hardening temperature testing is determined. The coercive force Hс and the coercive force taking on asymmetric magnetic hysteresis loop Hса of the steel can be used to determine underheating and overheating during hardening but these magnetic parameters are inapplicable for hardening temperature testing. It is given that the magnetic induction taking on asymmetric magnetic hysteresis loop Brа and the magnetic induction ВδmH of the magnetic field strength of maximum difference δmH along the axis Н can give measurement sensitivity more than 40 % per 100 °C in low temperature (under 350 °C) tempering testing.

The article considers the main trends of the transport services market, examines their leading functions of services in terms of interaction with the external environment, pays attention to the impact of transport on international and world trading systems. The basic conditions of the transport services market formation and perspective development principles of the transport enterprises functioning are analyzed. It is given main legislative and regulatory acts on which the priorities of the state policy in the field of maritime transport are based.

The article is devoted to the study of the prefect Institute in European countries and in Ukraine. Attention is focused on the powers exercised by prefects in France, Poland, Romania and Ukraine. It is determined that the Institute of the prefect in Ukraine is represented only at the legislative level, namely the Law of Ukraine "About modification of the Constitution of Ukraine (concerning decentralization)" №2598 of 13.12.2019 and the Law of Ukraine "About prefects" of 16.11.2015, which in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine determines the organization and procedure of activity of prefects, but given the date of its last edition, needs to be updated in the key of future changes to the Basic Law of Ukraine. According to the updated version of the draft law " About modification of the Constitution of Ukraine (concerning decentralization)" №2598 of 13.12.2019, the prefect is the representative of the state in districts and regions and in the city of Kiev, they are appointed and dismissed by the President of Ukraine on the proposal of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. In comparison with the last edition of this bill, the prefect received somewhat expanded powers due to the right to make representations to the President of Ukraine on the suspension of the act, which does not meet the Constitution of Ukraine. The article defines the powers that are proposed to be exercised by the prefect. Taking into account the proposed powers, we can say that in Ukraine it is planned to create a position that at the territorial level will combine two functions, namely: the function of state representation and coordination of the activities of structural units of the Central Executive authorities and the function of supervision over the legality of the activities of local self-government entities. It is concluded that the expected reform in this area provides for the establishment of the Institute of prefects, whose competence includes, first of all, the supervision of compliance with the constitutional norms and ...