Suchergebnisse

Starptautiskā tirdzniecība vēsturiski ir spēlējusi izšķirošo lomu valsts izaugsmē, attīstībā un ekonomiskajā stabilitātē. Tas lielā mērā attiecas arī uz Latviju. Maģistra darbs apraksta Latvijas ārējās tirdzniecības attiecības ar tās partnervalstīm un Latvijas līdzdalību Eiropas Savienības tirdzniecībā. Galvenais darba tēmas "Latvijas ārējā tirdzniecība un tās vieta Eiropas Savienībā" mērķis ir raksturot Latvijas ārējo tirdzniecību un tās lomu Eiropas Savienībā, laika periodā no 2000. gada līdz 2006.gadam un noteikt Latvijas ārējās tirdzniecības vietu Eiropas Savienībā un atklāt iespējamās perspektīvas un iespējas eksporta attīstībai. Mērķa sasniegšanai tiek analizēti ārējās tirdzniecības teorētiskie pamatprincipi, liekot uzsvaru uz mazo valstu ar atvērtu ekonomiku lomu starptautiskajā ekonomikā. tiek analizēta Latvijas ārējās tirdzniecības dinamika, tās struktūra periodā no 2000.gada līdz 2006.gadam un noteikts Latvijas ārējās tirdzniecības stāvoklis starp Eiropas Savienības valstīm. Darbā tiek izmantota statistiskā analīze, kā arī salīdzināšanas metode (izmantojot gan Latvijas, gan Eiropas Savienības statistiskos datus), lai dati būtu vieglāk uztverami darbā ir iekļautas 4 tabulas un 43 attēli. ; Historically, international trade has played a critical role in the ability of countries to grow, develop, and to be economically strong. This in large measure is related also to Latvia. The Master paper is about the trade relations in Latvia with its partner countries in foreign trade and Latvia's participation in the European Union trade. The main aim of the topic "Latvian Foreign Trade and its place in European Union" is to characterize Latvian foreign trade and its role in European Union in the 2000-2006 period, to discover export development possible perspectives. In order to achieve the aim was analyzed the theoretical literature on foreign trade, paying special attention to the place and role of small and open countries in the international economy, analyzed the dynamics of Latvia's foreign trade, its structure during the period 2000-2006 and evaluated Latvia's foreign trade position between European Union countries. Paper contains statistical analysis and comparison method (using both Latvian and European Union statistical data), it contains 4 tables and 43 graphs.

1. What Does the Technological Shift Have in Store for the EU? Opportunities and Pitfalls for European Societies, Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Karin Leijon, Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim -- 2. Technological Megashift and the EU: Threats, Vulnerabilities and Fragmented Responsibilities, Lindy M. Newlove-Eriksson and Johan Eriksson -- 3. Technological Discontinuities and the Climate Transition in Europe: The Role of Policy in Two Traditions of Economic Thinking, Staffan Jacobsson and Björn Sandén -- 4. AI in the EU: Ethical Guidelines as a Governance Tool, Stefan Larsson -- 5. How Does the EU Protect Competition in the Digital Platform Economy?, Björn Lundqvist -- 6. Digitalisation, Productivity and Jobs: A European Perspective, Fredrik Heyman, Pehr-Johan Norbäck, and Lars Persson -- 7. Technological Shifts and the Social Partners: Is the European Semester Heading Towards a Social Europe?, Jenny Jansson, Olle Jansson, and Jan Ottosson -- 8.Money for Nothin': Digitalization and Fluid Tax Bases, Mårten Blix and Emil Bustos -- 9. New Tax on Digital Services: A Step Towards Fairer Taxation in the EU's Single Market?, Pernilla Rendahl -- 10. Digital Democracy and the European Union, Martin Karlsson.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- I. Methodological Considerations -- II. Academic Relevance and Contribution to the Literature -- III. Preliminary Remarks -- IV. Outline of the Book -- 1. From Societal to Individual Integration -- I. The Growth of Integration Requirements in Multiple EU Member States -- II. Integration: Old and New -- III. Individualised Integration and Integration Requirements in Europe: Exploring the Links -- IV. Conclusion -- 2. Structural Risks of Integration Requirements -- I. Liberal Nationalism and the Social Sciences on Integration Requirements -- II. Integration Policies in Principle or in Reality -- III. The Politics of Integration Requirements -- IV. Individualised and Contractualised Integration -- V. Conclusion -- 3. Integration within a Community of Equals -- I. Social Equality and Justice -- II. Migration, Equal Citizenship and Social Inequalities -- III. Integration Requirements: To Deserve to be One of 'Us' -- IV. Universal Values and Equal Citizenship -- V. The Other Side of the Coin: Denaturalisation -- VI. Conclusion -- 4. Disconnecting Integration from Rights -- I. The Problems of the Current Integration Requirements in European Member States -- II. The Firewall Solution -- III. The Problem-Solving Capacity of Disconnecting Rights from Integration Strategies -- IV. More Innovative Integration Strategies -- V. Possible Counterarguments against the Firewall -- VI. Conclusion -- Conclusion -- I. Conclusions -- II. Future Research -- Bibliography -- Index.

