Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this study was to: 1) To analyze the implementation of the Agreement manufacture Sale and Purchase of Land by the Land Deed Official (PPAT). 2) To analyze the existence of the Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB) as Authentic Evidence based on Government Regulation No. 24 of 2016 Concerning the Rules of Land Deed Official Position in Cilacap Regency. 3) To know and analyze the process of land registration with the Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB) as Authentic Evidence.This study using sociological or empirical juridical approach. In sociological juridical approach of law as law in action, described as a social phenomenon that is empirical, descriptive analysis specifications. The data collection was obtained by interview and literature.The research results are: 1) In the implementation of the keel PPJB included power from seller to buyer to sign the Sale and Purchase Agreements, so that the signing of the Sale and Purchase Agreements do not require the presence of the seller. PPJB is not paid, the payment is made if the selling price received by the seller has not paid off. In the chapters PJB not paid at least the specified amount of advance paid at the time of signing the deed of CHD, ways or terms of payment, when repayment and the agreed sanctions if one party defaults. PJB not paid off must also be followed by AJB at settlement. 2) the PPJB is binding for both parties (seller and buyer) as well as for the heirs or assigns who died.Keywords: PPJB; Authentic Evidence; Deed of Sale and Purchase.

One of the greatest challenges of the European Union in the following years will be the correct regulation and control of migratory fluxes with the EU as their destination. In this sense, the entrance and movement of non-Community citizens and their access to the different rights established by community norms constitute a particular preoccupation for the legislator. Controlling the entrance of third state citizens by using norms such as the Schengen acquis, regulating types of visas, establishing residence models and their beneficiaries, and acknowledging certain fundamental rights, like the right to family life, would solve many questions regarding the right to free circulation of non-Community citizens. Nevertheless, it is clear that a lot remains to be done in this field, for in a changing society such as ours, in the middle of an economic crisis, the factors that determine the work market, a key element in the displacement of people from one state to another, is bound to be variable and unpredictable and requires a constant updating of new forms of regulation to match the existing realities. The present paper analyses the current situation of Community freedom, by observing both the norms that regulate extreme cases and the jurisprudence that determines its interpretation and evolution. ; Uno de los grandes retos de la Unión Europea para los próximos años es la correcta regulación y control de los flujos migratorios que tienen como destino el territorio comunitario. En este sentido, la entrada y movimiento de los nacionales extracomunitarios y su acceso a los distintos derechos establecidos en las normas comunitarias constituyen una preocupación para el legislador. El control de la entrada de nacionales de terceros Estados, a partir de normas como el Acervo Schengen, o la regulación de los tipos visados junto al establecimiento de modelos de residencia, sus beneficiarios y el reconocimiento de determinados derechos de carácter fundamental, como el derecho a la vida familiar, solucionan muchas cuestiones que se suscitan respecto al derecho a la libre circulación de los ciudadanos extracomunitarios. Sin embargo, es evidente que en este ámbito queda mucho por hacer ya que en una sociedad cambiante como la actual, en plena crisis económica, los factores que determinan el mercado de trabajo, elemento principal en el movimiento de personas de unos Estados a otros, se muestra variable e impredecible y requiere una constanteactualización de las realidades existentes en este ámbito junto a nuevas formas de regulación. Aquí se pretende analizar cuál es la situación actual de esta libertad comunitaria, al observar tanto las normas que regulan cualquiera de los extremos relacionados con esta como la jurisprudencia que está determinando su interpretación y evolución.

Under Fast-Track Authority (FT), the US Congress commits to an up-or-down vote without amendments for any trade agreement presented for ratification. We interpret FT in terms of a hold-up problem. If the US negotiates an agreement with a smaller economy, businesses there may make sunk investments for the US market. At the ratification stage, the partner economy will be locked in to the US in a way it was not previously and Congress can make changes adverse to the partner, so to convince the partner to negotiate, it must first commit not to amend the agreement. FT is then Pareto-improving.

This paper presents the main historical stages of the debate around international agreements on tropical products. It shows that: Product agreement plans must be interpreted in light of two essential, historically dated facts: (a) the existence in producer countries of state offices able to administer the volumes exported and control stocks; and (b) the convergence of strategies to enter international trade by so-called "developing" countries with a shared goal of maximizing currency revenues to finance industrialization. The erosion of theses two "pillars" starting in the 1970s was what caused these agreements to fail. The conclusion attempts to draw lessons for current market regulation projects.