Introduction: Lower-income European countries have a worse health status and less funds for health care compared to Western Europe. Despite their limited human and financial capacities for conducting Health Technology Assessment (HTA), the need for evidence-based decision-making is growing. Two main approaches emerged as potential solutions: joint clinical assessments on the European level, and simplified procedures relying on the judgments of well-established HTA agencies of Western countries. Areas covered: Based on considerations of transferability, the European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) was built up to harmonize HTA methodologies across the European Union, and to develop an HTA Core Model by focusing on joint production of relative effectiveness assessment, which can be used as a basis for national value assessments. The second approach has been suggested in various forms without considering transferability issues. Expert opinion: Joint clinical assessments reduce duplication of efforts based on appropriate scientific rationale. On the other hand, recent examples show that relying on judgments of HTA agencies from wealthier countries with potentially different health-care priorities can lead to suboptimal allocation decisions. In the short term, some stakeholders may benefit from ignoring transferability, but it will ultimately lead to limited access in other disease areas.

The Framework Working Contract (FWC) number OC/EFSA/ALPHA/2018/01 between the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, the contracting authority), and the SIGMA consortium (the contractor), is in force from 23 May 2018 until 22 November 2021. The subject matter of the FWC is the provision of technical support to improve and automatize the collection and reporting of data on animal disease outbreaks and surveillance to EFSA by the European Union (EU) Member States and pre-accession countries. The EFSA project is named SIGMA. The contracting authority, among other tasks, asked the contractor the preparation of a Summary Report, describing the novelties and the benefits introduced by the implementation of the SIGMA framework.

Growing financialization and complexity demands financial literacy to be an integral part of the research agenda and policy design globally. It applies particularly to developed countries, since research findings suggest that financial literacy becomes more important with higher levels of economic development. Financial literacy is financial education, such as basic economics, statistics and numeracy skills combined with the ability to employ these skills in making financial decisions. Research has shown that as people become more financially literate, they make better saving and borrowing decisions, are more likely to plan for retirement and hold more diverse assets in their balance sheet. As more and more households are asked to make their own decisions about such issues, financial illiteracy can become a serious threat to their life-time welfare. European Union contains in itself world's best performers (Sweden, Denmark) as well as those that score below global average (Romania, Portugal) in financial literacy rankings. The findings for the EU echo those that are also applicable to other developed economies, namely that low-income individuals, women, young people and less educated people tend to consistently underperform in literacy tests. Financial literacy matters for the EU for three reasons: 1) in the face of rapidly ageing population, the pressure on the pension system could be mitigated through shifting towards more occupational and personal insurance systems. This shifts more and more responsibilities to the individual who can greatly enhance their decision-making with higher levels of financial literacy. 2) mortgage-debt makes up an overwhelming share of total debt of euro-area households. Understanding the implications of indebtedness and how financial literacy can help is especially important for young households, first-time homeowners and those at the lower end of the income distribution. 3) financial literacy is negatively associated with the main elements of inclusive growth in the EU, namely poverty, inequality, social exclusion and social immobility. Financial literacy can therefore help access the benefits of economic growth and contribute to the inclusive growth agenda in the EU. In light of these findings, the policy recommendations entail starting financial literacy programs from the young age; promoting programs that are tailored to the specific needs of communities, especially young people, women and low-income groups; providing targeted financial education for people on the verge of major financial decisions, such as the first mortgage, student loan, retirement investment. However, at the same time it is important to resist information overload, support more research into financial literacy, especially behavioural aspects of financial decision-making and increase private sector involvement since they are at the forefront of financial education and service provision.