103State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Commercial activity — Agreement for carriage of goods by sea — Whether State entitled to immunity in action under bill of lading — Netherlands-USSR Agreement on Merchant Shipping, 1969, Article 16 — Effect of Agreement on right of USSR to assert immunityState responsibility — For debts — State corporations — Whether endowed with independent legal personality — Whether Soviet Union liable for debt incurred by State shipping organization — Proof of independence of such organizations under Soviet lawEconomics, trade and finance — State corporations — Legal status — Whether State liable for debts contracted by corporation with independent legal personality — The law of the Netherlands

The International Wheat Council held its 24th session in the Council's headquarters in Haymarket House, London, on June 25 and 26, 1958. The Council decided that the Secretary-General of the UN should be requested to convene a conference early in 1959 to negotiate a possible renewal or replacement of the International Wheat Agreement, which would enter into force when the present agreement expired on July 31, 1959. The agreement regulated the quantities of wheat exported and imported by participating countries, set a price range for wheat traded under it, and was intended to ensure greater economic stability to the international wheat trade.

ABSTRACTObjectivesElectronic health records (EHRs) contain rich information for understanding health conditions and their treatment. A large proportion of clinical information in EHRs is stored in narrative free text. This text is currently under-utilised due to privacy concerns, as it is harder to remove patient identifiers from text than from structured data. Automated de-identification of clinical text is now possible using heuristic or machine-learning-based systems. We conducted a review of the literature on patient and public understanding and attitudes towards the use of patients' medical data for research, particularly seeking views on free text. The aim was to inform and develop a governance framework for the de-identification and use of medical free text for research, and to instigate a wider discussion on the topic. ApproachWe undertook a systematic search in Web of Science and ScienceDirect with terms such as "public attitudes" and "electronic health records". 3480 results were sifted by title, abstract and full text. Forty-two articles were retained for review, these reported on studies of patient and public perceptions, understanding and attitudes towards the use of patients' medical data in research. ResultsResearch participants were positively inclined towards information in records being used in research "for the greater good". However, no clear patterns by age, ethnicity, education level or SES emerged as to who was more favourable to data use. Participants generally trusted health care professionals and public sector researchers with de-identified medical data, whereas government health agencies and commercial entities were not trusted. No explicitly feared harms associated with data use were articulated. However the general objections appeared to be a dislike of personal data being exploited for commercial gain, and a dislike of personal data being moved around and used without personal knowledge or consent. Notably the use of EHR medical text for research did not emerge as a specific patient/public concern. De-identification was important to participants but text was not identified as a distinct privacy risk.ConclusionThis review demonstrates that transparency about data usage, and working "for the greater good" rather than financial gain, appear to be the most important public concerns to be addressed when using patients' medical data. Governance frameworks for using EHRs must now be enhanced to provide for the use of medical text. This will involve informing both regulators and the public about the current capabilities of automated de-identification, and developing other assurances to safeguard patients' privacy.

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. ; International audience ; This paper is the first to estimate the effect of two international agreements (Rotterdam Convention, RC, and the Stockholm Convention, SC) in reducing trade in hazardous substances. We estimate the effects of ratification of these agreements on imports of the affected products putting emphasis in the flows from developed countries (OECD) to developing countries (non-OECD) to capture pollution deviation. We use product level data to identify the goods subject to the conventions and the identification strategy relies on the use of difference-in-difference techniques in a panel data framework. We find that when the exporter ratifies the RC and the flow is from OECD to non-OECD countries, a significant reduction of imports in hazardous chemicals is observed after ratification. The magnitude of the effect is a cumulative decrease in imports of about 7 percent. In the case of the SC, the results show significant reductions in trade shipments from OECD to non-OECD countries in persistent organic pollutants for non-OECD importers that have ratified the convention. We observe a reduction of around 16 percent, more than double the effect found for the RC, which was expected due to the different obligations imposed by the respective conventions.