This article investigates the influence of the European Union (EU) on legal resources available to labour to tackle labour market challenges in Central and Eastern European countries after their accession to the EU in 2004 and 2007. Its conclusion is that the EU's impact has been complex and contradictory, with differences between countries and time periods. The EU has to varying degrees encouraged social partnership and supported a model of employment relations giving high levels of legal and collective protection to employees. Since 2008, the EU has advocated reductions in protection for employees on standard contracts and a very substantial reduction in collective bargaining coverage in one case, only partially balanced by advocacy for improving the lot of those on less secure employment relationships. However, the EU agenda has in practice been largely irrelevant to the widespread informalization and casualization of employment relations in the region.

Purpose: Entrepreneurship is often viewed as a driver of the global economy. However, previous research on the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth shows contradictory results depending on the research settings. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how early-stage entrepreneurship - including only enterprises that are less than three and a half years old - affects regional economic growth in the European Union. Methodology: The methodology includes three methods: bivariate correlation, fixed effects regression with region and time fixed effects and spatial fixed effects regression. The panel sample consists of 273 NUTS 2 regions between 2008 and 2017. Results: The results support the hypothesis of this research and show that early-stage entrepreneurship has a mild positive effect on the economic growth of European regions. However, the potential bidirectional nature of this relationship obliterates the ability to comment on the causality of this link. The percentage of people in the active population employed in human resources in science and technology and gross fixed capital formation have a significant and impactful effect on regional GDP. Conclusion: The conclusion can be drawn that the effect of early-stage entrepreneurship on regional economic growth is conditioned by the population density of the region. Although these results show that enterprises founded in densely populated areas such as cities and metropolitan areas tend to have a larger effect on the regional economy, the results are ambiguous.

Purpose: Entrepreneurship is often viewed as a driver of the global economy. However, previous research on the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth shows contradictory results depending on the research settings. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how early-stage entrepreneurship - including only enterprises that are less than three and a half years old - affects regional economic growth in the European Union. Methodology: The methodology includes three methods: bivariate correlation, fixed effects regression with region and time fixed effects and spatial fixed effects regression. The panel sample consists of 273 NUTS 2 regions between 2008 and 2017. Results: The results support the hypothesis of this research and show that early-stage entrepreneurship has a mild positive effect on the economic growth of European regions. However, the potential bidirectional nature of this relationship obliterates the ability to comment on the causality of this link. The percentage of people in the active population employed in human resources in science and technology and gross fixed capital formation have a significant and impactful effect on regional GDP. Conclusion: The conclusion can be drawn that the effect of early-stage entrepreneurship on regional economic growth is conditioned by the population density of the region. Although these results show that enterprises founded in densely populated areas such as cities and metropolitan areas tend to have a larger effect on the regional economy, the results are ambiguous.

The European Union (EU) faces many crises and risks to its security and existence. While few of them threaten the lives of EU citizens, they all create a sense of anxiety and insecurity about the future for many ordinary Europeans. Amongst these crises are the more obvious challenges of sovereign debt and fiscal austerity; refugees from conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria; and the rise of populist far-right parties across Europe. But behind these challenges lie less visible insecurities about economic prospects, social wellbeing, and a widespread expectation that the EU is unable to answer the challenges of twenty-first century global politics. In other words, the greatest security challenge facing people across Europe is not physical, despite the threats of Putin and ISIS, but is a sense of fear and anxiety over their daily lives.

Beetham and Lord provide concise and analytical coverage of a key topic within the European Union, that is, the legitimacy of European supra-national governance.

The world population maintains a growing trend and in turn, the amount of municipal waste is also increasing. Rising municipal waste quantity poses a challenge for human beings and the environment, therefore recycling becomes important for environmental sustainability and circular economy. This study explores the effects of municipal waste recycling and renewable energy on the environment sustainability proxied by CO2 emissions in EU member states over the period from 2004 to 2017 through panel cointegration and causality analyses. Recycling is considered an efficient way to reduce CO2 emission, but surprisingly our results indicate mixed findings. The causality analysis revealed no significant interaction among recycling rate, renewable energy and CO2 emissions. However, in the long run, the negative impact of recycling and renewable energy use on CO2 emissions were revealed but varied among the countries. Results indicate that increasing renewable energy consumption will play a significant role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These findings must raise awareness among policymakers that should focus on the adoption and implementation of different types of sustainable energy policies that can affect directly or indirectly renewable energy sector development.