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. ; International audience ; This paper is the first to estimate the effect of two international agreements (Rotterdam Convention, RC, and the Stockholm Convention, SC) in reducing trade in hazardous substances. We estimate the effects of ratification of these agreements on imports of the affected products putting emphasis in the flows from developed countries (OECD) to developing countries (non-OECD) to capture pollution deviation. We use product level data to identify the goods subject to the conventions and the identification strategy relies on the use of difference-in-difference techniques in a panel data framework. We find that when the exporter ratifies the RC and the flow is from OECD to non-OECD countries, a significant reduction of imports in hazardous chemicals is observed after ratification. The magnitude of the effect is a cumulative decrease in imports of about 7 percent. In the case of the SC, the results show significant reductions in trade shipments from OECD to non-OECD countries in persistent organic pollutants for non-OECD importers that have ratified the convention. We observe a reduction of around 16 percent, more than double the effect found for the RC, which was expected due to the different obligations imposed by the respective conventions.

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. ; International audience ; This paper is the first to estimate the effect of two international agreements (Rotterdam Convention, RC, and the Stockholm Convention, SC) in reducing trade in hazardous substances. We estimate the effects of ratification of these agreements on imports of the affected products putting emphasis in the flows from developed countries (OECD) to developing countries (non-OECD) to capture pollution deviation. We use product level data to identify the goods subject to the conventions and the identification strategy relies on the use of difference-in-difference techniques in a panel data framework. We find that when the exporter ratifies the RC and the flow is from OECD to non-OECD countries, a significant reduction of imports in hazardous chemicals is observed after ratification. The magnitude of the effect is a cumulative decrease in imports of about 7 percent. In the case of the SC, the results show significant reductions in trade shipments from OECD to non-OECD countries in persistent organic pollutants for non-OECD importers that have ratified the convention. We observe a reduction of around 16 percent, more than double the effect found for the RC, which was expected due to the different obligations imposed by the respective conventions.

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. ; International audience ; This paper is the first to estimate the effect of two international agreements (Rotterdam Convention, RC, and the Stockholm Convention, SC) in reducing trade in hazardous substances. We estimate the effects of ratification of these agreements on imports of the affected products putting emphasis in the flows from developed countries (OECD) to developing countries (non-OECD) to capture pollution deviation. We use product level data to identify the goods subject to the conventions and the identification strategy relies on the use of difference-in-difference techniques in a panel data framework. We find that when the exporter ratifies the RC and the flow is from OECD to non-OECD countries, a significant reduction of imports in hazardous chemicals is observed after ratification. The magnitude of the effect is a cumulative decrease in imports of about 7 percent. In the case of the SC, the results show significant reductions in trade shipments from OECD to non-OECD countries in persistent organic pollutants for non-OECD importers that have ratified the convention. We observe a reduction of around 16 percent, more than double the effect found for the RC, which was expected due to the different obligations imposed by the respective conventions.

Membres du Jury : Françoise Fortunet,René Mouriaux, Patrick Pasture, Jean-Louis Robert, Serge Wolikow ; In 1948, the tripartition of french trade-unionism finds his international foundation again : the CGT is affiliated to the WFTU, the CFTC to the ICCTU and FO to the ICFTU. This configuration remains stable during three decades. From the Cold war to the Detente, the CGT fits into the communist network, the CFTC into the Christian-democrat network and FO into the social-democrat network. This enrolment in the logic of block contributes to the national division ; in the same time, the position of french confederations in their international organization takes part in the installation of international tripartition. From the mid 1960's, geopolitical evolutions transform the morphology of transnational networks, what find expression in weakening of international organisation's power. The relations between french trade-unions, marked by unity CGT-CFDT from 1966, are over-determined by political stakes. The union's tripartition continues at national and international level, nevertheless, analysis of transnational networks and prosopographic method make clear changing of alliances and ideological evolutions. ; En 1948, la tripartition du syndicalisme français retrouve une assise internationale : la CGT est affiliée à la FSM, la CFTC à la CISC et FO à la CISL. Trois décennies durant, cette configuration reste stable. De la guerre froide à la Détente, la CGT s'insère dans le réseau communiste, la CFTC dans le réseau démocrate-chrétien et FO dans le réseau social-démocrate. Cette inscription dans la logique des blocs contribue à la division nationale, en même temps la position des confédérations françaises dans leur internationale participe à l'installation de la tripartition internationale. A partir du milieu des années 1960, les évolutions géopolitiques modifient la morphologie des réseaux transnationaux et se traduisent par un affaiblissement du pouvoir des internationales. Les relations intersyndicales françaises ...